煤气废水亚硝化型硝化的研究

含高浓度氨氮的煤气废水，因碳源不足影响脱氮效果，为此，研究亚硝化型硝化的可能性和可行性，结果表明，影响硝化类型的主要制约因素是游离氨，通过ＰＨ调节来控制游离氨可获得稳定的亚硝化型硝化。     

焦化废水的亚硝化反硝化研究

为了确证脱酚焦化废水亚硝化型硝化及以焦化废水中的氨酚为电子供体实现亚硝酸盐的反硝化的可行性，以模拟SBR法的好氧与厌氧过程，对脱酚后的焦化废水实现了亚硝化型硝化，产生的亚硝酸盐浓度达到117.6mg/L，以未脱酚的焦化废水中的酚，氨为电子供体，实现了亚硝酸盐的反硝化。     

好氧微生物颗粒污泥脱氮机理

好氧颗粒污泥应用于生物脱氮，机理为如下几种。第一种为常规硝化-反硝化途径。第二种为亚硝化-反硝化途径，颗粒污泥的外部为好氧的硝化区．通过适当的控制．使硝化过程停留在亚硝化阶段．直接进入内层进行反硝化。第三种为硝化-厌氧氨氧化途径．通过外层的硝化和内层的厌氧氨氧化作用实现脱氮。第四种为硝化-反硝化聚磷方式．颗粒污泥内部在反硝化的同时聚磷，实现好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除磷。第五种脱氮的途径为好氧反硝化。在不同的条件下．某一种脱氮的途径可能占主导地位。     

推荐一种新硝化剂五氧化二氮及其工业化的生产方法

硝化是化学工业广泛应用的反应，但常规硝化剂是由浓硝酸和浓硫酸混成的，它是一种非常落后且危险性很大的硝化剂。五氧化二氧硝化剂比常规混合酸硝化剂有五大优点，因为它可用半渗透膜电解池法制造，所以今天五氧化二氮商品可以由工业化装置生产，建议国内各浓硝酸生产结合各自工艺特长创造发展新硝化剂生产。     

绝热硝化法生产硝基苯工艺概况

介绍了国内外绝热硝化工艺进展概况，并重点阐述了美国氰胺公司开发的绝热硝化工艺，及我国沈阳化工学院开发的新绝热硝化工艺，装有静态混合反应器的管道式绝热硝化工艺。     

2,4—二硝基间二氯苯的合成

作者利用间二氯苯作为起始原料，经过硝化得到了高产率的２，４－二硝基间二氯苯，同时研究了温度，硝化剂对硝化产物的影响。     

绿色催化剂在芳烃硝化中的研究进展

芳烃硝化产物因高附加值和结构多样性，在工业中间体领域举足轻重。目前，传统的芳烃硝化采用混酸硝化法，虽然工艺成熟，但常伴有选择性差、废酸处理难度大、环境污染严重等问题。近年来，随着对绿色硝化催化剂的不断深入研究，开发绿色催化体系替代传统混酸硝化成为该领域的研究热点。综述固体酸、离子液体、过渡金属等绿色催化剂在芳烃硝化中的研究进展，对该研究领域存在的局限性和未来的绿色清洁发展前景进行总结和展望。     

面向硝基化学品安全生产的绝热连续微反应技术发展及思考

硝化反应是典型的快速强放热反应，是生产含能化学品的重要反应，但也是安全事故频发的反应，因此“谈硝色变”是含能化学品生产面临的重大挑战。本文指出：与国外比，我国硝化工艺和装备都存在明显差距，连续硝化是卡脖子技术。文中总结了清华大学微化工团队提出绝热微反应连续硝化思路，提出其在芳香化合物绝热微反应硝化研究中取得的进展，指出该技术创新主要涉及微反应工艺安全系统评价方法、硝化动力学、绝热反应工艺、微化工系统构建和硝化全流程工艺再造。     

石油化工污水硝化工艺选择

简要说明硝化工艺原理，对比分析活性污泥硝化工艺与生物膜法硝化工艺，并举例说明浮动填料LINPOR工艺在石化污水处理中的应用。     

提高对硝基甲苯生成比例的工业方法探讨

在实验室硝化中有多种方法可以提高甲苯一段硝化产物中对硝基甲苯的生成比例。研究认为，硝硫混酸的不同配比与硝化方式对甲苯的一段硝化产物组成有明显的影响，以浓硫酸为底酸，在一定条件下滴加硝酸对甲苯进行一段硝化，可以使产物中对硝基甲苯的生成比例提高８％，该方法具有工业应用前景。     

The Mixed Compounds of Calcium and Titanium With Tiron. I

A pH-spectrophotometric study of the Ti-tiron complex in the presence of Ca ions revealed the existence of mixed compounds of Ca-Ti-tiron. These could account for the interference of Ca in the determination of Ti by tiron. The formation of these mixed compounds under varying concentrations of components and at varying pH is discussed. The absorbance of the Ti-tiron was likewise studied in the presence of many colorless salt solutions, but the behavior of Ca was found to be unique. Use was made of the color of the mixed compounds of Ca-Ti-tiron to develop a method for the identification of small amounts of Ca in the presence of large quantities of many common salts.     

Effect of cooling rate on melt-crystallization of random propylene-ethylene and propylene-1-butene copolymers

Summary  The effect of variation of the rate of cooling on melt-crystallization of random copolymers of isotactic polypropylene with low amount of either ethylene or 1-butene is evaluated using X-ray techniques, atomic force microscopy, and calorimetry. Slow non-isothermal melt-crystallization mainly results in formation of monoclinic α-crystals of lamellar geometry. The presence of comonomers leads to a decrease of the degree of crystallinity, and of the thickness of lamellae. These changes are proportional to the concentration of co-units, and are more distinct in propylene-ethylene copolymers. Rapid cooling of propylene-1-butene copolymers leads to formation of non-lamellar mesomorphic domains, independent of the concentration of co-units within the investigated range of concentrations. In quenched propylene-ethylene copolymers, in contrast, the formation of mesomorphic structure partially is replaced by formation of monoclinic α-crystals of still non-lamellar geometry.     

Capillarity and water repellency of fabrics

A method of determining the contact angle of wetting of fibres in the capillaries of fabrics is proposed. A theoretical calculation of the angles of wetting of cotton and blended fabric fibres with water was performed in the condition of formation of a uniform hydrocarbon film on the surface of the fibres. The real contact angles of wetting of water-repellent fabrics were determined; they differ from the angles of wetting of uniform hydrocarbon films by 10-12% due to the presence of hydrophilic molecules of the emulsifiers in the modifying film.     

Effectiveness of operation of a DVKh-1000 mixer in the production of electrical periclase powders

Conclusions The DVKh-1000 mixer provides a completely satisfactory degree of uniformity of the chemical and grain size compositions of the material in production of electrical periclase powders. The optimum conditions are obtained with a weight of charged material of 1.4–1.6 tons and a mixing time of 20 min. The coefficient of averaging is 0.60–0.80 for the content of the impurity CaO and 0.64–0.86 for the grain size composition.With a change in the requirements of the standard for grain size composition of electrical periclase powders and also with a change in the method of their production the optimum operating conditions of the mixer may be established on the basis of special additional investigations.The use of methods of geometrization of quality criteria in mineral resources for evaluation of the degree of uniformity of a material in mixing made it possible to establish an effect consisting of the fact that such properties as plasticity and viscosity characteristics of the aggregate condition of a substance (solid, liquid, gaseous) are revealed in the geometric features of the change in quality criteria and physical and technical characteristics of the pulverized and bulk material. This effect explains the existence of some limit of uniformity in mixing of materials with a different degree of variability of its quality criteria. The numerical value of this limit is determined by the physical properties of the material and the design features of the mixing equipment. For the investigated material and type of mixer this limit is 0.06–0.08%.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 41–45, August, 1988.     

Functional properties of proteins in foods

The measurement of functionality of protein food ingredients has developed somewhat haphazardly, probably due to the wide range of proteins used as ingredients and the diversity of foods. Studies of the physiochemical properties of proteins should enable prediction of a proteins response to process environments and prove more fruitful than many of the empirical measurements of functionality. The effects of pH, salt type and concentration on the phase behaviour of the oilseed globulin and arachin, demonstrates the complexity of protein solubility and the inadequacies of simple tests that have arisen. Studies of the effects of salts and conditioning on meat fibres, coupled with measurement of the location of water in pellets from water holding tests enable the latter to be applied with increased confidence. Comparison of the endothermic transitions observed on heating with the development of storage and loss moduli allow the contributions of domains of skeletal muscle myosin to gel structure to be investigated.     

Study of the criteria for radial distribution of components in cross sections of yarn by computer modeling

Experiments were conducted on computer modeling of the cross section of two-component yarn. The sensitivity of each of the criteria of radial distribution of the fibres in the cross section of yarn made from a blend of chemical fibres was determined. The area of application of each criterion was determined with consideration of the results of the computer experiments.     

几种萘酞菁硅配合物的光动力效应的研究

研究了7种轴向配位的萘酞菁硅配合物的激发态性质、产生单重态氧的能力及对几种氨基酸的光敏氧化能力.研究表明,对于相同浓度的不同配合物来说,随着轴向配位基团推电子能力的逐渐增强,激发三重态寿命降低,产生单重态氧的能力逐渐下降,而产生单重态氧的能力是光敏氧化氨基酸反应速率的决定因素,因此,其光敏氧化氨基酸的一级反应速率常数逐渐减小.     

化工原理传质单元操作工程研究的方法论

基于对化工原理课程中各传质单元操作工程研究方法的分析,笔者论述了各传质单元操作的研究方法,在相平衡描述、传质速率描述、物料衡算、极限处理法和技术经济性分析等几个方面存在着共同的特征。掌握这一共性特征,对于整体上把握传质单元操作的教学内容和教学方法,具有认识论和方法论上的意义。     

串联攻坚战斗部前级爆轰场对后级影响分析

为了研究串联战斗部前级爆轰场作用下,后级随进子弹炸药安全性及其速度降的大小,建立了一维冲击波传播理论分析模型,由图解法得到了后级装药的初始压力。通过与炸药引爆阈值压力比较,判断了后级装药的安全性。根据动量守恒,得到了后级子弹的速度降表达式。进行了串联装药的数值计算,得到一定隔板厚度情况下后级装药受到的冲击压力和后级子弹速度降,计算得到的后级子弹变形情况与试验结果相吻合。     

International Conference on Chemical Fibres. Chemical Fibres: Present and Future. Look at the Next Century. Part 2

The trends in the development of chemical fibre production processes are analyzed and the general characteristics of the change in their manufacture as a function of the fundamental determining factors are found. The characteristics of chemical fibre production processes and subsequent treatments are examined and the possibilities of optimizing and intensifying existing technologies and improving the properties of the fibres by physical and chemical modification are demonstrated. Fibre formation in nature and industry is compared. The possibilities of creating new fibre production technologies, using methods of bionics in particular, are demonstrated. The development of the raw-material base for chemical fibres, including finding new sources of raw materials, is evaluated. The development of alternative principles for spinning chemical fibres and new technologies and types of fibres should be expected: production of fibres of the Lyocell type by dissolving cellulose in organic solvents will solve the problem of development of hydrated cellulose fibres, which is important due to the gradual decrease in production of viscose fibres; creation of fibres based on synthetic polypeptides of the fibroin type and production of chemical fibres @mdash; close analogs of natural silk and cobwebs; use of the principles of bionics based on synthesis of regular block-copolymers of defined structure which allow regulating the properties of the fibres by their self-organization. Use of water as a solvent will allow creating @ldquo;environmentally clean@rdquo; fibre production processes. The development of polyvinyl alcohol fibre production is due to the creation of new methods of synthesis of polyvinyl alcohol. Water is also the basic component of solvents of synthetic polypeptides. New, alternative raw-material sources based on synthesis of monomers from atmospheric components (carbon dioxide, nitrogen) and water, biotechnological processes, growth of highly productive cellulose-containing crops, and others are becoming important for ensuring increasing chemical fibre production volumes.