质子交换膜燃料电池建模方法研究

通过对质子交换膜燃料电池工作原理进行研究,分析电池工作过程中影响输出的几个主要因素即电化学电动势、活化极化过电压、欧姆极化过电压、浓度极化过电压,对燃料电池进行数学描述,建立燃料电池数学模型。并利用Matlab／Simulink仿真平台对质子交换膜燃料电池模型进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明：此模型能真实反映质子交换膜燃料电池工作特性。本文还介绍质子交换膜燃料电池的人工神经网络建模方法。     

燃料电池用质子交换膜的研究进展

质子交换膜是质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的和绝缘电子的作用,其性能和寿命直接决定电池的性能和寿命.从膜材料的角度分类,综述了质子交换膜燃料电池用主链含氟聚合物膜、元素有机聚合物膜以及芳香族碳氢化合物膜的特性和研究现状.     

燃料电池用全氟磺酸型复合质子交换膜的研究

本文评述了用于质子交换膜燃料电池的几种全氟磺酸型复合质子交换膜的研究情况。根据这几种膜的制备工艺 ,评价了它们的优、缺点 ,以及在燃料电池上的潜在使用能力和性能 ,预示了燃料电池用质子交换膜的发展方向     

质子交换膜在燃料电池中的应用

质子交换膜（ＰＥＭ）燃料电池以质子交换膜为电解质，燃料电池的性能强烈地依赖于质子交换膜的特性。本文综述ＰＥＭ电池对质子交换膜的技术要求及该膜的检测和在燃料电池中的应用情况。     

新型燃料电池用质子交换膜研究进展

传统的全氟磺酸膜Nation、Dow质子交换膜、Flemion等目前在质子交换膜燃料电池中的应用最为广泛，但在高温条件下以氢或甲醇作为燃料的燃料电池中，其性能受到一定的影响，且这类膜价格昂贵，不利于推广应用，阻碍了燃料电池的商业化进程。因此，开发一种新型的价格低廉、性能良好的膜是推广应用此类电池的关键。本文简要介绍了目前各国研究的应用于高温条件下(100～160℃)质子交换膜燃料电池与直接甲醇燃料电池中的新型膜。对它们的质子传导率、甲醇渗透率等性能进行了分析比较。     

燃料电池用磺化聚醚醚酮质子交换膜的研究

通过浓硫酸磺化法制备了具有不同磺化程度的磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK),并对此种质子交换膜进行了物化性能和H2／O2质子交换膜燃料电池性能研究,实验结果表明,SPEEK膜具有较理想的力学稳定性和气体渗透率,它的微观结构和质子传导性能与Nafion膜有所不同,经过其H2／O2质子交换膜燃料电池的性能研究,SPEEK膜能够保证电池在200h内稳定运行,有希望成为PEMFC用质子交换膜材料。     

磺化聚砜膜的燃料电池性能初步研究

针对磺化聚砜质子交换膜用于PEMFC ,研究了它的物理化学性能和电化学性能 ,实验结果表明 :与Nafion 膜相比 ,磺化聚砜 (EW =90 0 )作为质子交换膜材料 ,具有较好的热稳定性、水化性能和尺寸稳定性 ,溶液浇铸法制得的磺化聚砜膜在机械强度、气体渗透性能方面与Nafion 膜相近 ,用磺化聚砜膜组装的PEMFC的电池性能与Nafion 膜相比存在一定的差距 ,但从电池运行稳定性来看 ,还是有希望用于质子交换膜燃料电池的 .     

天然粘土矿物材料在质子交换膜中的应用进展

质子交换膜(PEM)作为聚合物电解质燃料电池关键部件直接影响着电池性能,拓宽其运行温度和湿度范围有利于简化燃料电池水、热管理设计,从而促进电池小型化和降低成本。近些年来,开发天然粘土/聚合物复合膜已成为提升传统PEM性能和拓宽其应用温、湿度范围的重要途径之一。天然粘土矿物多为含水层状硅酸盐化合物,特殊的孔、层结构和纳米尺度赋予其较大的比表面积和表面效应,其表面和层间富含的羟基在提高复合膜机械强度的同时固定了传质介质,从而在复合膜中构建新的质子传导通道用以提高膜的性能。从纳米微观多个维度综述了不同类别粘土矿物的结构与性能,以及其在质子交换膜中的研究进展,对天然粘土矿物复合质子交换膜的研究进行了总结与展望。     

燃料电池质子交换膜的研究现状

目前燃料电池质子交换膜的研究正引起人们越来越多的关注,质子交换膜是质子交换膜燃料电池的核心组件.较详细地介绍了全氟化质子交换膜,部分氟化质子交换膜,有机/无机纳米复合质子交换膜,新型无氟化质子交换膜的性能及最新研究状况,最后对其发展前景进行了探讨.     

质子交换膜燃料电池及其双极板的研究

为了降低质子交换膜燃料电池双极板的成本,提高质子交换膜燃料电池的性能,综述了质子交换膜燃料电池的基本结构、工作原理、主要优点及应用领域,分析了质子交换膜燃料电池双极板的特点及功能,介绍了制备质子交换膜燃料电池双极板的新材料及新工艺:中间相碳微球材料,凝胶注模成型工艺和中间相碳微球素坯的掺杂催化石墨化烧结工艺.提出了应用质子交换膜燃料电池及其双极板的新材料新工艺来降低其生产成本,为质子交换膜燃料电池及其双极板的研发指出了方向.     

高温质子交换膜的研究进展

高温质子交换膜能解决传统燃料电池电极催化剂CO中毒、复杂的水热管理等问题,成为当今燃料电池发展研究的焦点。结合质子交换膜的结构与性能之间的关系,分析了分子结构设计对膜性能的重要影响,总结了接枝型、复合型质子交换膜、新型耐热交换膜的研究现状。对有机/无机粒子复合膜材料,磷酸掺杂聚苯并咪唑(PBI)、聚芳硫醚砜(PASS)等类型膜材料进行了评述,为高温质子交换膜的研究指明了方向。     

Materials,technological status,and fundamentals of PEM fuel cells – A review

PEM (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane) fuel cells have the potential to reduce our energy use, pollutant emissions, and dependence on fossil fuels. In the past decade, significant advances have been achieved for commercializing the technology. For example, several PEM fuel cell buses are currently rated at the technical readiness stage of full-scale validation in realistic driving environments and have met or closely met the ultimate 25,000-h target set by the U.S. Department of Energy. So far, Toyota has sold more than 4000 Mirai PEM fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Over 30 hydrogen gas stations are being operated throughout the U.S. and over 60 in Germany. In this review, we cover the material, design, fundamental, and manufacturing aspects of PEM fuel cells with a focus on the portable, automobile, airplane, and space applications that require careful consideration in system design and materials. The technological status and challenges faced by PEM fuel cells toward their commercialization in these applications are described and explained. Fundamental issues that are key to fuel cell design, operational control, and material development, such as water and thermal management, dynamic operation, cold start, channel two-phase flow, and low-humidity operation, are discussed. Fuels and fuel tanks pertinent to PEM fuel cells are briefly evaluated.The objective of this review is three fold: (1) to present the latest status of PEM fuel cell technology development and applications in the portable and transportation power through an overview of the state of the art and most recent technological advances; (2) to describe materials and water/thermal transport management for fuel cell design and operational control; and (3) to outline major challenges in the technology development and the needs for fundamental research for the near future and prior to fuel cell world-wide deployment.     

Near-infrared imaging of water in a polymer electrolyte membrane during a fuel cell operation

A novel technique of spectroscopic imaging using a near-infrared (NIR) laser sheet beam was developed for visualization of liquid water in a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) sandwiched between two opaque electrodes set in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). In-plane two-dimensional distribution of water in the thin membrane was clearly visualized during the fuel cell operation. Under the condition of fuel feeding into the PEFC without humidification, water was generated by the fuel cell reaction in the whole electrode area. In contrast, under the condition of fuel feeding with humidification, the PEM got wet in the vicinity of a gas flow field locally.     

PEMFC catalyst layers: the role of micropores and mesopores on water sorption and fuel cell activity

The effects of carbon microstructure and ionomer loading on water vapor sorption and retention in catalyst layers (CLs) of PEM fuel cells are investigated using dynamic vapor sorption. Catalyst layers based on Ketjen Black and Vulcan XC-72 carbon blacks, which possess distinctly different surface areas, pore volumes, and microporosities, are studied. It is found that pores <20 nm diameter facilitate water uptake by capillary condensation in the intermediate range of relative humidities. A broad pore size distribution (PSD) is found to enhance water retention in Ketjen Black-based CLs whereas the narrower mesoporous PSD of Vulcan CLs is shown to have an enhanced water repelling action. Water vapor sorption and retention properties of CLs are correlated to electrochemical properties and fuel cell performance. Water sorption enhances electrochemical properties such as the electrochemically active surface area (ESA), double layer capacitance and proton conductivity, particularly when the ionomer content is very low. The hydrophilic properties of a CL on the anode and the cathode are adjusted by choosing the PSD of carbon and the ionomer content. It is shown that a reduction of ionomer content on either cathode or anode of an MEA does not necessarily have a significant detrimental effect on the MEA performance compared to the standard 30 wt % ionomer MEA. Under operation in air and high relative humidity, a cathode with a narrow pore size distribution and low ionomer content is shown to be beneficial due to its low water retention properties. In dry operating conditions, adequate ionomer content on the cathode is crucial, whereas it can be reduced on the anode without a significant impact on fuel cell performance.     

Gas/Water and Heat Management of PEM-Based Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer Systems for Space Applications

Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells were successfully utilized in the field of space applications to provide electric energy and potable water in human-rated space mission since the 1960s. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) based fuel cells, which provide high power/energy densities, were reconsidered as a promising space power equipment for future space exploration. PEM-based water electrolyzers were employed to provide life support for crews or as major components of regenerative fuel cells for energy storage. Gas/water and heat are some of the key challenges in PEM-based fuel cells and electrolytic cells, especially when applied to space scenarios. In the past decades, efforts related to gas/water and thermal control have been reported to effectively improve cell performance, stability lifespan, and reduce mass, volume and costs of those space cell systems. This study aimed to present a primary review of research on gas/water and waste thermal management for PEM-based electrochemical cell systems applied to future space explorations. In the fuel cell system, technologies related to reactant supplement, gas humidification, water removal and active/passive water separation were summarized in detail. Experimental studies were discussed to provide a direct understanding of the effect of the gas-liquid two-phase flow on product removal and mass transfer for PEM-based fuel cell operating in a short-term microgravity environment. In the electrolyzer system, several active and static passive phaseseparation methods based on diverse water supplement approaches were discussed. A summary of two advanced passive thermal management approaches, which are available for various sizes of space cell stacks, was specifically provided     

质子交换膜燃料电池中Pt/C及Pt合金/C催化剂的衰退机制研究综述

成本和耐久性依然是制约质子交换膜燃料电池商业化发展的两大瓶颈。首先综述了质子交换膜燃料电池阴极Pt/C催化剂在实际工作条件下的降解情况,并给出了可能的降解机制。结果表明,Pt/C催化剂在实际工作条件下,尤其是在汽车应用中是不稳定的,通常无法用作燃料电池阴极催化剂。而Pt合金催化剂因具有优异的氧还原催化性能和相对较好的耐久性,被认为有望解决成本和耐久性这两大难题,因此在质子交换膜燃料电池中日益得到重视和应用。但如何改善合金催化剂的耐久性依然是一个棘手的问题,文章最后详细综述了PtxCoy合金催化剂可能的衰退机理,以及可在一定程度上提高Pt合金催化剂耐久性的Pt单层结构和Pt核壳结构,这对催化剂的合成和设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Differences in structure and property of carbon paper and carbon cloth diffusion media and their impact on proton exchange membrane fuel cell flow field design

Gas diffusion media (GDM) and flow fields perform the task of distributing the reactant gases uniformly over the active electrochemical area in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Carbon paper and carbon cloth are two commonly employed gas diffusion media in PEM fuel cells, and they differ widely in their structure and properties. Since the path of the reactant gases to the catalyst in the fuel cell electrodes involves passing through the flow fields as well as the GDM, a good design for a fuel cell requires an understanding of the interaction between these components. The focus of the present work is to study the impact of the difference in structure and properties of the diffusion media used, on the design of the PEM fuel cell flow field. Carbon paper and carbon cloth were characterized for the pressure drop they cause when used as GDMs, for channel intrusion, compressibility and electrical resistivity. Carbon cloth exhibits about 43–125% more intrusion into the channel in comparison with carbon paper for the conditions tested. This intrusion results in increased pressure drop in the flow channel especially at higher channel widths and at higher compression. Compression studies reveal that carbon cloth lacks compression rigidity and suffers considerable strain at lower stress values whereas carbon paper is relatively rigid in nature. The results indicate that the intrusion of carbon cloth into the channel, constraints the channel width in a flow field design if it were to be used with a carbon cloth GDM as opposed to a carbon paper GDM. Electrical resistivity measurements were carried out and a simple mathematical model has been developed for the potential drop in the GDM. The model indicates that even from the perspective of electrical properties, use of carbon cloth GDM constraints the channel width that is permissible in flow field design.     

Spatially resolved, in situ potential measurements through porous electrodes as applied to fuel cells

We report the development and use of a microstructured electrode scaffold (MES) to make spatially resolved, in situ, electrolyte potential measurements through the thickness of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) electrode. This new approach uses a microfabricated apparatus to analyze the coupled transport and electrochemical phenomena in porous electrodes at the microscale. In this study, the MES allows the fuel cell to run under near-standard operating conditions, while providing electrolyte potential measurements at discrete distances through the electrode's thickness. Here we use spatial distributions of electrolyte potential to evaluate the effects of Ohmic and mass transport resistances on the through-plane reaction distribution for various operating conditions. Additionally, we use the potential distributions to estimate the ionic conductivity of the electrode. Our results indicate the in situ conductivity is higher than typically estimated for PEFC electrodes based on bulk polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) conductivity.     

Review of fuel processing catalysts for hydrogen production in PEM fuel cell systems

The rapid development in recent years of the proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has stimulated research in all areas of fuel processor catalysts for hydrogen generation. The principal aim is to develop more active catalytic systems that allow for the reduction in size and increase the efficiency of fuel processors. The overall selectivity in generating a low CO content hydrogen stream as needed by the PEM fuel cell catalyst is dependent on the efficiency of the catalysts in each segment of the fuel processor. This article reviews the advances achieved during the past few years in the development of catalytic materials for hydrogen generation through fuel reforming,¹ water-gas shift and carbon monoxide preferential oxidation, as used or aimed to be of use in fuel processing for PEM fuel cell systems.