超细化低碳贝氏体钢的回火组织稳定性及力学性能

研究了弛豫-析出控制相变(RPC)技术生产的细晶低碳贝氏体钢回火后组织与性能的变化，并与控轧后空冷(AC)以及传统的再加热淬火工艺(RQ)得到的钢板的回火组织及性能进行了比较。采用RPC工艺得到的钢板经500℃～700℃回火1h后，随回火温度升高呈现软化-硬化-再软化的变化规律，采用AC工艺得到的钢板回火后硬度和强度的反复变化不明显，而经过RQ处理后的钢板随回火温度升高强度和硬度则单调下降。RPC和RQ钢板回火前的组织均为板条状贝氏体和少量粒贝的复合组织。回火后RPC钢板组织变化不明显，而RQ钢板随回火温度的升高板条很快消失，最终演变成多边形铁素体。实验结果表明，RPC钢板具有良好的热稳定性。     

低碳微合金钢中超细组织的热稳定性研究

研究了经过弛豫-析出控制相变技术(RPC技术)生产的低碳微合金钢板在650 ℃回火过程中组织与性能的演变,同时与经过930 ℃保温1 h后再加热淬火(RQ)的钢板进行了对比.结果表明,回火前两种钢板的组织均为贝氏体 少量马氏体,经过RPC技术生产的钢板回火0.5 h后,金相组织没有明显变化,但硬度下降幅度较大;在1～7 h的回火过程中部分组织出现板条合并现象,此阶段硬度值变化不明显;7 h之后某些区域组织的板条特征趋于消失,出现了少量多边形铁素体,硬度又明显下降;回火20 h后,约一半的组织转化为多边形铁素体.而经过再加热淬火处理后的钢板回火前硬度虽然较低,但回火过程中软化速度极快,板条组织很快消失.最终获得全部的多边形铁素体组织.因此超细组织的热稳定性取决于其热历史.     

回火温度对2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢粒状贝氏体显微组织和力学性能的影响

利用纳米压痕仪,OM,SEM,TEM,XRD,EPMA等设备研究了加氢反应器用2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢正火态粒状贝氏体组织及力学性能随回火温度的变化.结果表明,2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢正火后得到由贝氏体铁素体、马氏体和残余奥氏体岛(M-A岛)组成的粒状贝氏体组织.纳米压痕测量结果表明,由于M-A岛中富集C,其硬度显著高于贝氏体铁素体.在回火过程中,M-A岛分解和贝氏体铁素体软化的综合作用导致了2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢在-18℃的冲击功随着回火温度的升高先增加后减少.除了铁素体基体回复再结晶软化效应外,粒状贝氏体组织中硬相M-A岛回火转变程度以及析出碳化物形貌、尺寸和分布是影响2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢冲击韧性的关键因素.     

回火工艺对铌钛低碳贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、透射电镜和力学性能检验,研究了回火温度对TMCP型铌钛微合金化低碳贝氏体钢微观组织结构、第二相析出及力学性能的影响。结果表明,回火后力学性能非单调变化,归因于铌钛微合金化钢在回火过程中,贝氏体内位错亚结构回复软化与第二相析出强化及碳的脱溶机制综合作用。400～500℃回火,Nb、Ti第二相持续析出强化,随回火温度的升高,板条贝氏体回复作用逐渐加强并逐渐达到回复稳定状态。回火温度≥500℃时,M/A岛组织发生分解,贝氏体板条合并、组织粗化,析出相聚集长大,固溶元素脱溶,组织演变为贝氏体和铁素体,强度持续降低,但韧塑性得到改善。550℃回火后钢板具有最佳综合力学性能:抗拉强度为790 MPa,屈服强度为740 MPa,伸长率为16.5%,-20℃冲击吸收能量为250 J。     

高强度低碳贝氏体钢的工艺与组织细化

在超低碳贝氏体钢中，采用弛豫-析出-控制相变(RPC)技术可得到细化的中温转变组织，组织类型为细化的板条贝氏体及少量不规则粒状贝氏体或针状铁素体，与一般控轧空冷和调质处理组织比较，除细化外，所得贝氏体类型及形貌均有所不同，通过这种工艺细化的低碳贝氏体钢板其强度比控轧后空冷或轧后再加热-淬火(调质处理)钢有明显提高。在采用RPC工艺时，轧后弛豫时间长短对最终组织细化程度和形貌也有明显影响，从而造成性能有所差别，终轧后弛豫阶段形成并被应变诱导析出物钉扎的位错胞状组织或亚晶结构是细化相变组织、阻碍贝氏体生长的主要原因，冷却过程中，在贝氏体相变前形成的不规则粒状贝氏体或针状铁索体，分割了压扁的原奥氏体晶粒，同样限制了贝氏体板条柬的长度和宽度。     

500kV多回路输电线路Q460钢铁塔服役性能研究

采用箱式电阻炉对输电铁塔用Q460钢板进行了不同工艺的正火和回火处理,采用光学显微镜对热处理试样显微组织进行了观察,并对拉伸、冲击、硬度进行了检测,研究了热处理对输电塔服役性能的影响。结果表明,钢材正火组织主要为珠光体+铁素体+贝氏体以及少量M-A组织,随正火温度升高,铁素体、珠光体含量逐渐减少,材料拉伸性能小幅提高,冲击功和硬度增加;随回火温度升高,M-A岛逐渐分解,贝氏体基体上析出较多颗粒状碳化物,钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度均降低,伸长率先小幅增加,在温度超过400℃后有所降低,硬度则几乎不变,860℃正火钢断面收缩率先降低后升高,冲击功先升高后降低,均在回火温度为300℃时达到极值,920℃正火钢断面收缩率和冲击功先升高后几乎保持不变。     

回火温度对E690海洋用钢组织和显微硬度的影响

在Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机上,对E690海洋用钢进行直接淬火及快速加热条件下不同温度的回火处理,并采用光学显微镜等设备研究了不同的回火温度对其组织、析出物及显微硬度的影响。结果表明:实验钢直接淬火态组织以板条贝氏体为主,经回火后,组织为板条贝氏体、粒状贝氏体、多边形铁素体的混合组织,不同的回火温度下各自所占比例不同;回火后的析出物主要是10 nm以内的ε-Cu颗粒和20 nm以内的Nb、Ti、Cu的复合析出颗粒,它们均匀、弥散、细小地分布于基体上;550、580和620℃回火时的晶界取向差以≤15°的小角度晶界较多,使材料具有优良的韧塑性;不同回火温度对试样的显微硬度值影响较大,其随回火温度的升高呈现先升高后下降再略微升高的趋势。     

回火温度对16Mn钢含钛焊缝组织及性能的影响

对16Mn钢含钛焊缝进行了不同温度的回火处理并进行了组织检验、硬度和冲击试验。结果表明,焊缝组织为贝氏体+弥散碳化物+少量残留奥氏体;经回火处理后,焊缝表面硬度下降且随回火温度升高,硬度增加,同时回复作用增强,小角度晶界逐渐消失,贝氏体板条合并粗化。在400℃下经2 h保温后,TiC弥散析出,焊缝金属的韧性最好;经600℃回火处理后,焊缝区碳化物TiC大量析出,且下贝氏体组织明显粗化,韧性下降。     

组织细化的控制相变技术机理研究

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上模拟了不同的弛豫析出控制相变（RPC）工艺过程，结合金相、SEM、TEM以及EBSD技术研究了不同变形温度，变量量以及弛豫时间对含Nb,Ti低碳微合金钢最终组织细化的影响。此外Fe-Ni合金被用来研究弛豫过程的位错亚结构变化以析出行为。结果表明，经RPC工艺处理后，贝氏体束可得到明显的细化。弛豫过程中同时存在位 错弛豫，多边形化形成位错胞状亚结构以及应变诱导析出，这两者是引起最终贝氏体组织细化的主要原因。当两种因素互相协调并促进时，细化效果最佳，在本模拟条件下，最佳控制工艺为850℃变形后弛豫60－200s左右。     

贝氏体机械用钢的回火工艺研究

通过对贝氏体机械用钢回火后金相显微组织的观察和洛氏硬度的测量,研究了回火对组织和综合性能的影响。结果表明,热轧态试验钢经回火处理后,随回火温度的升高,显微组织中的板条状马氏体发生溶解,直至分解完全,位错密度降低;回火后组织中晶粒尺寸随碳元素从奥氏体中析出,晶粒尺寸变得细小,起到了强化作用;但随温度的继续升高,板条状马氏体溶解完全,碳化物析出所产生的强化作用已经不再明显;随回火温度升高,试验钢的硬度出现降低趋势。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.