AZ91D镁合金表面无铬转化膜/杂化复合涂层的耐蚀性能

溶胶凝胶法制备的涂层性能优良,采用溶胶凝胶法、以正硅酸乙酯为主制备性能优良的涂层技术已很成熟,但用于镁合金的防护鲜有报道。为了提高AZ91D镁合金的耐蚀性能,先在其表面制备了无铬钼酸盐转化膜,然后采用有机/无机杂化溶胶凝胶的方法在转化膜表面制备杂化涂层,从而得到转化膜/杂化复合涂层。对复合涂层进行了红外光谱分析,并用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了其微观形貌,同时也对其进行了极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱分析。结果表明:二氧化硅和有机硅氧键通过溶胶凝胶反应,无机和有机间呈网络结构穿插在一起;复合涂层表面平整均匀,无开裂现象;转化膜层和转化膜/杂化复合涂层都可提高镁合金的耐蚀性,但后者的效果更加明显。     

纯丙类聚氨酯/SiO_2-ZrO_2光固化纳米复合透明耐磨涂料涂层的制备及性能

目前,鲜见在纯丙类光固化聚氨酯中引入SiO_2和ZrO_2纳米粒子的报道。采用溶液聚合法制备了纯丙类聚氨酯丙烯酸酯,采用溶胶凝胶法制备SiO_2及ZrO_2无机溶胶,将无机前驱体与有机相进行杂化,制备了一系列可光固化的有机无机杂化涂料。采用红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对杂化涂料及其涂层进行了结构表征,采用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)研究了杂化涂料涂层的表面形貌,并对涂层进行了物理性能、透明性以及耐磨性能测试。结果表明:杂化涂料涂层中,无机粒子均匀分散在有机相中,且无机粒子半径为20~30 nm;无机粒子的引入显著提升了涂层的物理性能及耐磨性能,涂层的硬度从1 H提升到6 H,磨耗量减少了80%。     

有机-无机杂化纳米复合材料合成及性能测试

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTEOS)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)及纳米氧化硅为原料,成功制备了有机-无机杂化纳米复合材料及涂层.以X射线衍射(XRD)、富立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)等手段研究了杂化材料的工艺与结构及性能的关系,并对涂覆于铝合金基体上的纳米复合材料涂层的防腐蚀性能进行了实验检测.结果表明,有机-无机杂化纳米复合材料涂层具有优良的抗腐蚀性能.     

聚酰亚胺／无机纳米杂化材料制备方法EI北大核心CSCD

本发明提供了一种聚酰亚胺／无机纳米杂化材料制备方法,首先合成适用于聚酰亚胺的无机纳米粒子改性剂——亚胺环基硅烷;采用溶胶-凝胶法制备无机氧化物纳米粒子,在溶胶一凝胶反应过程中加入改性剂亚胺环基硅烷,得到有机-无机复合体纳米颗粒;将有机-无机复合体纳米颗粒均匀分散于聚酰胺酸溶液中,经过加热处理得到聚酰亚胺／无机纳米杂化材料。本发明的聚酰亚胺／无机纳米杂化材料制备方法解决了纳米粒子分散的难题,在聚酰亚胺／无机纳米杂化材料中纳米粒子分布均匀,不团聚,有利于其各项性能的充分发挥。     

水性纳米ZrO_2/环氧聚硅氧烷杂化防腐涂层的制备与性能

采用水性纳米ZrO_2溶胶与γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(GPTMS)为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶方法,制备了水性有机无机杂化防腐涂层。实验研究了ZrO_2/GPTMS摩尔比对涂层耐盐雾性能及电化学性能的影响。实验结果表明,涂层的耐腐蚀性能随着摩尔比的增加呈现先增强后下降的趋势,其中1∶5涂层的耐腐蚀性能最强,耐盐雾时间达到1 500h,是未涂覆涂层样板耐盐雾时间的20倍左右,电化学交流阻抗为107Ω·cm2,腐蚀电流密度为5.84×10-10 A/cm2。从1∶5涂层的SEM照片发现,涂层中纳米ZrO_2粒子分散均匀,无团聚现象。另外,TG分析表明,涂层的热稳定性能随着摩尔比的增大而增加。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO_2/加成型硅树脂杂化纳米复合材料的性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法以钛酸四丁酯为水解前驱体、盐酸为催化剂、冰乙酸为催化剂合成出纳米TiO2溶胶,利用偶联剂KH570对纳米TiO2溶胶进行表面接枝改性,将经过表面接枝改性的纳米TiO2溶胶真空脱溶剂后与硅树脂预聚体进行原位复合,制备出透明的有机-无机杂化硅树脂复合材料。对溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO2/加成型硅树脂杂化复合材料的合成机理进行了研究与探讨,通过测试硅树脂杂化复合材料的黄色指数、透光率和折射率考察了不同形态、不同含量纳米TiO2对硅树脂抗紫外老化及光学性能的影响。结果发现:当纳米TiO2凝胶的质量分数为5%时硅树脂杂化复合材料在可见光区的透光率达到99%,折射率达到最大值1.53,并且具有良好的耐紫外老化性能。     

醇溶剂和酸催化对TEOS/KH560溶胶凝胶的影响

过去,对硅溶胶制备的研究仅限于对单溶剂的定性探讨。应用溶胶凝胶法制备了稳定的正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)/γ-(2,3-环氧丙氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH560)的杂化硅溶胶。采用在线电导率测试、红外跟踪技术及相关性能测试方法研究了异丙醇、乙醇、甲醇溶剂,盐酸、甲酸、乙酸催化剂对TEOS/KH560水解过程及杂化硅溶胶性能的影响。结果表明,不同溶剂、催化剂对杂化硅溶胶的性能有很大的影响:醇水混合溶剂比单独醇、水溶剂对原料的水解程度更好;随着醇碳链长度的增加,杂化硅溶胶的黏度降低,稳定性及产率提高;以盐酸为催化剂,杂化硅溶胶的存储时间比以甲酸、乙酸催化的短;选择异丙醇∶硅醇摩尔比为1∶13,以甲酸作催化剂,pH值为3.5左右时,杂化硅溶胶的性能最佳。     

含钛杂化硅树脂的制备与耐热性能研究

以钛酸四正丁酯、甲基三乙氧基硅烷、二甲基二乙氧基硅烷、甲基苯基二甲氧基硅烷为原料,乙酰丙酮(acac)为螯合剂、盐酸为催化剂、乙醇为溶剂,利用溶胶-凝胶法、控制n(Ti)∶n(Si)=0.1~0.5,50℃水解温度下制备了含钛硅树脂,钛的引入使得杂化硅树脂在不使用催化剂和室温固化剂的情况下,140℃3d实现固化。通过涂层外观分析、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、变温傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重进行了表征。结果表明成功合成了含Si—O—Ti共价键的杂化硅树脂;当n(acac)/n(Ti)=0.3时,含钛硅树脂预聚物的储存稳定性较好;R/(Si+Ti)≥1.36时,能制备表面光滑的硅树脂;含钛杂化硅树脂具有较好的耐热性且其热性能随钛含量的增大而提高。     

环氧树脂/二氧化硅杂化材料的制备与性能表征

溶胶-凝胶法制备环氧树脂/SiO2杂化材料,利用FTIR、SEM和综合热分析仪对杂化材料的结构、显微形态及热性能进行了表征.结果表明,杂化材料中SiO2与环氧树脂两相间存在氢键作用;SiO2质量分数＜7%时SiO2与环氧树脂之间无明显相界面,可获得有机聚合物链段与无机网络互穿的有机/无机杂化材料;SiO2质量分数为11%时材料具有最佳耐热性能.     

铝合金表面不燃有机-无机复合涂层的制备与表征

以合成的水性有机硅改性硅溶胶为基料,在铝合金表面制备了一种具有良好理化性能的不燃有机-无机复合涂层。通过对底涂层附着力、耐冲击性以及涂层表面形貌的对比,确定底层涂料的颜基比(P/B)为1∶1~1.5∶1时,底涂层具有良好的理化性能,制备过程中不易产生细裂纹。SEM观察形成的底涂层致密性差,喷涂纳米面漆后涂层平整,致密。EDS分析表明底涂层的厚度在30μm左右,其中存在5-10μm的过渡层。火焰燃烧测试表明涂层(底涂层+面层)遇明火高温不燃、不脱落、无炭化,而是形成一种釉状层与铝合金基体牢固地结合在一起;XRD分析证明燃烧前后涂层材料主要物相没有发生明显改变。除耐沸水性、耐高温性外,涂层的理化性能按照国家标准GB 12441-2005检测,结果表明涂层具有良好的理化性能,能够满足铝合金表面高装饰、高防护的性能要求。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...