水泥混凝土路面养护维修技术综述

本文对水泥混凝土路面养护维修技术做具体分析。首先,给出了水泥混凝土路面的调查内容和方法,以取得确定维修对策和加铺层设计的第一手资料。然后对水泥混凝土的日常养护和病害处治等技术问题进行了分析,提出了相应的解决方法。最后,提出水泥混凝土路面修复过程的沥青加铺层的施工技术。     

水泥砼路面的养护与维修对策

文中提出了水泥混凝土路面的调查内容和方法，并提出了现今高等级水泥混凝土路面养护与维修技术，同时提出了相应的解决办法。     

混凝土路面主要病害类型及防治措施探讨

对混凝土路面的常见病害产生的原因与防治技术、水泥混凝土路面的养护维修技术进行研究,提出主要防治措施和维修技巧,为道路养护工作者提供部分经验。     

高速公路水泥混凝土路面注浆养护技术

水泥混凝土路面本身接缝多,对超载敏感,容易断裂,如果不及时进行养护维修,其使用性能迅速下降。为此,本文笔者根据自己管养路段实际情况,提出水泥混凝土路面注浆预防性养护技术。     

压浆技术在混凝土路面养护中的应用

水泥混凝土路面养护中压浆技术的运用,是以“预防为主。防治结合”为宗旨。把混凝土路面的养护列入预防性工作范围。对延长混凝土路面的使用寿命,防止混凝土路面的早中期破坏起到了积极作用。     

混凝土中气泡的产生与发展:机理和影响因素

搅拌和引气剂作用引入混凝土中的气泡可增加新拌混凝土的工作性,提升硬化混凝土抗冻耐久性且不显著影响混凝土强度.在混凝土搅拌、运输、浇筑、振捣和养护过程中,气泡处于动态变化,直至混凝土硬化后成为孔隙结构的一部分.新拌混凝土作为流体,其中的气泡行为一定程度上和水溶液中气泡行为类似,区别在于混凝土是固液气三相混合体系和水泥水化过程的影响.近年来研究者们开展了大量环境因素、混凝土组成和施工工艺影响气泡行为的实验和理论研究工作,探究了砂浆和混凝土中气泡液膜吸附固体颗粒形成固体外壳的特性及水泥水化过程对气泡产生与发展的影响.本文归纳了气泡产生、生长、稳定与失稳破裂四个阶段的机理研究进展,介绍了环境温度、环境气压、组成和施工工艺四个因素对气泡的影响,分析了混凝土气泡研究在实验方法和理论模型方面面临的问题并展望其前景.     

养护制度对混凝土微结构形成机理的影响进展

养护制度是影响混凝土微结构形成的关键因素,进而决定了混凝土的性能.早在20世纪60年代,国内外学者就尝试通过控制养护温度或湿度来改善混凝土的性能,但由于控制变量的单一性,其对混凝土性能的提升效果有限.随着现代混凝土技术的发展,同时控制养护温度、湿度,甚至压力的蒸汽养护与蒸压养护应运而生.蒸汽养护和蒸压养护主要通过生成大量高密度C-S-H凝胶来为混凝土提供强度,且随着蒸压养护的持续,C-S-H凝胶向强度高、密度大的托勃莫来石转变,促进混凝土强度进一步增长.然而,蒸汽养护与蒸压养护在快速提高混凝土强度的同时,也会使混凝土产生孔隙率增大、孔径粗化及界面过渡区性能变差等问题,从而影响混凝土的长期耐久性.为此,常采用降低水胶比、掺加矿物掺合料、延长养护时间、二次养护等措施,来改善蒸汽养护与蒸压养护混凝土的界面过渡区性能和孔隙结构,从而提升混凝土微结构的稳定性.本文在综述标准养护、蒸汽养护和蒸压养护对混凝土水化产物的组成与形貌、界面过渡区和孔隙结构影响的基础上,归纳了不同养护制度下改善混凝土界面过渡区和孔隙结构的有效措施,分析了不同养护制度提升混凝土微结构稳定性的作用和机理,以期为混凝土养护制度的选择提供参考.最后,指出了不同养护制度下超高性能混凝土微结构形成与演变研究的不足.     

基于水泥水化度的混凝土早期力学性能发展预测

实验测量了3个强度等级混凝土(28d抗压强度分别为30MPa,50MPa和80MPa左右)在不同养护条件下典型龄期的P-CMOD曲线,借助断裂力学方法,获得了相应的混凝土开裂强度、抗拉强度和抗弯强度及其随龄期的发展规律,分析了养护条件对混凝土力学性能发展的影响。考虑混凝土内部湿度对水泥水化度的影响,对干燥环境下水泥水化度进行了修正,建立了基于水泥水化度的混凝土开裂强度,抗拉强度和抗弯强度的预测模型。     

冷拌冷铺超粘纤维磨耗层在预防性养护中的应用

冷拌冷铺超粘纤维磨耗层技术延长道路的使用寿命,且大大提高了道路的各项性能,同时可以有效快速的开发交通,是一种低碳环保综合性能优异的新型预防性养护技术,具有良好的发展前景。可广泛应用于各等级沥青及水泥混凝土路面的薄层罩面养护工程。     

浅议公路水泥混凝土路面施工及养护

本文分析了水泥混凝土路面破坏路段,加铺沥青混凝土改造修复技术;针对改造后的沥青混凝土路面的不同损坏程度,从技术角度提出了所采取的养护策略.为公路工程的设计、改造施工工艺和预防养护施工提供了实践经验和技术支持;为公路沥青混凝土路面预防养护的对策提供了理论依据.     

Accelerated carbonation and performance of concrete made with steel slag as binding materials and aggregates

Steel slag has been used as supplementary cementitious materials or aggregates in concrete. However, the substitution levels of steel slag for Portland cement or natural aggregates were limited due to its low hydraulic property or latent volume instability. In this study, 60% of steel slag powders containing high free-CaO content, 20% of Portland cement and up to 20% of reactive magnesia and lime were mixed to prepare the binding blends. The binding blends were then used to cast concrete, in which up to 100% of natural aggregates (limestone and river sands) were replaced with steel slag aggregates. The concrete was exposed to carbonation curing with a concentration of 99.9% CO₂ and a pressure of 0.10 MPa for different durations (1d, 3d, and 14d). The carbonation front, carbonate products, compressive strength, microstructure, and volume stability of the concrete were investigated. Results show that the compressive strength of the steel slag concrete after CO₂ curing was significantly increased. The compressive strengths of concrete subjected to CO₂ curing for 14d were up to five-fold greater than that of the corresponding concrete under conventional moist curing for 28d. This is attributed to the formation of calcium carbonates, leading to a microstructure densification of the concrete. Replacement of limestone and sand aggregates with steel slag aggregates also increased the compressive strengths of the concrete subjected to CO₂ curing. In addition, the concrete pre-exposed to CO₂ curing produced less expansion than the concrete pre-exposed to moist curing during the subsequent accelerated curing in 60 °C water. This study provides a potential approach to prepare concrete with low-carbon emissions via the accelerated carbonation of steel slag.     

Effect of curing parameters on CO2 curing of concrete blocks containing recycled aggregates

In this study, a CO₂ curing process was adopted in order to promote rapid strength development of concrete blocks containing recycled aggregates. The influence of several factors associated with the curing conditions on the curing degree and compressive strength of the concrete blocks were investigated, including curing time, temperature, relative humidity, pressure and post-water curing after the pressurized CO₂ curing (PCC) process. In addition a flow-through CO₂ curing (FCC) method at ambient pressure was also used. The results of the PCC experiments showed that, considerable curing degree and compressive strength were attained during the first 2 h of CO₂ curing, and a prolonged curing time yielded slower gains. The variations of temperature from 20 °C to 80 °C and relative humidity from 50% to 80% had limited impacts on PCC; but the effects of CO₂ gas pressure on the curing degree and compressive strength were more pronounced. The post-water curing after pressurized CO₂ curing allowed the concrete blocks to attain further strength gain but its effectiveness was inversely proportional to the CO₂ curing degree already attained. The FCC experimental results indicated that although a lower curing degree and slower strength development at the early age were observed, after 24 h of curing duration, they were comparable to those obtained by the PCC method. To assess the thermal stability of the concrete blocks, the optimum CO₂ curing regime was adopted for preparing the concrete blocks with recycled aggregates, and the CO₂ cured specimens exhibited better fire resistance than the water-cured ones at 800 °C.     

Effect of further water curing on compressive strength and microstructure of CO2-cured concrete

This study aims to investigate the effects of further water curing on the compressive strength and microstructure of CO₂-cured concrete. The results showed that concrete with a residual w/c ratio of 0.25 showed the most rapid strength development rate upon further water curing due to hydration of uncarbonated cement particles. Thermogravimetric, IR-spectrophotometric and scanning electron microscope examinations indicated that further hydration of the cement particles could form C-S-H gel and ettringite crystals. The results showed that the calcite formed during the initial CO₂ curing was consumed during the further hydration of C₃A, and produced calcium monocarbonaluminate hydrate. Also, Ca(OH)₂ was not detected due to its reaction with the formed silica gel. Mercury intrusion porosimetry test results indicated that the porosity and pore size of the CO₂ cured mortar decreased further after water curing.     

Materials characteristics affecting CO2 curing of concrete blocks containing recycled aggregates

In order to enhance the CO₂ curing efficiency of concrete block prepared with recycled aggregates, several material characteristics of the concrete block including moisture content, bulk density, aggregate to cement ratio, recycled aggregate content and types of binders, were studied experimentally to assess their effects on the CO₂ curing process. The results indicated that, during 2 h of CO₂ curing period, the moisture content and aggregate to cement ratio of the prepared blocks had significant effects on the CO₂ curing degree and the compressive strength. Appropriate pre-drying of the block specimens before CO₂ curing enabled the maximum curing degree, and the compressive strength attained was comparable or superior to that of the 6 h steam cured blocks. The bulk density and recycled aggregate content of the prepared blocks would also influence the CO₂ curing degree, but their effects on compressive strength were more complex. It was confirmed that the presence of recycled aggregate in the concrete blocks can promote the CO₂ curing efficiency.     

A maturity approach to estimate compressive strength development of CO2-cured concrete blocks

An alternative CO₂ curing method for precast concrete products has been proposed in order to achieve rapid strength development at early age, as well as to capture and store greenhouse gas (CO₂). In this paper, an experimental study for the development of a maturity approach is presented to estimate the strength development of carbonated concrete blocks. In order to promote the use of industrial flue gas containing CO₂, a flow-through CO₂ curing regime at ambient pressure and temperature was employed using different atmospheric conditions, such as various CO₂ concentrations, RH values and gas flow rates. The experimental results showed that the compressive strength or maturity of the carbonated concrete blocks was affected by two factors: accelerated cement hydration and carbonation extent. A high CO₂ concentration, a fast gas flow rate and a moderate relative humidity were essential for enhancing the maturity and the strength development. The developed model based on the maturity approach may accurately predict the strength development of the carbonated concrete blocks.     

Enhancement of recycled aggregate properties by accelerated CO2 curing coupled with limewater soaking process

Strengthening the attached old cement mortar of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is a common approach to enhance the RCA properties. Accelerated CO₂ curing has been regarded as an alternative way to enhance the properties of RA. However, the improvement of the properties of RCA was limited by the shortage of reactive components in the old cement mortar available for the carbonation reactions. In this study, a CO₂ curing process associated with a limewater saturation method was performed cyclically on cement mortar samples, aiming to enhance the properties of cement mortars via artificially introducing additional calcium into the pores of the cement mortars. The results indicated that the adopted treatment method promoted the level of carbonation which was demonstrated by higher CO₂ uptake by the limewater saturated cement mortar when compared to that without limewater treatment. After 3-cycles of limewater-CO₂ treatment, the density of the cement mortar slightly increased by 5.7%, while the water absorption decreased by over a half. For mechanical properties, the compressive and flexural strength were increased by 22.8% and 42.4%, respectively. Compared to the untreated cement mortar samples, the total porosity of cement mortar was reduced by approximately 33% and the densified microstructure therefore resulted in a higher microhardness.     

Improvement compressive strength of concrete in different curing media by Al2O3 nanoparticles

In the present work, the effect of curing medium on microstructure together with physical, mechanical and thermal properties of concrete containing Al₂O₃ nanoparticles has been investigated. Portland cement was partially replaced by Al₂O₃ nanoparticles with the average particle size of 15 nm and the specimens were cured in water and saturated limewater for specific ages. The results indicate that Al₂O₃ nanoparticles up to maximum of 2.0% produces concrete with improved compressive strength and setting time when the specimens cured in saturated limewater. The optimum level of replacement for cured specimens in water is 1.0 wt%. Although the limewater reduces the strength of concrete without nanoparticles when it is compared with the specimens cured in water, curing the specimens bearing nanoparticles in saturated limewater results in more strengthening gel formation around Al₂O₃ nanoparticles causes more rapid setting time together with high strength. Accelerated peak appearance in conduction calorimetry tests, more weight loss in thermogravimetric analysis and more rapid appearance of peaks related to hydrated products in X-ray diffraction results, all indicate that Al₂O₃ nanoparticles could improve mechanical and physical properties of the specimens.     

Properties of binary and ternary reactive MgO mortar blends subjected to CO2 curing

Research and development of low CO₂ binders for building material applications is warranted in efforts to reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with the cement and concrete industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of carbonation curing on the mineralogy, morphology, microstructure and evolution of compressive strength of mortars comprised of general use (GU) cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and reactive MgO used as cement replacement. This study investigates binary (GU–MgO) and ternary (GU–GGBFS–MgO) blends exposed to atmosphere curing (0.0038%CO₂) and carbonation curing (99.9%CO₂). Carbonation-cured mortars exhibited greater compressive strengths than atmosphere mortars at all ages (7 d, 28 d, and 56 d). Increasing percentages of reactive MgO decreased the compressive strength markedly less for carbonation-cured mortars than atmosphere-cured mortars particularly due to magnesium calcite formations. Magnesium calcite influenced the morphology of carbonates and promoted the carbonate agglomeration resulting in a dense and interconnected microstructure.     

Early carbonation curing of concrete masonry units with Portland limestone cement

The effect of carbonation curing on the mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete masonry units (CMU) with Portland limestone cement (PLC) as binder was examined. Slab samples, representing the web of a CMU, were initially cured at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity for durations up to 18 h. Carbonation was then carried out for 4 h in a chamber at a pressure of 0.1 MPa. Based on Portland limestone cement content, CO₂ uptake of PLC concrete after 18 h of initial curing reached 18%. Carbonated and hydrated concretes showed comparable compressive strength at both early and late ages due to the 18-h initial curing. Carbonation reaction converted early hydration products to a crystalline microstructure and subsequent hydration transformed amorphous carbonates into more crystalline calcite. Portland limestone cement could replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in making equivalent CMUs which have shown similar carbon sequestration potential.