The Relationship Between Message Recall and Persuasion: More Complex Than It Seems

A strong message recall‐attitude relationship was predicted when participants were induced to use memory‐based processing to form their attitudes but not when induced to use on‐line processing after exposure to a persuasive message. The recall‐attitude correlation in the memory‐based conditions was expected to be positive when the arguments were strong and negative when they were weak; 240 participants participated in a study to test these predictions. An ample and positive recall‐attitude relationship was found when participants were exposed to strong arguments in both processing conditions. A small but negative relationship was found in the weak arguments, on‐line processing condition but not the memory‐based condition. Parallel findings were obtained when need to evaluate was used to measure processing type.     

Stress-Induced Positive Charge in Hf-Based Gate Dielectrics: Impact on Device Performance and a Framework for the Defect

A Hf-based dielectric has been selected to replace SiON for CMOS technologies. When compared with SiON, Hf dielectrics can suffer from higher instability. Previous attentions were focused on electron trapping, and positive charging received less attention. The objective of this paper is to study the impact of positive charging on device performance and to provide a framework for the defect. Three components of threshold voltage instability Delta Vth are unambiguously identified for pMOSFETs, i.e., loop, loop-shift, and up-loop. The loop dominates Delta Vth at a relatively short time (< 1 s). After stressing for a longer time, the whole loop is shifted in the negative direction. Unlike the loop, the up-loop cannot readily be recharged after recovery. In addition to the generated interface states, three different types of positive charges are formed in the Hf-based stacks, i.e., cyclic positive charges (CPC), antineutralization positive charges (ANPC), and as-grown hole trapping (AHT). Each type of defect has its unique signatures and properties. CPC can repeatedly be charged and discharged by alternating the gate bias polarity. ANPC is more difficult to neutralize, whereas AHT is harder to charge. Both the generated interface states and the AHT saturate at longer stress time, but ANPC does not. ANPC reduces at higher measurement temperature, but CPC is insensitive to temperature. The relation between each type of defect and each component of Delta Vth is clarified.     

The Effects of Journalist Opinionation on Learning From the News

This study considers whether opinionated television news—that is, news in which the anchor expresses a clear point of view—promotes learning relative to traditional, objective news. Results from an online experiment indicate that news opinionation neither increases nor decreases learning. An examination of processing mechanisms helps to explain this null effect: While perceived bias in opinionated news enhances learning, opinionated news also shifts the focus of information processing away from the message and toward the source, thereby distracting from learning. Learning differences as a function of attitudinal congruency with the opinionated news message are explored. Although there are no differences in learning congruent versus incongruent information, this likewise can be explained by patterns in perceived bias and information processing.     

Microwave properties and applications of negative conductance transferred electron devices

The transferred electron effect in epitaxial GaAs has been used to realize a semiconductor device which exhibits a stable negative conductance over a wide range of microwave frequencies and power levels. These devices have been used in conjunction with circulator coupled networks to design high-level wide-band transferred electron amplifiers which have a voltage gain bandwidth product in excess of 10 GHz for frequencies from 4.0 to about 16.0 GHz. Linear gains of 6-12 dB per stage and saturated output power levels in excess of ½ W have been realized. The physical and electrical properties of these devices are described with regard to the achievement of a stable negative conductance. The influence of several parameters (i.e., device temperature, bias voltage, circuit loading, etc.) is discussed with regard to device and circuit stability. Measurements of the terminal admittance of several typical devices as a function of the bias, input power, and frequency have been used to study their microwave properties. The large signal data are used to compute the relationship between the available device power and the magnitude of the negative conductance independent of the test circuit. This same measurement technique can provide a simulation of the performance of any nonlinear negative conductance, without the need for circuit design and load tuning. In addition, an analytical large signal model of the negative conductance has been used to predict the large signal performance of the active device (i.e., gain compression, conversion efficiency, etc.) in both oscillator and amplifier circuits.     

A novel backup multiplexing scheme for surviving double-link failures in mesh optical networks without wavelength conversion capability

We consider the problem of recovery from any double-link failure by exploiting shared path protection in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) mesh networks. We for the first time discover the phenomenon of sharing contradiction, which results in the violation of 100% recovery guarantee. To completely eliminate the sharing contradiction, we introduce the so-called preference policy, which implies that one of two backup paths (BPs) for each connection is given priority over the other to recover the failed active path (AP). Based on this policy, we propose a backup-multiplexing scheme with 100% recovery guarantee. Further, we transform the problem of minimizing the total number of wavelength-links under the wavelength continuity constraint while recovering from any dual-link failure to integer linear programming (ILP) formulations. Additionally, we investigate three preference policies, i.e., the first backup path preference policy (FBPPP), the second backup path preference policy (SBPPP), and the optimal preference policy (OPP). The numerical results show that our proposed backup multiplexing scheme can reduce about 30% wavelength-link consumption, compared to dedicated protection. Also, the results show that the policy, which specifies that the shorter one of two backup paths is preferred, generally outperforms the policy, which specifies that the longer one of two backup paths is preferred. Furthermore, the results show that OPP has a better performance when two BPs for each connection are more comparable in their lengths.     

A forward fast media independent handover control scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FFMIH-PMIPv6) over heterogeneous wireless mobile network

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a networked-based handover protocol for the IP layer, i.e., the layer 3 mobility management protocol. In this work, we integrate fast handover and IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) Services with PMIPv6 to improve the handover performance over the heterogeneous wireless network environment. Since it may have multiple candidate destination networks to which a Mobile Node can select for handover, it needs to consider not only the signal strength but also the corresponding networking situation for the proper selection of the next network. To reduce the packet loss situation, the multicast mechanism is adopted to forward packets to these candidate destination networks during the handover processing period. In this work, a Forward Fast Media Independent Handover Control Scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FFMIH-PMIPv6) is proposed based on the aforementioned concerns. Through the simulations for performance analysis, it shows that the proposed FFMIH-PMIPv6 can have better handover performance in terms of handover latency, packet loss rate and throughput.     

Oxide thickness dependence of nitridation effects on TDDB characteristics

Wet oxide thicknesses dependence of nitridation effects on electrical characteristics, charge trapping properties and TDDB (Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown) characteristics have been investigated. It is found that the difference of conduction current between the wet and nitrided wet oxide increases with increasing oxide thickness both for negative and positive bias to the gate until constant current stress is applied. After the stress, with decreasing oxide thickness both in wet and nitrided wet oxide leakage current increases. Up to 60 Å no difference was observed between the wet and nitrided wet oxide but at 50 Å nitrided wet oxide has less increase of current comparing to the wet oxide for the same stress. In wet oxide with increasing stress current density initial hole trap decreases but electron trap increases whereas in nitrided wet oxide has less initial hole trap and also electron trap is less comparing to the wet oxide. Both in wet and nitrided wet oxide for negative bias stress, time to 50 % breakdown decreases with decreasing thickness but at 50 Å a turn-around effect was observed due to nitridation i.e., the 50 % breakdown time is greater for nitrided wet oxide comparing to the wet oxide. On the contrary, for positive bias stress 50 % breakdown time increases with decreasing oxide thickness both in wet and nitrided wet oxide. For positive bias also a turn-around effect is observed at 50 Å i.e., 50% breakdown time is less in nitrided wet oxide comparing to the wet oxide. The improved reliability of nitrided wet oxide at the thin region of 50 Å seems to be due to the increase of more Si---N bond to the interface of oxide and Si comparing to the thick oxide of above 60 Å for the same nitridation conditions.     

Contrast-independent curvilinear structure detection in biomedical images

Many biomedical applications require detection of curvilinear structures in images and would benefit from automatic or semiautomatic segmentation to allow high-throughput measurements. Here, we propose a contrast-independent approach to identify curvilinear structures based on oriented phase congruency, i.e., the phase congruency tensor (PCT). We show that the proposed method is largely insensitive to intensity variations along the curve and provides successful detection within noisy regions. The performance of the PCT is evaluated by comparing it with state-of-the-art intensity-based approaches on both synthetic and real biological images.     

Bid markup selection models by use of multiple criteria

Multiple attribute decision modeling is proposed for determining the most preferred bid markup in a competitive bidding situation. In this note, a previously proposed model is extended by introducing two new bidding criteria, called the conditional positive profit and the expected positive profit ratios, respectively. Three two-criteria decision models and a single criteria decision models using the newly introduced criteria are proposed to determine the bidder's most preferred markup level. The simple additive weighting method and the weighting product method are used to solve these models. Two numerical examples are used to illustrate the different rankings that are obtained when different models and solution methods are used. The results demonstrate that the bidder's preference over the set of bidding criteria has a significant effect on the selection of the bid markup     

Efficient Distributed Bandwidth Management for MPLS Fast Reroute

As service providers move more applications to their IP/MPLS (multiple protocol label switching ) backbone networks, rapid restoration upon failure becomes more and more crucial. Recently MPLS fast reroute has attracted lots of attention as it was designed to meet the needs of real-time applications, such as voice over IP. MPLS fast reroute achieves rapid restoration by computing and signaling backup label switched path (LSP) tunnels in advance and re-directing traffic as close to failure point as possible. To provide a guarantee of bandwidth protection, extra bandwidth has to be reserved on backup paths. Using path merging technique as described in IETF RFC 4090 only, the network is able to share some bandwidth on common links among backup paths of the same service LSP, i.e., so-called intra-sharing. But no solution is provided on how to share bandwidth among backup paths of different service LSPs, i.e., so-called inter-sharing. In this paper, we provide an efficient distributed bandwidth management solution. This solution allows bandwidth sharing among backup paths of the same and different service LSPs, i.e., both intra-sharing and inter-sharing, with a guarantee of bandwidth protection for any single node/link failure. We also propose an efficient algorithm for backup path selection with the associated signaling extensions for additional information distribution and collection. To evaluate our schemes, we compare them via simulation with the basic MPLS fast reroute proposal, IETF RFC 4090, on two networks. Our simulation results show that using our bandwidth management scheme can significantly reduce restoration overbuild from about 250% to about 100%, and our optimized backup path selection can further reduce restoration overbuild to about 60%.     

Selective Use of News Cues: A Multiple‐Motive Perspective on Information Selection in Social Media Environments

This study investigated the effects of message and social cues on selective exposure to political information in a social media environment. Based on the heuristic‐systematic model, we hypothesized that readers' selective consideration of specific cues can be explained by situational motivations. In an experiment (N = 137), subjects primed with motivational goals (accuracy, defense, or impression motivations, as well as a control group) were asked to search for information. Participants preferred attitude‐consistent information and balanced information over attitude‐inconsistent information, and also preferred highly recommended articles. Defense‐motivated partisans exhibited a stronger confirmation bias, whereas impression motivation amplified the effects of social recommendations. These findings specify the conditions under which individuals engage in narrow, open‐minded, or social patterns of information selection.     

Positive and Negative Link Prediction Algorithm Based on Sentiment Analysis in Large Social Networks

Signed network analysis being one of the greatest disruptive innovations within the last decade has assembled a vast amount of attention of the citizenry. The positions of the users of the signed networks are used by several societies in the world to see the mentality of the users, the current movement of the grocery store and many more things. But even so, in that location is a latent potential of social nets. Ace of the facial expressions that, we were able to determine was about seeing the relationship between the users (i.e., especially, the negative (i.e., ?Ve) link in social networks) on the signed network using the stakes that the users work and the reaction of the other users towards it. The anticipation of a negative link (i.e., ?Ve) can be applied in the information security field, to observe the aberrations in the largest social networks and further discover the malicious nodes in the larger social network; say, if two nodes are doing things together even though in that respect is no intercourse between them. It can likewise be utilized in improving the recommendation system in social networks as if there is some probability between the two the nodes of being an enemy or disliking each other then we can slay them from each other’s recommendation list or could assign a lesser weight to them in a recommended technique. To accomplish all this relationship between the nodes we first need to determine whether the user is posting posts with positive emotion (like happy, excited, etc.) or negative emotion (like angry, sad, and so on), and then that we can further examine the learning ability of the user and utilize it to recommend the people who we have previously separated with the similar personality. For that we have applied the sentiment analysis in social networks, which splits up the users into five simple categories: Highly Positive (i.e., Highly +Ve), Positive (i.e., +Ve), Neutral, Negative (i.e., ?Ve) and Highly Negative (i.e., Highly ?Ve).     

A Reliability Model for Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Transistors

We proposed here a reliability model that successfully introduces both the physical mechanisms of negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) and hot carrier stress (HCS) for p-channel low-temperature polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors (LTPS TFTs). The proposed model is highly matched with the experimental results, in which the NBTI dominates the device reliability at small negative drain bias while the HCS dominates the degradation at large negative drain bias. In summary, the proposed model provides a comprehensive way to predict the lifetime of the p-channel LTPS TFTs, which is especially necessary for the system-on-panel circuitry design.      

Spin negative differential resistance and high spin filtering behavior realized by devices based on graphene nanoribbons and graphitic carbon nitrides

Using nonequilibrium Green’s functions in combination with the density functional theory, we investigate the spin-dependent electronic transport properties of two nanostructure devices based on graphitic carbon nitrides bridging two zigzag graphene nanoribbons, i.e., center and edge bridged devices, respectively. It is found that the center bridged device behaves spin negative differential resistance properties in different bias ranges for the up and down spin current respectively. The edge bridged device presents obvious negative differential resistance only for the down spin current. Moreover, high spin-filtering efficiency over 80% is obtained in the edge bridged device in the bias range of 0–1.0 V. The magnetic properties of these devices suggest promising applications in spintronics and molecular electronics.     

Electrical characteristics of oxide-nitride-oxide films formed ontunnel-structured stacked capacitors

Current conduction mechanism of oxide-nitride-oxide films formed on tunnel-structured stacked capacitor (TSSC) was studied. At positive and negative bias, the Poole-Frenkel (P-F) conduction of holes in the nitride (SiN_x) film dominates the total leakage current. From the P-F plot, the relative dielectric constant of the SiN_x was calculated. The electric field inside the structure was also calculated by assuming the model that characterizes the electrode shape inside the tunnel. From the results, the reason why the reliability of the TSSC is not lowered in comparison with the conventional stacked capacitor is discussed     

Captivated and Grossed Out: An Examination of Processing Core and Sociomoral Disgusts in Entertainment Media

While disgust repels and offends us, it has functionally evolved over time to compel our attention—both to core disgusts (i.e., blood, guts, body products) and sociomoral violations (i.e., injustices, brutality, racism)—making it a quality of many entertainment messages that may keep audiences engrossed and engaged. An experiment exposed participants to two types of core disgusts and sociomoral disgusts in TV/film messages and collected self‐report emotional responses, psychophysiological indicators of dynamic emotional and cognitive processing, and recognition memory for content. Results demonstrate that no two disgusts are alike: Sociomoral disgusts captivate our attention and elicit a slower, more thoughtful response pattern than core disgusts, and the nature of the core disgust elicits different responses as well.     

Chirp Control of an Electroabsorption Modulator to be used for Regeneration and Wavelength Conversion at 40 Gbit/s in All-Optical Networking

Chirp control to produce low or negative values of chirp at the output of an electroabsorption modulator (EAM) is an important mechanism for reducing the signal degradation due to chromatic dispersion in high-speed transmission over standard single-mode fibre. An analytical model for the chirp performance of an EAM capable of optical regeneration and simultaneous wavelength conversion operating at 40 Gbit/s is derived. A chirp control approach is identified using this model by exploring the tradeoff between the α-parameter describing the chirp factor (based on the nonlinear absorption coefficients) and bias voltage requirements of an EAM. In particular, an optimum range of bias voltage is determined to ensure reduced chirp operation when a two-tone signal (i.e., comprised of bias and modulating voltages) is applied to the EAM. It is also demonstrated for large signal operation at 40 Gbit/s that the optimum range of reverse bias voltage is between 0 and 2 V to obtain low values for the chirp factor (between +1 and −2) in order to facilitate the necessary chirp control in all-optical networking. In addition, it is identified that at 40 Gbit/s higher positive values of the second- and third- order nonlinear coefficients of chirp must be avoided when operating at reverse bias voltages less than 1 V.     

A multiscale representation including opponent color features fortexture recognition

We introduce a representation for color texture using unichrome and opponent features computed from Gabor filter outputs. The unichrome features are computed from the spectral bands independently while the opponent features combine information across different spectral bands at different scales. Opponent features are motivated by color opponent mechanisms in human vision. We present a method for efficiently implementing these filters, which is of particular interest for processing the additional information present in color images. Using a data base of 2560 image regions, we show that the multiscale approach using opponent features provides better recognition accuracy than other approaches.     

Continuous Monitoring of Spatial Queries in Wireless Broadcast Environments

Wireless data broadcast is a promising technique for information dissemination that leverages the computational capabilities of the mobile devices in order to enhance the scalability of the system. Under this environment, the data are continuously broadcast by the server, interleaved with some indexing information for query processing. Clients may then tune in the broadcast channel and process their queries locally without contacting the server. Previous work on spatial query processing for wireless broadcast systems has only considered snapshot queries over static data. In this paper, we propose an air indexing framework that 1) outperforms the existing (i.e., snapshot) techniques in terms of energy consumption while achieving low access latency and 2) constitutes the first method supporting efficient processing of continuous spatial queries over moving objects.     

Multimodal emotion recognition based on peak frame selection from video

We present a fully automatic multimodal emotion recognition system based on three novel peak frame selection approaches using the video channel. Selection of peak frames (i.e., apex frames) is an important preprocessing step for facial expression recognition as they contain the most relevant information for classification. Two of the three proposed peak frame selection methods (i.e., MAXDIST and DEND-CLUSTER) do not employ any training or prior learning. The third method proposed for peak frame selection (i.e., EIFS) is based on measuring the “distance” of the expressive face from the subspace of neutral facial expression, which requires a prior learning step to model the subspace of neutral face shapes. The audio and video modalities are fused at the decision level. The subject-independent audio-visual emotion recognition system has shown promising results on two databases in two different languages (eNTERFACE and BAUM-1a).