卸围压条件下砂岩变形破坏特性试验研究

从可释放弹性应变能角度对岩石卸围压条件下破坏特性进行研究,利用MTS815电液压伺服可控制刚性试验机进行保持轴向变形不变的卸围压试验,根据卸围压试验数据,分析了该砂岩卸围压过程中变形、强度、弹性模量及能量变化特征。结果表明:随着围压逐渐降低,岩样发生侧向不断扩容;轴向应力逐渐降低,呈现出非线性特征;弹性模量在初始阶段几乎不变化,越过破坏点之后大幅降低;可释放的弹性应变能在初始阶段增大比较缓慢,当围压降低至一定程度时急剧增大;推导出基于可释放弹性应变能的卸荷岩石的整体破坏准则Ue0。     

Fractal analysis on the spatial distribution of acoustic emission in the failure process of rock specimens

The spatial distribution of acoustic emission (AE) events in the failure process of several rock specimens was acquired us-ing an advanced AE acquiring and analyzing system.The box counting method (BCM) was employed to calculate the fractal dimen-sion (FD) of AE spatial distribution.There is a similar correlation between the fractal dimension and the load strength for different rock specimens.The fractal dimension presents a decreasing trend with the increase of load strength.For the same kind of specimens,their FD values will decrease to the level below a relatively same value when they reach failure.This value can be regarded as the critical value,which implies that the specimen will reach failure soon.The results reflect that it is possible to correlate the damage of rock with a macroscopic parameter,the FD value of AE signals.Furthermore,the FD value can be also used to forecast the final fail-ure of rock.This conclusion allows identifying or predicting the damage in rock with a great advantage over the classic theory and is very crucial for forecasting rockburst or other dynamic disasters in mines.     

花岗岩卸荷破坏全过程声发射特征试验

利用MTS815混凝土与岩石力学试验系统和PCI-2三维定位实时监测系统对花岗岩卸荷破坏进行了声发射试验,得到了其卸荷破坏全过程变形特性和声发射特征,探讨了应力与应变、声发射数与应力、声发射率与应力、声发射数与时间以及声发射率与时间之间的关系.研究表明,岩石在卸荷方式下的破坏大多表现为脆性破坏,而且围压越大,脆性破坏特征越明显;对于1-1试件,破坏前在应力大于310MPa左右或在时间大于300s左右的范围内声发射数、声发射率开始出现激增现象,表明进入该阶段岩石内部破裂开始加速发育、扩展,最终导致岩石的破坏.研究成果对具有同类岩体的工程具有重要的参考价值.     

Mechanical properties and failure characteristics of fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage简

Based on uniaxial compression experimental results on fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage, we studied the strength and deformation properties, the failure model, crack formation and evolution laws of fractured sandstone under different conditions of anchorage. The experimental results show that the strength and elastic modulus of fractured sandstone with different fracture angles are significantly lower than those of intact sandstone. Compared with the fractured samples without anchorage, the peak strength, residual strength, peak and ultimate axial strain of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increase by 64.5–320.0%, 62.8–493.0%, and 31.6–181.4%, respectively. The number of bolts and degree of pre-stress has certain effects on the peak strength and failure model of fractured sandstone. The peak strength of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increases to some extent, and the failure model of fractured sandstone also transforms from tensile failure to tensile–shear mixed failure with the number of bolts. The pre-stress can restrain the formation and evolution process of tensile cracks, delay the failure process of fractured sandstone under anchorage and impel the transformation of failure model from brittle failure to plastic failure.     

An experimental investigation on acoustic emission characteristics of sandstone rockburst with different moisture contents

Rockburst occurred frequently during deep mining in China. The mechanism of rockburst is very complicated and related to many factors. In order to investigate the influence of moisture contents of rockmass on rockburst, we conducted a series of laboratory rockburst experiments of sandstone under three different moisture contents by the Modified True-Triaxial Apparatus (MTTA), in which the acoustic emission (AE) system was employed to monitor the internal damage of rock mass. A high-speed video camera was utilized to record the detail of rockburst. Based on the experimental results, the AE characteristics, such as AE count, AE energy, and AE frequency, were analyzed. The rockburst process, type, and indensity under different moisture contents were discussed. The research results show that with the increase of moisture contents, rock strength was soften, the elastic and the cumulative damage of the rock were reduced, resulting in a gradual decrease in AE cumulative counts and cumulative energy over the course of rockburst. This study provides an experimental basis and reference for better understanding to the rockburst mechanism and control.     

Effect of heterogeneity on mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of rock specimen

The influence of heterogeneity on mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of rock specimen under uniaxial compress was studied with numerical simulation methods. Weibull distribution function was adopted to describe the mesoscopic heterogeneity of rocks. The failure process of heterogeneous rock specimen under uniaxial loading was simulated using FLAC^3D software. Five schemes were adopted to investigate the influence of heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that as the homogeneity increases, the peak strength and brittleness of rocks increase, and the macro elastic modulus improves as well. Heterogeneity has great influence on macro elastic modulus and strength when the homogeneity coefficient is less than 20.0. The volume expansion is not so obvious when the homogeneity increases. As the homogeneity coefficient increases the acoustic emissions modes change from swarm shock to main shock. When the homogeneity coefficient is high, the cumulative acoustic emission events-axial strain curve is gentle before the rock failure. The numerical results agree with the previously numerical results and earlier experimental measurements.     

基于经验模态分解和小波变换声发射信号去噪

为了解决声发射信号去噪问题,在分析经验模态分解去噪和小波阈值去噪优缺点的基础上,提出将二者相结合的去噪方法,包括IMF-Wavelet方法,EMD-Wavelet方法和Wavelet—EMD方法．利用标准信号及断铅模拟声发射信号对所研究方法进行了去噪性能分析．结果表明：对于标准信号,Wavelet—EMD方法无论在高信...     

Chaotic characteristics of electromagnetic emission signals during deformation and fracture of coal

Electromagnetic emission (EME) is a kind of physical phenomenon accompanying the process of deformation and frac-ture of loaded coal and rock and it is of importance in quantitatively analyzing its characteristics. This will reveal the process of deformation and fracture of coal and predicting dynamic disasters in coal mines. In this study, the G-P (Grassberger and Procaccia) algorithm, calculation steps of the (if only 1 dimension) correlation dimension of time series and the identification standards of chaotic signals are introduced. Furthermore, the correlation dimensions of EME and the acoustic emission (AE) signals of time series during deformation and fracture of coal bodies are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the time series of pulses number of EME and the time series of AE count rate are chaotic and that the saturation embedding dimensions of a K3 coal sample are, respectively, 5 and 6. The results can be used to provide basic parameters for predicting of EME and AE time series.     

Acoustic emission characteristics and stress release rate of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time

Considering the importance of the prediction of rock burst disasters, and in order to grasp the law of acoustic emission(AE) of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time, the SH-II AE monitoring system was adopted to monitor the failure process of coal samples. The study of the change rule of the AE numbers, energy, ‘b' value and spectrum in the micro crack propagation process of the coal samples shows that as dynamic damage time went by, AE presented high-energy counts and the accumulated counts increased during the compression phase. The AE energy and cumulative counts increased during the elastic stage. The AE blank area increased gradually and the blank lines were more and more obvious in the molding stage. The AE counts and energy showed a trend of decrease in the residual damage phase.AE ‘b' values gradually became sparse, and the large scale cracks percentage compared with micro cracks decreased and the degree of damage decreased. The AE frequency spectrum peak went from the residual damage phase to the molding phase, and finally it was nearly stable, besides the bandwidth of the main frequency is gradually narrowed. Also, the frequency peak changed from single peak frequency to bi-peak frequency and to the single peak frequency. Uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive than the elastic modulus to dynamic damage time.     

Fracture evolution characteristics of sandstone containing double fissures and a single circular hole under uniaxial compression

The uniaxial compression experiments on the sandstone samples containing double fissures and a single circular hole were carried out by using electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine to investigate the effect of rock bridge angle β and fissure angle α on mechanical properties and evolution characteristics of cracks.The results show that the peak strength,peak strain and elastic modulus of defected specimens decrease comparing with those for intact sample,and show a decreased trend firstly and then increase with β changing from 0° to 90°.The peak strength and elastic modulus achieve the minimum value as the rock bridge angle is 60°,while the peak strain reaches the minimum value with the rock bridge angle of 45°.The crack initiation of tested rock samples occurs firstly in stress concentration areas at tips of prefabricated fissures under uniaxial compression,and then propagates constantly and coalescences with the prefabricated hole.Some secondary cracks initiate and propagate as well until buckling failure happens.The rock bridge angle has a great influence on crack initiation,coalescence,final failure mode,crack initiation stress and transfixion stress.The peak strength varies significantly,while the elastic modulus and peak strain change slightly,and the failure modes are also different due to the influence of fissure angle.     

工作气压对氮化硼薄膜场发射特性的影响

利用射频磁控溅射方法，在n型(100)Si基底上沉积了氮化硼(BN)薄膜，并在超高真空系统中测量了BN薄膜的场发射特性．研究发现，沉积时工作气压的变化对BN薄膜的场发射特性有很大影响，工作气压为2Pa时沉积的BN薄膜样品的场发射特性较好，其阈值电场为6V/μm，场发射电流为320μA／cm^2．F—N曲线表明，在外加电场的作用下，电子是通过隧道效应穿透BN薄膜表面势垒发射到真空的．     

Spatial correlation-based characterization of acoustic emission signal-cloud in a granite sample by a cube clustering approach

To extract more in-depth information of acoustic emission(AE) signal-cloud in rock failure under triaxial compression, the spatial correlation of scattering AE events in a granite sample is effectively described by the cube-cluster model. First, the complete connection of the fracture network is regarded as a critical state. Then, according to the Hoshen-Kopelman(HK) algorithm, the real-time estimation of fracture connection is effectively made and a dichotomy between cube size and pore fraction is suggested to solve such a challenge of the one-to-one match between complete connection and cluster size. After, the 3D cube clusters are decomposed into orthogonal layer clusters, which are then transformed into the ellipsoid models. Correspondingly, the anisotropy evolution of fracture network could be visualized by three orthogonal ellipsoids and quantitatively described by aspect ratio. Besides, the other three quantities of centroid axis length, porosity, and fracture angle are analyzed to evaluate the evolution of cube cluster.The result shows the sample dilatancy is strongly correlated to four quantities of aspect ratio, centroid axis length, and porosity as well as fracture angle. Besides, the cube cluster model shows a potential possibility to predict the evolution of fracture angle. So, the cube cluster model provides an in-depth view of spatial correlation to describe the AE signal-cloud.     

单轴压缩条件下不同裂纹制作方式的裂纹破坏分析及其声发射特征研究

采用类岩石材料研究了不同裂纹制作条件下张拉裂纹的破裂过程, 并利用声发射测试技术分析了试样在破坏过程中裂纹的萌生、起裂、扩展和破裂全过程的声发射特征。试验结果表明, 不同制作条件下裂纹扩张呈现不同的破坏方式,有不同的起裂强度和抗压强度,而且在hits t时间曲线上存在差别;声发射hits t时间曲线呈现与应力时间曲线同步性的特点,并且曲线自身突变性反映了裂纹扩展中能量释放的突发性,两者的符合性较好。     

不同围压下茅口灰岩渐进性破坏的试验研究

利用MTS815电液伺服控制刚性试验机进行不同围压下茅口灰岩三轴压缩试验,通过计算绘得相应裂隙体积应变图,分析得出裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力。结果表明:随着围压的增大,应力门槛值均呈非线性增长态势,当围压超过17 MPa时,裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力分别增加48.5%和20.1%,茅口灰岩延性开始增强;裂纹破坏应力为峰值强度的64%~75%,三轴压缩下茅口灰岩裂隙不稳定发展阶段较长;环向应变值随围压增大而增大,当轴力超过裂纹破坏应力进入裂隙不稳定发展阶段,环向应变增大2.7~3.2倍,用环向-轴向应力应变曲线图能较好的反映岩石应力门槛值。     

Relevance between abutment pressure and fractal dimension of crack network induced by mining

Based on the geological conditions of coal mining face No. 15-14120 at No. 8 mine of Pingdingshan coal mining group, the real-time evolution of coal-roof crack network with working face advancing was collected with the help of intrinsically safe borehole video instrument. And according to the geology of this working face, a discrete element model was calculated by UDEC. Combining in situ experimental data with numerical results, the relationship between the fractal dimension of boreholes’ wall and the distribution of advanced abutment pressure was studied under the condition of mining advance. The results show that the variation tendency of fractal dimension and the abutment pressure has the same characteristic value. The distance between working face and the peak value of the abutment pressure has a slight increasing trend with the advancing of mining-face. When the working face is set as the original point, the trend of fractal dimension from the far place to the origin can be divided into three phases: constant, steady increasing and constant. And the turning points of these phases are the max-influencing distance (50 m) and peak value (15 m) of abutment pressure.     

花岗岩-喷射混凝土梁损伤的声发射可视化表征

为研究输水隧洞围岩-喷射混凝土衬砌结构的协同抗弯损伤特性,制备两种花岗岩-喷射混凝土组合梁进行不同加载速率的四点弯曲试验,并采用数字图像相关(DIC)和声发射(AE)两种无损监测技术对花岗岩-喷射混凝土组合梁的四点弯曲试验进行监测。结果表明：在裂缝从喷射混凝土中扩展至花岗岩表面时,荷载-应变曲线在峰后下降段出现明显的拐点,该拐点可以作为花岗岩起裂的标志;通过声发射技术对喷射混凝土中的损伤类型识别发现,剪切损伤所占的比例随着应变率的提高而增加。为实现对组合梁内部损伤的可视化分析,利用声发射损伤定位数据计算了空间b值。结合损伤定位在空间中的密度分布规律,给空间b值附加系数后构建新的Rb值。与空间b值相比,Rb值的云图对不同损伤程度的区分度更高,改善了损伤可视化分析的效果。最后,将Rb值定位的损伤云图与DIC监测到的裂缝云图进行对比,验证了这种利用声发射技术对损伤进行可视化分析方法的有效性。     

通过声发射实现对钢瓶的检测

通过对CNG钢瓶无损检测常用方法特点的对比,显出声发射检测在在线式CNG钢瓶无损检测中相对于其他方法的优越性,并对声发射检测在在线式CNG钢瓶快速检测应用时所注意的问题和特点进行了描述,提出改善方法,然后在这些理论的基础上搭建一个简易的信号采集、分析处理系统,对信号进行采集和频域范围的分析与小波除噪。从结果中可以看出明显的信号与处理效果,从而说明声发射检测对于实现在线式CNG钢瓶快速检测具有可行性。     

混凝土不同骨料粒径对声发射检测的影响

利用声发射技术对不同骨料粒径的混凝土试件进行断铅试验。探究不同骨料粒径对声发射检测混凝土材料定位精度、声速标定、时间参数设定的影响和最优传感器布置方式的选取。结果表明: 骨料是影响声发射检测精度的主要因素之一, 骨料粒径每增大5 mm, 声速下降7.5%;骨料粒径每增大5 mm, 上升时间下降3.5%左右, 且最大上升时间不超过200 μs; 进行“多次多点”测试能合理的确定最优传感器布置方式并有效减小定位误差, 但不能消除误差。