EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE COOLING WITH AN EVAPORATING ANNULAR FLOW IN A SMALL VERTICAL TUBE

An experimental study was performed to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of nitrogen gas and subcooled water through a small vertical heated tube with uniform wall heat flux. The experimental results were compared with the numerical calculations based on the two-phase flow boundary layer model. The experimental data show that the annular two-phase flow of nitrogen gas and subcooled water in a small vertical tube can provide quite high heat transfer ability, while wall temperatures lie in a low range even if at quite high wall heat fluxes. In particular, the highest values of the wall temperatures are insensitive to the change of flowing and heating conditions. This characteristic is quite suitable for highly effective cooling of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE COOLING WITH AN EVAPORATING ANNULAR FLOW IN A SMALL VERTICAL TUBE

An experimental study was performed to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of nitrogen gas and subcooled water through a small vertical heated tube with uniform wall heat flux. The experimental results were compared with the numerical calculations based on the two-phase flow boundary layer model. The experimental data show that the annular two-phase flow of nitrogen gas and subcooled water in a small vertical tube can provide quite high heat transfer ability, while wall temperatures lie in a low range even if at quite high wall heat fluxes. In particular, the highest values of the wall temperatures are insensitive to the change of flowing and heating conditions. This characteristic is quite suitable for highly effective cooling of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.     

Evaporative Heat Transfer of Annular Two-phase Flow of Air-water in a Small Vertical Tube

The evaporative heat transfer of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube with uniform wall heat flux was studied both theoretically and experimentally. A simplified two-phase flow boundary layer model was used to calculate the thickness of the water film attached to the wall, and from the liquid film thickness the evaporative heat transfer coefficients of the annular two-phase flow were obtained. Theoretical equations and semi-theoretical equations were proposed for predicting the evaporative heat transfer of the annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube. The semi-theoretical prediction agrees well with the experimental data. The mechanism of the heat transfer enhancement is the evaporation of the thin liquid film attached on the wall.     

Evaporative Heat Transfer of Annular Two-phase Flow of Air-water in a Small Vertical Tube

The evaporative heat transfer of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube with uniform wall heat flux was studied both theoretically and experimentally. A simplified two-phase flow boundary layer model was used to calculate the thickness of the water film attached to the wall, and from the liquid film thickness the evaporative heat transfer coefficients of the annular two-phase flow were obtained. Theoretical equations and semi-theoretical equations were proposed for predicting the evaporative heat transfer of the annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube. The semi-theoretical prediction agrees well with the experimental data. The mechanism of the heat transfer enhancement is the evaporation of the thin liquid film attached on the wall.     

三维竖直圆管内流动沸腾的数值模拟

沸腾传热及气液两相流动都是常见的物理现象,其流动形式及传热机理复杂.文章借助于CFX流体计算平台,模拟了水在三维竖直圆管内的过冷流动沸腾过程,给出管内流体状态参数的变化规律.得到沿管长的气相体积分数的变化规律,沿管长沸腾传热系数的变化趋势,明显地看到沸腾对传热的强化作用,得到径向液体温度分布情况.对过冷流动沸腾的内在机...     

基于MUSIG模型的竖直圆管内液氮过冷沸腾数值模拟研究(英文)

Multiple size group （MUSIG） model combined with a threedimensional twofluid model were em ployed to predict subcooled boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical upward tube. Based on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer, some important bubble model parameters were amended to be applicable to the modeling of liquid nitrogen. The distribution of different discrete bubble classes was demonstrated numerically and the distribu tion patterns of void fraction in the wallheated tube were analyzed. It was found that the average void fraction in creases nonlinearly along the axial direction with wall heat flux and it decreases with inlet mass flow rate and sub cooled temperature. The local void fraction exhibited a Ushape distribution in the radial direction. The partition of the wall heat flux along the tube was obtained. The results showed that heat flux consumed on evaporation is the leading part of surface heat transfer at the rear region of subcooled boiling. The turning point in the pressure drop curve reflects the instability of bubbly flow. Good agreement was achieved on the local heat transfer coefficient aalnst experimental measurements, which demonstrated the accuracy of the numerical model.     

基于RPI模型的内燃机冷却水腔内数值模拟研究

以欧拉两相流模型为基础,建立了适用于内燃机流动传热的RPI(Rensselaer polytechnic institute)过冷沸腾换热模型。并与Robinson的矩形通道试验结果进行了对比分析,验证了模型的适用性和计算精度。将此模型应用于实际内燃机缸盖及冷却水腔内的直接耦合传热计算,同时对单相流和两相流的计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明：沸腾传热可以明显提高冷却水腔的换热效率,并降低鼻梁区等局部高温区域的温度;使用考虑沸腾的两相流模型进行计算模拟时,计算结果与试验结果的误差更小;欧拉两相流计算缸盖火力面测点温度误差相对于纯对流换热模型误差降低了1.78%。     

同心环形管强迫流动与传热实验研究

在高温高压沸腾二相流实验系统上,实验研究了窄缝为2.05 mm的同心环形管,在不同加热条件下水的流动阻力与传热特性。2种加热方式为单内管或单外管电加热,通过处理实验测量的管壁温度获得传热系数。得到了以下结果:层流向紊流转变的临界雷诺数为2 300;环形管内的流动阻力系数小于普通圆管,外管加热时的摩擦系数小于非加热条件时的数值;窄缝环形管内换热有一定强化,高于相同条件下的圆管内紊流换热;内外管同时加热时,相比仅外管加热而言,外管的换热得到了抑制;得到了环形管内流动摩擦阻力系数与传热系数的实验关联式。     

基于流型的小直径圆管内流动凝结换热机理

通过流型的可视化观察和传热实验 ,探讨不同管径下小直径圆管内流动凝结过程中流型的演化规律以及不同流型的凝结换热特性 .分析表明 ,随着管径的减小 ,以凝结液沿管壁周向均匀分布为主的环状流型在流型图上的面积增加 ,相应地换热温差对凝结换热数Nu的影响降低 .本研究深化了对小尺度下凝结换热机理的认识 ,为推动相关技术的进一步发展提供了理论依据     

竖直圆管内液氮过冷流动沸腾数值模拟研究

在现有数学模型的基础上,从沸腾换热的机理入手,对过冷流动沸腾模型中的气泡参量模型进行了修正,分析确定了壁面热流密度的拆分方法,构建出适应于液氮的过冷沸腾计算模型。将新模型应用于CFX4.4中,对液氮在三维竖直圆管内的过冷流动沸腾进行了数值模拟。研究发现,在过冷流动沸腾形成之后,蒸发热流成为壁面换热的主要部分,沸腾换热占据换热的主导地位。数值模拟结果与已有的实验数据吻合较好,证明了新建模型的正确性。     

高压高过冷度下过冷流动沸腾数值模拟

采用双流体模型对高压高过冷度下垂直圆管中水的过冷流动沸腾进行了数值模拟。通过对比不同气泡直径模型,揭示了气泡直径对于壁面传热方式的影响,确定了适合高压工况的气泡直径模型。考察了压力及壁面热通量对流动及传热特性的影响。计算结果表明,压力增加气泡脱离直径减小,单相对流传热所占比例增加,表面传热系数减小。高压高过冷度特征决定了气泡相分布极不均匀,随着热通量的增加,壁面附近容易形成气泡的密集,对过冷流动沸腾中的传热特性有重要影响。     

液氮过冷沸腾壁面换热特性的数值研究

应用计算流体力学(CFD)研究手段,对液氮过冷沸腾过程进行了模拟。系统分析了过冷沸腾壁面换热过程中存在的各传热模式,得到3部分热流沿管长的分布规律。计算结果表明,在过冷沸腾后期,蒸发热流成为壁面换热的主要模式。同时,就壁面热流密度的变化对3部分热流的影响进行了分析。随着壁面热流的增加,过冷沸腾出口处淬火热流和对流热流将减小,只有蒸发热流增大,且所占总热流份额绝对占优,壁面热流的增加促进了沸腾换热。     

新型闭式冷却塔传热传质的实验研究

建立了椭圆管式闭式冷却塔的实验测试平台,通过改变管内水进口温度和流量、空气质量流量、空气干湿球温度、喷淋水流量等以测试其传热性能,采用Poppe和Dreybal的假设处理数据,得到了管外水膜对流传热系数和水膜与空气传质系数,实验结果表明:水膜传热系数是空气质量流量和喷淋水温度的函数,与已知文献中Mizushina,Ni...     

垂直风冷翅片管中氨水鼓泡吸收特性

详细描述了垂直风冷翅片管吸收器中氨水鼓泡吸收的传热和传质过程。管外侧套用翅片,管内侧中氨水吸收溶液和氨气都从吸收器的底部流入、顶部流出。根据质量守恒方程和能量守恒方程建立了热质传递的微分数学模型。该模型分析了吸收器中两相流(即波动流、弹状流、泡状流)的变化,同时考虑了不同的两相流中气液相之间的热质传递以及两相流与管外空气之间的热量传递。通过解模型的微分方程,得到了一些重要参数(温度、摩尔分数)的局部值以及这些参数在吸收高度方向上的变化趋势。     

液氮过冷沸腾空泡份额分布规律的研究

为了分析低温流体在过冷沸腾中的相分布特性,对液氮在竖直圆管内的过冷沸腾过程进行了CFD数值模拟。通过修正气泡参量模型和改变过程的操作参数,系统地分析了空泡份额在加热上升管内的分布情况。结果表明,气液相间的热质传递决定着空泡份额的分布,截面平均空泡份额沿轴向非线性递增,沿径向呈U形分布。轴向截面平均空泡份额随着热流密度的增大而增大,随着入口质量流率和过冷度的增大而减小。     

TUBESIDE EXIT CONDITION WITH COMPLETE CONDENSATION IN MULTITUBE CROSS-FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS

A transition condensate Froude number characterizes the tubeside exit condition or whether condensate fills the tube or is in a stratified flow regime with vapor flowing into the tube exit. The transition Froude number, which defines the boundary between high and low condensate loading conditions, was determined with single-phase water tests and was verified with two-phase tests of large multitube cross-flow heat exchangers. For both cases, the water or condensate is discharged from a tube or tubes into a gas or vapor-filled plenum. With complete condensation and high liquid loading, the flow regimes are progressively annular, slug, and plug followed by the tube running full with subcooled condensate. With complete condensation and low liquid loading, the flow regimes are annular, wavy, and stratified followed by stratified flow with vapor flowing back from the tube exit.     

垂直U型管两相流流型和传热研究——(Ⅱ)U型管废热锅炉传热恶化

为查明垂直U型管废热锅炉爆管原因,在研究垂直U型管弯管段空气-水两相流流型转变的基础上,本文在高压电加热水回路试验装置上对其进行了热态试验研究,压力106×10~5Pa、质量流速800—2000kg/m~2·s、热负荷80—330kW/m~2.得出了沿U型管弯管段壁温分布特性.从两相流流型变化规律分析了U型管传热恶化的机理.根据热态试验结果修正了U型管两相流流型图.确定了U型管可靠操作条件.     

TUBESIDE EXIT CONDITION WITH COMPLETE CONDENSATION IN MULTITUBE CROSS-FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS

A transition condensate Froude number characterizes the tubeside exit condition or whether condensate fills the tube or is in a stratified flow regime with vapor flowing into the tube exit. The transition Froude number, which defines the boundary between high and low condensate loading conditions, was determined with single-phase water tests and was verified with two-phase tests of large multitube cross-flow heat exchangers. For both cases, the water or condensate is discharged from a tube or tubes into a gas or vapor-filled plenum. With complete condensation and high liquid loading, the flow regimes are progressively annular, slug, and plug followed by the tube running full with subcooled condensate. With complete condensation and low liquid loading, the flow regimes are annular, wavy, and stratified followed by stratified flow with vapor flowing back from the tube exit.     

冷却水参数对钠钾合金热管传热性能影响

冷却水参数对钠钾合金热管传热性能有重要影响,通过改变不同冷却水流量和冷却水温度,研究了冷却水参数对钠钾合金热管传热性能的影响规律。实验结果表明,钠钾合金热管运行于较低冷却水流量（4~18 ml·s^-1）的冷却条件时,流量对热管冷凝段外壁面的温度影响很大,而当热管运行于较高冷却水流量的冷却条件时,冷却水流量对热管外壁面温度影响较小。整体而言,增大冷却水流量可以有效地提高钠钾合金热管的传热量及其传热性能。当热管运行于较大冷却水流量的冷却条件时,冷却水温度的变化对热管传热性能影响较小。     

HD低温蒸发系统中填料蒸发器传质传热的分析

通过研究系统中填料蒸发器的蒸发传质传热过程以及两相流动特性，采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）中离散相与连续相耦合的方法来模拟规整填料内部通道的蒸发传质传热过程，实现了填料蒸发器中两相传质传热的过程以及液滴流动的可视化，为研究气液两相在规整填料内的流动提供了一种模拟方法。通过与实验结果的比较，最终选用RNG k-ε湍流模型来分析规整填料内部气液两相传质传热以及流动情况。数值模拟研究了规整填料板间距对填料内部气液两相传质传热以及液滴运动影响，发现随着板间距的增大，填料内部压力降逐渐降低，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率降低，液滴进出口质量差减小，气相出口温度逐渐降低，蒸发传质传热效率降低。随着气速的增大，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率增加，气相出口温度降低，气液两相传质传热效率降低。