Non-isothermal study of gasification process of coal char and biomass char in CO2 condition

Non-isothermal method was used to study gasification characteristics of three coal chars and one biomass char. Four chars were made from anthracite coal (A), bituminous coal (B), lignite coal (L), and wood refuse (W), respectively. The gasification process was studied by random pore model (RPM), unreacted core model (URCM) and volumetric model (VM). With an increase in metamorphic grade, the gasification reactivity of coal char decreased, and the gasification reactivity of biomass char was close to that of low metamorphic coal char. With an increase in heating rate, the gasification of all samples moved towards high temperature zone, and the whole gasification time decreased. It was concluded from kinetics analysis that the above-mentioned three models could be used to describe the gasification process of coal char, and the RPM fitted the best among the three models. In the RPM, the activation energies of gasification were 193. 9, 225. 3 and 202. 8 kJ/mol for anthracite coal char, bituminous coal char and lignite coal char, respectively. The gasification process of biomass char could be described by the URCM and VM, while the URCM performed better. The activation energy of gasification of wood refuse char calculated by the URCM was 282. 0 kJ/mol.     

生物质焦与煤混合燃烧特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析天平,采用非等温燃烧的方法对生物质热解产物——生物质焦与两种无烟煤混合试样的燃烧特性及其反应动力学参数进行了实验研究,考察了不同配比的混合试样的着火温度、燃烧速率最大时温度、燃尽温度和最大燃烧速率等燃烧特征参数,求出了反应的动力学参数活化能E_a和指前因子A.结果表明:活化能和指前因子均随混煤中生物质焦比例的增加而降低,存在动力学补偿效应;煤中掺入生物质焦后,试样燃烧的第一阶段和第二阶段的活化能分别呈现出"U形"曲线和"阶梯形"曲线的规律,且对混合燃料热解过程的作用要优于对固定碳燃烧过程的作用;活化能的计算表明生物质焦的存在有助于改善煤的着火性能,对煤的燃烧有催化促进作用.      

提高预热煤粉燃烧率的机制

 以邯郸钢铁公司2种高炉喷吹用煤粉作为原料,用马弗炉进行预热,测定不同温度预热后的失重率和燃烧率,并采用扫描电镜（SEM）观察预热后煤粉表面结构的变化。试验结果表明,烟煤150℃预热时的失重率为512%,且随着预热温度升高,煤粉的失重率增加,预热温度300℃时失重率可达到17.24%。无烟煤预热后失重率变化不大,预热温度为300℃时失重率仅为5.66%。预热后煤粉燃烧率明显升高。300℃预热条件下的烟煤燃烧率为89.74%,相对于原煤提高了15.67%,无烟煤燃烧率为85.19%,相对于原煤提高了24.80%。预热后煤粉表面结构发生了明显变化,层状和孔隙结构增加,从而提高了煤粉的燃烧率,为提高预热煤粉的燃烧率提供了理论基础。     

高炉喷吹煤粉燃烧性与反应性的研究与应用

为了研究高炉喷吹煤粉的冶金性能,采用热重分析法对6种无烟煤和1种烟煤进行燃烧性与反应性研究。结果表明,与无烟煤相比,烟煤在不同温度下的燃烧性和反应性均明显高于无烟煤。混煤的燃烧率实测值大于加权值,使用混煤可以发挥无烟煤和烟煤各自的优点,加快燃烧过程,提高混煤燃烧率。随着混煤中粒度小于74 μm煤粉所占比例的增加,燃烧率增大。在高煤比喷吹条件下,混煤煤粉粒度小于74 μm的比例控制在75%左右。结合无烟煤的燃烧性和反应性试验结果,建议喷吹煤粉采购中应尽可能多地采购无烟煤C资源,同时控制无烟煤E的采购量;高炉提煤比操作中应将无烟煤C确定为喷吹用无烟煤的首选煤种,以提升混煤燃烧率和发挥未燃煤粉保护焦炭的作用。     

高炉喷吹兰炭的最佳配比

 为探究高炉喷吹兰炭的最佳配比,使用TG-DTG热分析技术研究了百善无烟煤、神华烟煤和兰炭组成混煤的燃烧特性。结果表明,混煤中兰炭配比量增加可以降低煤粉的着火温度与燃尽温度,缩短燃烧时间,提高综合燃烧特性指数,改善混煤燃烧性;升温速率增大,混煤反应速率峰值升高,综合燃烧特性指数升高,混煤燃烧性得到优化。使用KAS等转化率法分析了不同混煤方案的燃烧过程动力学,当兰炭配比量由0增加至40%时,活化能分别为115.25、113.03、112.22、108.20 和104.53 kJ/mol,兰炭的加入可以降低混煤的表观活化能。     

Investigation on Pulverized Coal Combustion Behavior by Non-Isothermic Integral Thermogravimetry Method

 The combustion process of pulverized coal was investigated by non-isothermic integral thermogravimetry. The thermogravimetry curves were fitted by the Coats-Redferm approximation function, and kinetic parameters and characteristic temperatures were obtained. The optimal mixing ratio and particle size can be ascertained. The characteristic temperature of pulverized coal can be obtained from the thermogravimetry curve, and the combustion of coal can be divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion according to the differential thermal analysis curve. The activation energy of a single type of coal ranking from low to high is as follows: bituminous coal, meager-lean coal, and anthracite. In the first mixing method, with more low-price meager-lean coal B replacing high-price anthracite A, the activation energy slightly decreases; with more bituminous coal replacing meager-lean coal, total tendency makes a declining of activation. In the later mixing method, with an increase in particle size, a declining activation energy can be seen in total tendency.     

利用热重法研究混煤的燃烧

 为了研究混煤的燃烧特点,利用热重法研究了5个单种煤和4个混煤试样燃烧至不同温度时的燃烧率。方法是在热天平中将煤粉试样加热至完全燃烧,根据得到的TG曲线计算燃烧至不同温度时煤粉已燃的可燃值与全部可燃值之比,即燃烧率。结果表明,这些混煤试样的实测燃烧率大于加权燃烧率。动力学计算结果表明,混煤燃烧的活化能低于无烟煤和贫煤而更接近烟煤。当神府烟煤的质量分数在20%~40%时,对混煤燃烧的促进作用最为显著。     

炼铁过程富氧及混煤对燃料燃烧性能的影响

 高炉喷吹用燃料的燃烧性能对于高炉冶炼过程来说是非常重要的,使用燃烧性能较好的高炉喷吹燃料更有利于提高煤比、降低焦比,从而降低高炉冶炼成本。为响应节能减排政策,对一些钢铁企业采取了煤粉的限制采购和使用等措施,使得兰炭成为高炉喷吹用燃料的有效替代品。通过工业分析、元素分析和热重分析试验比较了烟煤、无烟煤和兰炭3种高炉喷吹燃料的差异,并研究了不同混合方案以及不同富氧率条件下兰炭燃烧性能的变化。研究结果表明,燃料的综合燃烧特性与其初始燃烧温度、最终燃烧温度和燃烧反应时间均有一定的相关性。3种燃料中,烟煤的综合燃烧特性最好,无烟煤次之,兰炭的综合燃烧特性最弱。为了提高兰炭的燃烧特性,对兰炭和烟煤进行混合燃烧试验,发现随着混合燃料中烟煤含量的增加,混合燃料的综合燃烧特性参数呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,并且在兰炭和烟煤的混合燃烧试验中发现存在协同效应。在研究富氧率对兰炭燃烧性能影响时发现,随着富氧率的增加,兰炭的燃烧性也呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,但是增加的幅度较小。当富氧率由0增加至20%时,兰炭的综合燃烧特性参数从4.53×10-14增加至6.05×10-14 min-2·℃-3。综上所述,烟煤的添加以及富氧率的提高均对兰炭的燃烧性能有明显的改善效果。     

欧洲生物质半焦与煤混合燃烧特性分析

利用热重分析,采用非等温燃烧方法分别对3种欧洲生物质半焦（绿植废弃物green waste（GW）、厨余废弃物organic fraction（OF）和橘子皮废弃物orange peel（OP））与凌源无烟煤（LY）混合试样的燃烧特性参数进行试验研究,分析不同半焦配比下混合样品的着火温度、最大燃烧速率温度和最大燃烧速率等燃烧特征参数。结果表明,3种生物质半焦的燃烧性能均优于无烟煤,综合燃烧特征指数S值大小顺序为GW＞OF＞OP＞LY;当GW、OF和OP半焦配比分别从5%逐渐增加到20%时,不同混煤的综合燃烧特征指数S值分别从8.196×10-15、8.008×10-15和7.841×10-15 mg2/(min2·K3)增加到12.285×10-15、13.094×10-15和8.970×10-15 mg2/(min2·K3),表明生物质半焦的加入能够改善混煤燃烧性,且随着其配比的进一步增加,混煤燃烧性不断增强。     

Kinetics of Reduction of Low-Grade Nickel Laterite Ore Using Carbon Monoxide

Reduction of a low-grade nickel laterite ore with carbon monoxide to produce Fe-Ni alloy was investigated using a thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) method. Non-isothermal reduction tests with a fixed heating rate of 10 °C/min from room temperature to 1200 °C were carried out to determine the different reduction stages and reaction products in each state. Combining measured mass losses with theoretically calculated values together with X-ray diffraction analysis, the products of different reduction stages were identified and a reaction path was established. Isothermal reduction tests with temperatures ranging from 500 °C to 1100 °C were performed to evaluate the temperature dependence of the reduction kinetics. Various kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data to further determine the rate-controlling step in the isothermal tests. Then, two groups of TG experiments were carried out to study the effect of CO flow rate and sample mass on the rate of reaction. The results indicated that the reduction rate increases with the increase of the reduction temperature from 500 °C to 1100 °C. More alloy products are formed and the apparent activation energies increase from 8.6 to 14.7 kJ/mol with the increase of the reduction temperature from 700 °C to 1100 °C. Accordingly, it was proposed that diffusion of CO in the gas bulk and through the pores of the laterite ore sample bed are the rate limiting steps.     

高炉喷吹不同比例混合煤的效果研究

将炼铁厂高炉喷吹所使用的无烟煤、烟煤、褐煤以不同配比制取混合煤样,对其着火点、可磨性以及燃烧性能进行研究.实验结果表明:每加入5％褐煤后会降低混合煤样的着火点4℃左右;在烟煤、无烟煤混合的煤样中加入15％褐煤会使可磨性指数加权值减少7,但实际值降低了 14.加入褐煤后,2种配煤方案中煤粉燃烧性能的主要影响为降低着火温度...     

烧结烟气脱硫脱硝活性炭粉用于高炉喷吹可行性

摘要：为了寻找新的高炉可喷吹物代替价格昂贵的无烟煤,将不同配比的烟煤与烧结烟气脱硫脱硝过程产生的活性炭粉进行混合。通过测量不同配比混煤的爆炸性和着火点,以评价其安全性,利用热重分析仪分析其燃烧性。结果表明,活性炭粉可以代替部分无烟煤进行高炉喷吹,此外,烟煤具有强爆炸性,而活性炭粉没有爆炸性,二者混合物中,当活性炭粉质量分数大于40%时没有爆炸性。烟煤的燃烧性优于活性炭粉,二者混合后会发生反协同效应,混煤燃烧性能相较于单煤变差,且混煤燃烧性能随着活性炭粉比例的增加而变差。     

CeO2及其复合催化剂对煤粉燃烧效率的影响

 利用热重分析法研究了稀土氧化物CeO2和其复合催化剂对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。研究了稀土氧化物及其复合催化剂的添加量、配比对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：CeO2可以促进烟煤挥发分析出和燃烧,改善其燃烧性能,CeO2添加质量分数为4%时其催化效果最为显著;不同催化剂对无烟煤燃烧的催化效果各异,MnO2有利于挥发分析出,而CeO2促进了残碳的燃烧,其催化作用不同于烟煤;Ce-Fe-Mn系复合催化剂催化效果优于单组分催化剂,其中CeFeMn(3∶1∶1)的催化效果最佳。利用Coats-Redfern动力学模型分析了煤粉燃烧活化能、指前因子等动力学参数,添加CeFeMn(3∶1∶1)的煤粉反应速率常数较大,催化效果显著。     

高炉风口回旋区兰炭燃烧行为的数值模拟

为了探究价格较为廉价并且燃烧性能良好的燃料(兰炭)在高炉直吹管、风口、回旋区内燃烧产生的温度、气体成分以及燃料的燃尽率分布情况,根据高炉的实际尺寸,建立了三维物理模型并进行模拟计算。模拟结果表明,当单独喷吹烟煤、兰炭时,回旋区内的温度均为先升高到最高温度后缓慢降低,风口中心线上最高温度分别为2 447、2 415 K。然而,当单独喷入无烟煤、焦化除尘灰(CDQ粉)时,回旋区内温度持续缓慢上升,在回旋区出口处达到的最高温度分别为2 473、2 366 K。烟煤在风口、回旋区内燃烧产生CO的质量分数均高于其他3种燃料;兰炭、烟煤、无烟煤、CDQ粉在回旋区出口处产生的CO质量分数分别为20.82%、26.09%、17.51%、15.74%。采用兰炭喷吹的燃尽率(63.01%)高于采用无烟煤和CDQ粉的燃尽率(分别为58.03%和52.40%),低于采用烟煤的燃尽率(73.13%)。虽然兰炭和无烟煤的组成成分相似,但是从兰炭在风口、回旋区内燃烧产生的温度、气体成分、燃尽率等方面来看,兰炭的燃烧性能要强于无烟煤。     

Pulverized Coal Combustion of Nitrogen Free Blast Furnace

 The efficiency of coal combustion is an important factor for the blast furnace process. The influence of low xO/xC on coal combustion performance under nitrogen free blast furnace condition was researched through the self-developed pulverized coal burning device. The results show that the coal combustion rate reduces with xO/xC decreasing, and the combustion rate of bituminous coal is higher than that of anthracite. The coal combustion rate ascends with the rise of volatile matter, but when volatile matter of pulverized coal is more than 18%, the combustion rates will not increase correspondingly. Small amount of CaCO3 and CO2 additions can promote coal combustion, and the effect of CaCO3 is more apparent, which can increase the pulverized coal combustion rate by 15%-18% or so.     

高炉大喷煤量与富氧率的合理搭配

为改善高炉冶炼效果,采用两段卧式燃烧炉模拟实际高炉喷煤工艺条件,系统研究了不同条件下富氧喷煤对煤粉燃烧过程的影响.在热风富氧的条件下,单种煤和混合煤的燃烧率随富氧率的增加都有提高,而且无烟煤燃烧率的提高幅度略高于烟煤. 缩小煤粉粒度、提高热风温度都有利于煤粉燃烧率的提高,但在鼓风富氧率比较高和煤粉粒度较细小时,煤粉粒度的变化对煤粉燃烧率的影响比较小,混合煤粉的燃烧率随热风温度升高而提高的幅度也略微下降.     

高炉喷吹废塑料与兰炭混合燃烧及动力学

为了明确废塑料对兰炭燃烧的影响,采用热重分析法研究了废塑料、兰炭混合物的燃烧行为,结合TG和DTG曲线变化,基于燃烧特性值分析,探讨了废塑料、兰炭混合物燃烧机理,并对混合物燃烧过程进行了动力学分析,计算了燃烧动力学参数。结果表明,废塑料和兰炭相比,具有较低的燃烧特征温度和较大的燃烧速率,配加废塑料可以增大兰炭的综合燃烧特性指数（S）和可燃性指数（C）。燃烧过程分为挥发分燃烧阶段、固定碳燃烧阶段2个部分。双重平行反应n阶速率模型较好地模拟了废塑料、兰炭混合物的燃烧过程,且第1阶段的活化能高于第2阶段。同时,随着废塑料质量分数的增加,2个阶段活化能E均呈现先减小后增加的趋势,而指前因子k变化规律相反,两者具有明显的动力学补偿效应。     

煤粉热分解特性及添加助燃剂的影响

研究了煤粉在氮气气氛和空气气流中的热分解特性及添加助燃剂的影响,结果表明,煤粉在燃烧条件下挥发分析的析出量超过氮气氛下的产率,煤粉燃烧过程中挥发分的析出燃烧碳与残碳的燃烧并存。助燃剂的种类和加入量对煤粉热分解的催化作用有很大影响,浸渍６％左右的Ｆｅ（ＮＯ３）３可使双鸭山烟煤和阳泉无烟煤的挥发发产率分别为增加１０．７％和５．２％。     

Combustion Property and Kinetic Modeling of Pulverized Coal Based on Non-isothermal Thermogravimetric Analysis

Non-isothermal combustion kinetics of two kinds of low volatile pulverized coals （HL coal and RU coal） were investigated by thermogravimetrie analysis. The results show that the combustibility of HL coal was better than that of RU coal, and with increasing heating rate, ignition and burnout characteristics of pulverized coal were improved. The volume model （VM）, the random pore model （RPM）, and the new model （NEWM） in which the whole combustion process is considered to be the overlapping process of volatile combustion and coal char combustion, were used to fit with the experimental data. The comparison of these three fitted results indicated that the combustion process of coal could be simulated by the NEWM with highest precision. When calculated by the NEWM, the activation energies of volatile combustion and coal char combustion are 130.5 and 95.7 kJ · mol^-1 for HL coal, respectively, while they are 114.5 and 147.6 kJ ·mol^-1 for RU coal, respectively.     

武钢高炉喷吹用混合煤粉燃烧试验研究

利用TG-DTG-DSC热分析方法对武钢常用烟煤、无烟煤的混合燃烧特性进行实验研究,根据实验数据评估了不同种类烟煤、无烟煤混合使用的最佳配比,武钢炼铁厂根据实验结果,将某些烟煤、无烟煤混合喷吹时挥发分逐渐由14%提高到16%以上,达到了扩大烟煤用量、维持高炉顺行、降低成本的目的,取得了较好的使用效果。