二硫氰基甲烷制备工艺的研究

以二溴甲烷和硫氰酸钠为原料,乙醇-水为溶剂,四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)为相转移催化剂合成了二硫氰基甲烷。通过选择催化剂种类,探讨了催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度和乙醇-水溶液浓度对收率的影响。适宜的工艺条件为:n(二溴甲烷):n(硫氰酸钠)=1:2.7,反应温度70℃,反应时间5h,15%的乙醇-水溶液,催化剂R的用量为0.35g,反应收率为74%。     

4-DAMP催化合成丁二酸单乙酯的研究

以4-二甲基氨基吡啶(4-DAMP)为催化合成丁二酸单乙酯(MEESA)。研究了原料配比、反应温度和反应时间等工艺条件对单酯收率的影响。最佳工艺条件为:n(乙醇)∶n(丁二酸酐)=1.4∶1.0,反应温度60℃,反应时间1.5h,催化剂用量为丁二酸酐质量的0.5%,单酯收率大于90%。     

二(N,N-二甲基胺基乙基)己二酸酯的合成

采用二月桂酸二丁基锡为催化剂,通过己二酸二甲酯与N,N-二甲基乙醇胺进行酯交换反应合成了二(N,N-二甲基胺基乙基)己二酸酯.实验考察了反应温度、催化剂量、反应时间及物料配比等因素对反应收率的影响.最佳工艺条件为:温度120℃,反应时间5h,n(己二酸二甲酯):n(二甲胺基乙醇):n(二月桂酸二丁基锡)=1:6:0.048.在优化条件下,产品收率为81.6%(以己二酸二甲酯计),产物经IR、'HNMR表征了结构.     

离子交换树脂催化合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸酯的研究

二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸酯是非光气合成二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)的重要中间体。以离子交换树脂为催化剂,对苯氨基甲酸甲酯与甲醛缩合反应制备二氨基甲酸酯进行了研究,考察了催化剂、反应温度、原料配比、催化剂用量和反应时间对反应的影响。优惠条件:温度100℃,原料配比n(对苯氨基甲酸甲酯)∶n(甲醛)=6∶1,催化剂用量为苯氨基甲酸甲酯质量的10%,反应时间4h。此条件下,二氨基甲酸酯收率为57%,选择性为60%。     

对甲苯磺酸铜催化合成丙二酸二乙酯

以丙二酸和乙醇为原料,采用甲苯磺酸铜作催化剂合成丙二酸二乙酯。考察了催化剂用量、酸醇物质的量比、带水剂用量以及反应时间等因素对收率的影响。确定最佳酯化反应条件:n(丙二酸)=0.1 mol,n(乙醇)=0.3 mol,对甲苯磺酸铜1.0 g,带水剂环己烷20 mL,反应时间60 min。收率可达93.3%。     

固体超强碱催化合成α,α'-二亚苄基环己酮

以苯甲醛和环已酮为原料,γ-Al2O2 - O2- 2Na+型固体超强碱为催化剂,合成了α,α'-二亚苄基环已酮.考察了原料配比、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对产物收率的影响.优化合成条件:n(苯甲醛)∶n(环己酮)=2.3∶1,反应温度50℃,反应时间1.5h,催化剂用量为原料质量的5％,收率达91.3％.该合成工...     

活性炭负载磷钨酸催化合成丙二酸二乙酯的研究

以丙二酸和乙醇为原料，采用活性炭负载磷钨酸作催化剂合成丙二酸二乙酯。考察了催化剂用量、酸醇物质的量比、带水剂用量以及反应时间等因素对收率的影响。确定最佳酯化反应条件：n(丙二酸n(乙醇）∶n(催化剂）＝1∶3∶0.007，带水剂甲苯15 mL，反应时间90 min。收率可达96.25%。     

2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸合成工艺研究

以2,6-二甲基苯酚、氯乙酸为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,在碘化钾催化下,经Williamson成醚反应合成了2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸。考察了原料摩尔比、氢氧化钠用量、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对收率影响。结果表明:n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)∶n(氯乙酸)∶(氢氧化钠)=1∶1.5∶2.86;n(碘化钾)∶n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)=0.1;反应温度70℃;反应时间4 h条件下产率达54.7%。     

N,N-二甲基-3-氯丙胺盐酸盐的相转移催化合成

以1,3-溴氯丙烷和33%二甲胺水溶液为原料,PEG-600为相转移催化剂进行烷基化反应得到了N,N-二甲基-3-氯丙胺盐酸盐,考察了相转移催化剂用量、二甲胺水溶液与1,3-溴氯丙烷摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间等因素对产率的影响。确定适宜反应条件为:n(二甲胺水溶液)∶n(1,3-溴氯丙烷)=1.2,PEG-600 2.0 g,反应时间4 h,反应温度为35~40℃,产率可达73.7%。     

钛酸四丁酯催化合成丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯

以钛酸四丁酯为催化剂,以丙烯酸甲酯(MA)和二甲氨基乙醇(DMAE)为原料,通过酯交换反应合成了丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DA),研究了催化剂用量、反应物配比、反应时间对酯交换反应的影响.结果表明,在n(DMAE)∶n(MA)∶n[Ti(OBu)4]∶n[p-Ph(OH)2]=1∶3∶0.06∶0.01、反应时间为6 h、反应温度为85～110℃的优化条件下,DMAE转化率为92.8%、DA收率为84.8%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。