The energy consumption performance of roof lawn gardens in Thailand

Statistics have confirmed that a lawn placed on a roof top can reduce the cooling load. In this study, the VISUAL DOE 4.0 energy simulation program was used to determine the effects of roof lawn gardens (RLG) on the annual energy required for cooling, and annual electrical usage in an experimental model. The overall heat transfer coefficient (U-Value) of the RLG was estimated by using data from site measurements and the effect of the RLG on the building’s energy consumption was calculated by the simulation program. The effect of different thicknesses of soil was also investigated. From the field measurements, it was confirmed that the RLG could reduce building heat gain. Thus, an experiment was set up to find the energy benefits of the RLG. With evaporative cooling by the RLG, it was found that the consumption of energy in a building with a RLG with 0.20 m of soil was 37.11% less than in a building with a bare roof surface (without evaporative cooling). Moreover, a building with 0.10 m of soil in the RLG consumed 31.07% less energy than a building with a bare roof surface. The results show that an increase in the thickness of the soil layer reduces the building energy consumption.     

Trends in unit energy consumption: The performance of end-use models

This paper estimates models of electricity and gas consumption for individual households using the Miracle 4 to 6 data sets collected by San Diego Gas and Electricity Company. Two types of model were constructed: the first involves typical end-use models with consumption explained by appliance ownership, household demographic characteristics, house dimensions and household income; the second class uses these variables plus consumption data for the previous year. The latter models consistently fitted better, while the end-use variables afforded little explanatory power. The results thus suggest that simple end-use models are of little value, at least for short-run forecasting. Their use for long-run forecasting has yet to be evaluated.     

The impact of energy prices on energy consumption and energy efficiency: evidence from Taiwan

This study aims to explore the impact of energy prices on energy consumption and energy efficiency using industry data for Taiwan over the period of 1982–2011. A frontier-based framework is proposed with a microeconomic foundation to measure energy efficiency and decompose energy consumption into energy utilization and energy wastage in the short and the long run. We learn that the traditional energy efficiency indicators are essentially ambiguous measures. In contrast, the frontier-based framework can focus the measure on energy relatively specifically and capture the essence of a proper efficiency measure more precisely. The empirical analyses reveal that the values of short- and long-run energy efficiency in the Taiwan manufacturing sector are on average 0.6016 and 0.8040, respectively. Moreover, energy utilization is price inelastic in the short run, but in the long run, it is elastic at ?0.79. The energy price elasticity of energy wastage in the short run is ?0.61, which is somewhat higher than the ?0.52 in the long run. The energy price elasticity of energy efficiency in the short run is 0.077 and that in the long run is 0.144. All the energy price elasticities obtained using the frontier-based framework are lower than those obtained using the common framework of the past without distinguishing the heteroscedasticity between the energy utilization and energy wastage.     

The world distribution of commercial energy consumption

Inequality in the world distribution of income has been widely studied. A related problem is the worldwide maldistribution of per capita energy consumption. This article examines trends in the international distribution of energy use over the period 1950–1975. Lorenz curves are used to show that during this 25-year period inequalities in energy consumption have decreased slowly. Most of this redistribution has however occurred among countries in the top 30% of energy consumers. Of the remaining countries only China has significantly increased its per capita consumption. If China is excluded 60% of the world's population accounts for only 10% of total world consumption. This imbalance has remained unaltered since 1950.     

冷却肋片对光伏板发电性能的影响研究

研究了被动式冷却条件下肋片对光伏板发电性能的影响,分析了光伏板倾角、太阳辐射强度、环境温度和风速等因素对光伏板发电效率和发电功率的影响规律,对带冷却肋片和不带冷却肋片的光伏板进行了实验对比。研究结果表明,在实验条件下,安装冷却肋片可以使光伏板的发电效率提高0.3%~1.8%,发电功率提高1.8%~11.8%。     

The impact on energy consumption of daylight saving clock changes

The focus of this work is an investigation of the effect of prevailing time regime on energy consumption. In particular we perform analysis demonstrating potential energy savings which could be obtained were Great Britain to maintain daylight savings time (DST) over winter, instead of reverting to Greenwich mean time (GMT). We review the literature on the effect of DST on energy consumption and show that this indicates a justification for considering the issue. Our headline result is in agreement with many related studies in that advancing the clock by an hour in winter would lead to energy savings of at least 0.3% of daily demand in Great Britain. In deriving this result we have adopted methodologies currently used in load prediction, in particular Support Vector Regression, to estimate energy demand on a half-hourly basis.     

The effect of self-determined motivation on household energy consumption behaviour in a metropolitan area in southern China

Promoting pro-environmental behaviour among individuals could help to mitigate climate change. In this research, we tested the effect of self-determined motivation on pro-environmental behaviours related to household energy consumption. A questionnaire survey was conducted in Hong Kong (n = 1004) to examine the importance of self-determined motivation on pro-environmental behaviours that promote climate change mitigation. Our results indicated that incorporating self-determined motivation into a model of goal-directed behaviour (MGB) improved its predictive power and that both the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of an individual were important predictors of pro-environmental energy consumption behaviour. The empirical results suggest measures that can be used by the government to motivate residents’ pro-environmental energy consumption behaviours and to achieve the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for a metropolitan area in southern China.     

The relationship among energy prices and energy consumption in China

The pricing mechanism for energy is not in line with the international standards, because the energy prices are controlled by the government partly or completely in China. Chinese government made a lot of efforts to improve the pricing mechanism for energy. The relations between Chinese energy prices and energy consumption are the foundations to reform the mechanism. In this paper, the relations between Chinese energy consumption and energy prices are researched by cointegration equations, impulse response functions, granger causality and variance decomposition. The cointegration relations among energy prices, energy consumption and economic outputs show that higher energy price will decrease energy consumption in Chinese industrial sectors but will not reduce the economic output in the long run. The cointegration relation between energy price and household energy consumption shows that higher energy price will decrease household energy consumption in the long run and increase it in the short run. So Chinese government should deepen the reform of pricing mechanism for energy, and increase the energy prices reasonably to save energy.     

Evaluation of performance and energy consumption of an impinging stream dryer for paddy

Impinging stream dryer has proven to be an excellent alternative means for removing surface moisture of particulate materials. In this study, a coaxial two-impinging stream dryer prototype for paddy, whose surface moisture needs to be removed prior to subsequent processing, was developed and tested. The effects of various operating and geometric parameters, i.e., inlet air temperature, impinging distance, particle flow rate and particle feeding characteristics (single-point feeding vs. double-point feeding), on the overall performance (in terms of the volumetric water evaporation rate and volumetric heat transfer coefficient) and energy consumption of the dryer were then studied. It was found that the developed impinging stream dryer could reduce the moisture content of paddy by 3.4–7.7% (d.b.) within a very short period of time. The maximum value of the volumetric water evaporation rate was found to be about 198 kg_water/m³ h, while the maximum value of the volumetric heat transfer coefficient was about 7013 W/m³ K. The mean residence time of the particles (paddy) in the system was in the range of 1.81–2.42 s, leading to average drying rate in the range of 1.52–3.83 (% d.b.) s^?1, which is about 250 and 40 times higher than spouted-bed and fluidized-bed dryers, respectively. The lowest total specific energy consumption of the process was 5.1 MJ/kg_water when using double-point particle feeding at an inlet air temperature of 110 °C, an impinging distance of 5 cm and particle flow rate of 150 kg_{dry solid}/h.     

二次回风系统机器露点对空调设计与能耗的影响

分析讨论了冬季工况室内设计参数与夏季不同时,二次回风系统绝热加湿后的机器露点对空调系统设计与运行能耗的影响以及宜采取的节能措施。     

轧钢加热炉能耗分析

本文分析了我国轧钢加热炉的能耗状况,指出了我国轧钢加热炉中存在的问题,着重阐述了我国轧钢加热炉的节能措施。这些措施主要有:采用先进工艺;对加热炉进行技术改造和采用节能型加热炉;加强节能管理等。     

The impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies

Financial development is often cited as a very important driver of economic growth in emerging economies and it is thus likely that financial development affects energy demand. This study uses generalized method of moments estimation techniques to examine the impact of financial development on energy consumption in a sample of emerging countries. Several different measures of financial development are examined. Using a panel data set on 22 emerging countries covering the period 1990–2006, the empirical results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between financial development and energy consumption when financial development is measured using stock market variables like stock market capitalization to GDP, stock market value traded to GDP, and stock market turnover. The implications of these results for energy policy are discussed.     

大型机关办公建筑能耗与节能分析研究

以大型机关办公建筑为审计对象,以沈阳市某大型机关办公建筑为例,通过对该机关办公建筑的能源审计以及数据的详细统计分析,得出该类建筑的用能特点和耗能状况,并在此基础上提出相应的节能对策,为我国建立大型办公建筑节能运行监管体系,开展机关办公建筑能源审计工作提供一定参考。     

换热表面的表面能对换热性能影响的理论分析

从表面能的基本含义入手，总结了表面能的影响因素以及降低表面能的原理与方法，并对换热表面的表面能与换热性能之间的关系做了理论分析。通过分析得到：表面能越低，换热性能越好。     

刨花板生产能耗指标的确定及节能措施

介绍了刨花板生产的状况及合理确定刨花板生产综合能耗指标的重要性,详细阐述了刨花板生产能耗的计算方法和修正系数;提出了刨花板生产企业节能降耗的有效措施。对加强刨花板企业能源管理、提高企业的能源利用效率以及减少能源的浪费等都具有一定的参考价值。     

纤维板生产能耗指标的确定及节能措施

介绍了纤维板生产的状况及合理确定纤维板生产综合能耗指标的重要性,阐述了纤维板生产能耗的计算方法和修正系数;提出了纤维板生产企业节能降耗的有效途径。对纤维板企业加强能源管理,提高企业的能源利用效率以及减少能源的浪费都具有一定的参考价值。     

电动汽车的能耗效率分析及提高能耗经济性的研究

通过对比电动汽车和内燃机汽油车的热效率及能耗,得出电动汽车的热效率及能耗明显优于内燃机汽油车的结论,并推断出降低电动汽车的运行能耗、提高其经济性是推动电动汽车产业化的关键因素之一。从整车动力系统、电池以及充电设备等几个方面分析了提高电动汽车能耗经济的途径,指出了今后需要重点研究的关键性问题。     

The effect of non-direct insolation on the radiative performance of trapezoidal grooves used as solar energy collectors

Some possible applications of solar energy require heat at temperatures above those associated with flat-plate collection but below those usually associated with an economical focusing collector. Collection temperatures in this range may be economically obtained using moderately concentrating, non-focusing, trough-like collectors. In this paper the radiative performance (the effective solar absorptivity and concentration ratio) of moderately concentrating collectors, composed of east-west aligned parallel, trapezoidal grooves, is examined. Both direct and non-direct insolation performance is discussed. Results are presented indicating performance degradation due to non-direct insolation. Finally, nomographs are presented which allow one to determine the radiative performance of the grooved collectors when exposed to various combinations of direct and non-direct insolation.     

实施能源审计,促进节能降耗

就目前中国石油天然气集团公司节能降耗的工作任务,以及企业能源审计中存在的问题、开展能源审计工作的难点及对策进行了详细的阐述。并根据国家能源审计的要求,探讨石油企业能源审计方法,为企业能源审计的发展提出了建立一套科学规范、可操作性强的审计思路。