葡甘聚糖涂膜对甜椒保鲜效果影响的研究

研究了葡甘聚糖涂膜对甜椒保鲜效果的影响。试验结果表明:采用低密度聚乙烯薄膜包装袋包装贮藏和KGM溶液涂膜贮藏的甜椒其失水率极显著小于室温贮藏的甜椒。在0.6%～1.8%的KGM溶液浓度贮藏的前9d范围内,甜椒几乎没有出现失水现象。贮藏后期,随着贮藏天数的增加甜椒的失水速度逐渐加快。采用KGM溶液涂膜贮藏甜椒,VC损失率要极显著小于室温贮藏和低密度聚乙烯薄膜包装袋包装贮藏的甜椒,特别是随KGM溶液涂膜浓度的增加,甜椒VC损失率迅速降低。贮藏16d后甜椒腐烂率依次为葡甘聚糖涂膜<低密度聚乙烯薄膜包装袋包装<室温贮藏。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖复合涂膜对鲜切莲藕保鲜效果的影响

采用正交试验研究魔芋葡甘聚糖、黄原胶、植酸复合涂膜处理对鲜切莲藕保鲜效果的影响,筛选出保鲜效果较优的组合质量浓度,并进行验证实验。结果表明,较优的组合为15 g/L魔芋葡甘聚糖、1.5 g/L黄原胶、0.5 g/L植酸,在此条件下魔芋葡甘聚糖复合涂膜能有效抑制鲜切莲藕表面的褐变,降低呼吸强度,减少营养物质VC和可溶性固形物损失,并且可抑制其酚类物质含量的下降以及提高抗氧化能力,具有良好的保鲜效果。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜对振动胁迫后鲜食葡萄保鲜效果的影响

为研究魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,KGM)涂膜对振动胁迫后鲜食葡萄保鲜效果的影响,选取3种不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖(1、2、3 g/L)对振动后的葡萄(振动强度5 Hz,最大振幅5 cm,振动时间12 h)进行涂膜,比较蒸馏水处理的鲜食葡萄与不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜处理后的鲜食葡萄在室温(25±1)℃储藏期间(10 d)的保鲜效果,主要通过测定品质指标(失重率、腐烂率、硬度、可溶性固形物)、呼吸强度、V_C含量和总酚含量来表现。结果表明:在储藏期间,不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜可不同程度改善鲜食葡萄的保鲜效果,主要体现在减少水分流失,降低失重率(对比对照组,最高可降低35.19%),减缓储藏过程中的软化及腐烂(腐烂率最高降低了29.78%),降低呼吸强度,减少营养物质V_C和总酚的消耗(最高分别减少了53.02%和68.97%)。同时发现2 g/L浓度的魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜处的鲜食葡萄综合保鲜效果最佳,在室温储藏10 d后,失重率21.44%,腐烂率49.35%,硬度323.53 kg/cm2,V_C含量降低23.45%,总酚含量下降17%。为今后鲜食葡萄的保鲜研究提供理论依据。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖-乳清蛋白复合膜在琯溪蜜柚中的应用

研究魔芋葡甘聚糖与乳清蛋白复合涂膜对琯溪蜜柚的保鲜效果,为琯溪蜜柚的采后保鲜提供参考。将魔芋葡甘聚糖与乳清蛋白复配,制备成复合涂膜保鲜剂,对琯溪蜜柚进行涂膜保鲜,以无包装处理为对照,于常温下贮藏。通过测定琯溪蜜柚在贮藏期间的粒化指数、失重率、总糖、呼吸强度、乙醇含量、丙二醛含量、过氧化物酶活性,分析魔芋葡甘聚糖-乳清蛋白复合涂膜对琯溪蜜柚的保鲜效果。结果表明,常温贮藏120 d时,魔芋葡甘聚糖与乳清蛋白涂膜组与无涂膜包装的对照组相比,可以减少果实失重,保护细胞膜,降低呼吸强度,抑制蜜柚的生理代谢,减少营养物质的损失,延缓粒化发生,其结果均显著优于对照组,能达到PE膜包装贮藏效果。     

含五倍子水提物的魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜液对冷鲜猪肉的保鲜效果研究

本文以水为溶剂提取获得五倍子水提物并测定其总酚及总黄酮含量、抗氧化及抗菌活性,以及将五倍子水提物添加至魔芋葡甘聚糖溶液中对猪肉进行涂膜保鲜。在体外实验中,五倍子水提物可清除2,2-联氮-二(三-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基,且对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌具有抑制作用。将添加五倍子水提物的魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)涂膜液对冷鲜猪肉进行涂膜,能延缓冷鲜猪肉中菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值、p H以及颜色的变化。以菌落总数为参考指标,富含五倍子水提物的涂膜处理的冷鲜猪肉与未经涂膜处理的冷鲜猪肉对比,在4℃储藏条件下货架期延长5 d。含五倍子水提物的魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜对冷鲜猪肉具有保鲜效果。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜对采后西番莲果实品质影响

以西番莲为原料,研究常温条件下不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,KGM)溶液(0.5%、1.0%和1.5%)涂膜对西番莲果实采后品质的影响。结果表明,KGM涂膜可减少西番莲果实水分蒸发,延缓果实皱缩指数和失重率的上升;维持较高的外果皮L*、a*、b*值,使西番莲在常温贮藏时保持较好色泽。同时,KGM涂膜有效抑制西番莲果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物(TSS)的降解,维持西番莲果实的风味及营养品质。其中,浓度为1.0%的KGM涂膜保鲜效果最佳,可作为提高西番莲果实采后贮藏品质、延长保鲜的适宜处理条件。     

鲜切蒜薹复合保鲜剂的配方优化及其保鲜作用

为了保持鲜切蒜薹的品质,延长其货架期,本实验以鲜切蒜薹为研究对象,采用四因素三水平正交实验考察抗坏血酸、茶多酚、魔芋葡甘聚糖、水杨酸复配对鲜切蒜薹多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的影响,以PPO活性抑制率为控制指标,筛选出复合保鲜剂的最佳配方为:抗坏血酸浓度300mg/L,茶多酚浓度30mg/L,魔芋葡甘聚糖浓度10mg/L,水杨酸浓度30mg/L。鲜切蒜薹通过该配方保鲜剂的处理,在温度为(5±0.5)℃、相对湿度为(90±5)%的环境下贮藏,12d内能很好的保持蒜薹的商品价值,延长货架期。     

改性魔芋葡甘聚糖对北碚447锦橙贮藏品质的影响

为探讨酯化改性魔芋葡甘聚糖对北碚447锦橙贮藏品质的影响,用磷酸一氢钾、磷酸二氢钾对魔芋葡甘聚糖进行酯化改性,再对北碚447锦橙涂膜处理,每5 d测定1次以下品质指标:果实硬度、可溶性固形物、总酸、总黄酮、总酚、丙二醛含量。研究结果表明:魔芋葡甘聚糖具有良好的保持果品品质作用,能有效地维持果实的总黄酮、总酚含量以及抑制丙二醛的增加。同时,酯化改性魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜,对北碚447品质保持作用明显优于魔芋葡甘聚糖的保鲜效果,能显著保持果实硬度,抑制可溶性固形物和有机酸分解,使贮藏期间果实品质下降延缓。说明酯化改性魔芋葡甘聚糖能够有效提高北碚447锦橙的贮藏品质和延长其贮藏期。     

焦磷酸钠对魔芋葡甘聚糖酯化交联改性研究

焦磷酸钠对魔芋葡甘聚糖进行酯化交联改性,实验结果表明:反应最佳条件为焦磷酸钠∶魔芋葡甘聚糖=1∶8(w/w)、pH3、温度50℃、时间2h。改性KGM溶胶透明度、黏度、冻融稳定性及抗菌性明显改善,改性KGM膜耐洗刷性比未改性KGM膜明显增强。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖功能特性研究及其在食品工业中的应用

魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)是一种天然的优异膳食纤维,本文综述了魔芋葡甘聚糖的功能特性以及魔芋葡甘聚糖在食品工业中的应用概况,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Arsenic(III) oxidation by iron(VI) (ferrate) and subsequent removal of arsenic(V) by iron(III) coagulation

We investigated the stoichiometry, kinetics, and mechanism of arsenite [As(III)] oxidation by ferrate [Fe(VI)] and performed arsenic removal tests using Fe(VI) as both an oxidant and a coagulant. As(III) was oxidized to As(V) (arsenate) by Fe(VI), with a stoichiometry of 3:2 [As(III):Fe(VI)]. Kinetic studies showed that the reaction of As(III) with Fe(VI) was first-order with respect to both reactants, and its observed second-order rate constant at 25 degrees C decreased nonlinearly from (3.54 +/- 0.24) x 10(5) to (1.23 +/- 0.01) x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) with an increase of pH from 8.4 to 12.9. A reaction mechanism by oxygen transfer has been proposed for the oxidation of As(III) by Fe(VI). Arsenic removal tests with river water showed that, with minimum 2.0 mg L(-1) Fe(VI), the arsenic concentration can be lowered from an initial 517 to below 50 microg L(-1), which is the regulation level for As in Bangladesh. From this result, Fe(VI) was demonstrated to be very effective in the removal of arsenic species from water at a relatively low dose level (2.0 mg L(-1)). In addition, the combined use of a small amount of Fe(VI) (below 0.5 mg L(-1)) and Fe(III) as a major coagulant was found to be a practical and effective method for arsenic removal.     

Iron(VI) and iron(V) oxidation of copper(I) cyanide

Copper(Il) cyanide (Cu(CN)4(3-)) in the gold mine industry presentsthe biggest concern in cyanide management because it is much more stable than free cyanide. Cu(CN)4(3-) is highlytoxic to aquatic life; therefore, environmentally friendly techniques are required for the removal of Cu(CN)4(3-) from gold mine effluent. The oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by iron-(VI) (FeVIO4(2-), Fe(VI)) and iron(V) (FeVO4(3-), Fe(V)) was studied using stopped-flow and premix pulse radiolysis techniques. The stoichiometry with Fe(VI) was determined to be 5HFeO(4-) + Cu(CN)4(3-) + 8H2O - > 5Fe(OH)3 + Cu2+ + 4CNO- +3/202 + 6OH-. The rate law for the oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by Fe(VI) was found to be first-order with each reactant. The rates decreased with increasing pH and were mostly related to a decrease in concentration of reactive protonated Fe(VI) species, HFeO4-. A mechanism is proposed that agrees with the observed reaction stoichiometry and rate law. The rate constant for the oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by Fe(V) was determined at pH 12.0 as 1.35 +/- 0.02 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1), which is approximately 3 orders of magnitude larger than Fe(VI). Results indicate that Fe(VI) is highly efficient for removal of cyanides in gold mill effluent.     

Mind the (yield) gap(s)

This paper explores the origin of the notion of ??yield gap?? and its use as a framing device for agricultural policy in sub-Saharan Africa. The argument is that while the yield gap of policy discourse provides a simple and powerful framing device, it is most often used without the discipline or caveats associated with the best examples of its use in crop production ecology and microeconomics. This argument is developed by examining how yield gap is used in a selection of recent and influential agricultural policy documents. The message for policy makers and others is clear: ??mind the (yield) gap(s)??, for they are seldom what they appear.     

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MeI) and 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4)-tetrahydroxybutyl-imidazole (THI) from ground-coffee with high-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric quantification (HPLC/ESI-MS).

Two polar analytes, 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MeI) and 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4)-tetrahydroxybutyl-imidazole (THI), were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) modified with aqueous methanol. The method was applied to a roasted coffee powder with good recovery rates. Method efficiency was compared with that of solid-phase extraction using SCX Disc cartridges and validated for spiked solid matrix. The analytes were determined using isocratic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on an Atlantis HILIC Silica column (150 x 2.1 mm, 3 microm) with 80% methanol and 20% 0.01 mol l-1 ammonium formate as the mobile phase. The limit of quantification was around 1.5 pg for 4-MeI and 2.0 pg for THI. The linearity of the calibration curves was satisfactory as indicated by correlation coefficients of >0.999. The coefficient of variation for the intra-day and inter-day precisions was <4% (n = 6). Accuracy was in the range 98-101%; recovery rates were > or = 98 and > or = 99% for THI and 4-MeI, respectively. Several samples of Arabica coffee from various locations and commercially available 'off-the-shelf' coffee products (Arabica/Robusta mixtures) were analysed to test the method.     

Reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) sorbed on Al (hydr)oxides

Under oxic conditions, Tc exists as the soluble, weakly sorbing pertechnetate [TcO4-] anion. The reduced form of technetium, Tc(IV), is stable in anoxic environments and is sparingly soluble as TcO2 x nH2O(s). Here we investigate the heterogeneous reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) adsorbed on Al (hydr)oxides [diaspore (alpha-AlOOH) and corundum (alpha-Al2O3)]. Experiments were performed to study the kinetics of Tc(VII) reduction, examine changes in Fe surface speciation during Tc(VII) reduction (M?ssbauer spectroscopy), and identify the nature of Tc(IV)-containing reaction products (X-ray absorption spectroscopy). We found that Tc(VII) was completely reduced by adsorbed Fe(II) within 11 (diaspore suspension) and 4 days (corundum suspension). M?ssbauer measurements revealed thatthe Fe(II) signal became less intense with Tc(VII) reduction and was accompanied by an increase in the intensity of the Fe(III) doublet and magnetically ordered Fe(III) sextet signals. Tc-EXAFS spectroscopy revealed that the final heterogeneous redox product on corundum was similar to Tc(IV) oxyhydroxide, TcO2 x nH2O.     

优质农业生产管理指导手册

优质农业生产管理体系(GAP)概念提出的目的在于确保烟叶生产的持续、健康发展,可以将GAP定义为:在保护、维持或增强土壤、水源、空气、动植物生命和环境的同时,在确保农业生产可持续发展的条件下,推行一系列农业措施,生产出一定产量和质量的优质农作物.     

优质农业生产管理指导手册(二)

4病虫害综合防治 病虫害综合防治(IPM)是烟叶生产的一项系统体系,利用病虫害预测预报系统,提供最好的病虫害综合防治决策,重点是协调应用一切可行的办法.病虫害综合防治并不意味着完全排除使用农药,而是在使用其它办法不能使病虫害的种群数保持在可接受的范围时适当使用农药.施用农药的地方应确保安全,并遵守一切法律法规.     

优质农业生产管理指导手册(三)

7 烘烤（调制）和烤房管理 烟叶的正确烘烤和烤房管理对优化烟叶的产量、质量和产值来说是非常关键的因素。烟叶烘烤是保持烟叶产量、质量的最后一道环节。烟叶质量会因烘烤不当而降低，而正确进行烘烤能确保烟叶质量的稳定。然而，若将劣质的鲜烟叶或烟株放入烤房，则不可能提高最终的烟叶质量。     

Reactivity of Pb(II) at the Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide--water interface

In this study, the reactivity of lead (Pb(II)) on naturally occurring Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals was evaluated using kinetic, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic investigations. Aqueous Pb(II) was more strongly adsorbed to birnessite (delta-MnO1.7) than to manganite (gamma-MnOOH) under all experimental conditions. The isoteric heat of Pb adsorption (delta HT) or birnessite was 94 kJ mol-1 at a surface loading of 1.1 mmol g-1, and decreased with increasing adsorption density. This indicated that adsorption was an endothermic process and that birnessite possessed heterogeneous sites of reactivity for Pb. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra revealed that Pb was adsorbed as inner-sphere complexes on both birnessite and manganite with no evidence to suggest oxidation as an operative sorption mechanism. Lead appeared to coordinate to vacancy sites in the birnessite layer structure with concurrent release of Mn to solution, which resulted in a greater number of second shell Mn scatterers in Pb-birnessite when compared to Pb-manganite samples. The difference in Pb coordination apparently explained the contrasting desorption behavior between the two Mn minerals. These results have significant implications for Pb partitioning in soil environments containing solid-phase Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxides.