激光熔覆减摩自润滑涂层的研究

通过在钛合金表面激光熔覆镍基涂层,探讨了扫描速度与WS2添加量对润滑相的种类、数量、分布及熔覆层减摩效果的影响。结果表明:激光熔覆Ni60/20%WS_2涂层,扫描速度为10.0 mm/s时,有灰色小球状润滑相CrS生成;扫描速度为4.0~8.0 mm/s时,Ni60/20%WS_2激光熔覆层组织中有条状润滑相TiS生成。随着WS_2添加量的不断增大,熔覆层中润滑相数量逐渐增多,体积增大;熔覆层由表及里的润滑相尺寸呈减小的趋势。     

TC4钛合金表面激光熔覆Ni60+Cu/Mo涂层的显微组织和性能

在TC4钛合金表面激光熔覆Ni60A、Ni60CuMo复合粉末,研究Cu和Mo元素对熔覆层显微组织、硬度及耐磨性的影响。结果表明,在相同激光熔覆工艺参数下,Ni60CuMo熔覆层中除含有Ni60A熔覆层所含有的Ti₂Ni、TiNi、TiB₂和TiC相外,还含有Cu_0.81Ni_0.19、Ti₂Cu、MoSi₂等硬质相。在硬质相的作用下,Ni60CuMo熔覆层的显微硬度平均值(HV_0.1)为826,是Ni60A熔覆层硬度的1.2倍。在相同条件下,Ni60CuMo熔覆层的磨损率为3.30×10^-6 mm³/(N·m),约为Ni60A熔覆层磨损率的16.42%,是TC4钛合金基体磨损率的4.23%。添加Cu和Mo能显著提升TC4钛合金表面激光熔覆层的耐磨性。     

高锰钢表面高速激光熔覆Ni60涂层组织与性能

采用高速激光熔覆系统在破碎机锤头中常用的材料高锰钢表面制备了Ni60耐磨熔覆层。通过正交试验极差分析优化得到最佳工艺参数，采用渗透探伤、显微硬度计、OM,XRD,BSE和摩擦磨损试验对熔覆层宏观形貌、硬度、微观形貌、物相、摩擦系数和磨损量进行观察与测试。结果表明，当激光功率为1 200 W、扫描速度为4 mm/s、送粉速度为7.5 g/min时，熔覆层表面成形质量良好，表面硬度可达811.41 HV，约为基材的2.8倍，摩擦系数较基材下降37.7%，耐磨性提高1.6倍。熔覆层主要由γ-Ni树枝晶组成，其中弥散分布的硬质相CrB,Cr₇C₃和Cr₂₃C₆可显著提高熔覆层的耐磨性。     

激光能量密度对Al2O3颗粒增强Ni60A激光熔覆涂层组织及性能的影响

目的 实现钛合金表面强化和正向改性,扩大钛合金应用范围。方法 采用预置粉末法在钛合金表面制备Ni60A-Al₂O₃激光熔覆层,通过改变激光功率,进而研究激光能量密度对Ni60A-Al₂O₃熔覆层横截面形貌、微观组织、元素分布、显微硬度以及耐磨性和耐腐蚀性的影响规律。结果 激光能量密度对熔覆层的平整性、成形性有着直接影响。不同激光能量密度下的熔覆层微观组织相似,但在125 J/mm²下,熔覆层形成的陶瓷增强相分布更均匀,且杂质相衍射峰面积较小,元素分布更均匀。此时,熔覆层的力学性能也最好,平均显微硬度值为1132.7HV0.2,较基体硬度提升约3.3倍,摩擦系数最小,且波动较平稳,磨损率也最低,具有较好的减摩性和耐磨性。125J/mm²下熔覆层形成的陶瓷增强相TiC、TiB₂既能作为不良导体降低电化学腐蚀速率,又由于分布均匀而避免应力集中引发裂纹,较其他激光能量密度下的熔覆层具有较好的耐腐蚀性。结论 利用控制变量法探究激光能量密度对Ni...     

稀土Y2O3对6063Al激光熔覆镍基熔覆层耐磨性的影响

利用激光熔覆技术,在6063铝合金表面制备了添加有不同含量Y₂O₃的Ni60合金熔覆层,并对熔覆层进行了耐磨性试验. 通过分析熔覆层组织、熔覆层表面磨痕形貌、磨损量及摩擦系数,研究Y₂O₃含量对铝合金表面激光熔覆Ni基涂层耐磨性能的影响. 结果表明,添加5%Y₂O₃的Ni60熔覆层组织呈现明显的网状分布的枝晶和细小的等轴晶,稀土Y₂O₃可以改善铝合金表面Ni60熔覆层的组织,促进晶粒细化和成分分布均匀;添加稀土Y₂O₃的Ni60基熔覆层较Ni60熔覆层的磨损面崩损程度减小了,摩擦稳定性得到提高;随着稀土含量提高,熔覆层的磨损量减小,但Y₂O₃含量高于5%时磨损量基本不会大幅变化;5%Y₂O₃+Ni60熔覆层具有良好的磨损形貌、较低的磨损量以及较稳定的摩擦系数,其熔覆层的耐磨性是Ni60熔覆层的6.1倍,是6063Al合金基体耐磨性的20.1倍.     

激光扫描速率对NiCr/Cr3C2涂层微结构与耐磨性的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在3种扫描速率下制备了NiCr/Cr₃C₂复合涂层，分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微维氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机表征了熔覆层的组织形貌、硬度与摩擦磨损性能。结果表明，激光扫描速率从2 mm/s升至4 mm/s时，熔覆层组织从以树枝晶为主转变为以等轴晶为主，缺陷由气孔转变为大尺寸间隙与裂纹。扫描速率低于3 mm/s时，Cr₃C₂熔化分解导致熔覆层主要含有Cr₇C₃,随着激光扫描速率增加，Cr₃C₂熔化程度降低，熔覆层以Cr₇C₃与Cr₃C₂为主。因此，随着激光扫描速率从2 mm/s升高至4 mm/s,熔覆层硬度从400 HV0.3提升至780 HV0.3。不同激光扫描速率下熔覆层磨损均以磨粒磨损为主，但是由于结构致密和硬度较高，3 mm/s涂层磨损量最小，耐磨性最好。     

扫描速度对45钢表面Ni基TiC激光熔覆层性能的影响

TiC陶瓷相韧性好、润湿性好、热化学稳定性高、耐磨性好,在激光熔覆温度下几乎没有脆性第二相生成,是理想的增强相,但目前对其加入Ni基合金粉末进行激光熔覆的研究较少。在TLF3200TM三维激光焊接机上以不同的扫描速度在45钢表面激光熔覆Ni基TiC复合粉末,采用扫描电镜观察熔覆层形貌,采用硬度计测试熔覆层的硬度,采用磨损试验测试其耐磨性,采用极化曲线分析其耐蚀性,研究了扫描速度对激光熔覆层显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明:不同扫描速度得到的激光熔覆层组织均由熔覆区、界面结合区和基底热影响区组成;当扫描速度为5 mm/s时,熔覆层组织中细小的TiC颗粒均匀、弥散分布于熔覆区和热影响区,熔覆层磨损率最低为0.12 mg/mm2,维钝电流密度最小,为0.008 mA/mm2,钝化区间最大,为0.65 V,耐磨及耐蚀性最佳。     

激光功率对TC4合金表面Ni60A/CeO2熔覆层组织及耐腐蚀性能的影响

为了提高TC4合金基体表面的耐腐蚀性能,运用激光熔覆同轴送粉技术,采用1200、1500、1800、2100、2400 W等不同激光功率在TC4合金基体表面上制备Ni60A/CeO₂复合熔覆层,对熔覆层进行了显微组织观察、电化学检测以及电化学腐蚀后的表面观察,探究激光功率对熔覆层耐腐蚀性能的影响。研究表明,随着激光功率的增加,熔覆层的显微组织变得排布均匀且细密,电化学特性呈现出耐腐蚀性先增大后减小的特点。当激光功率为2100 W时,电化学阻抗最大,为25.74 km²,熔覆层表面并未出现明显的腐蚀隧道,大部分为腐蚀产物覆盖在Ni60A/CeO₂熔覆层的表面,耐腐蚀性良好。     

激光功率对TiB增强钛基涂层显微组织结构的影响

采用Ti和B的混合粉末在Ti-6Al-4V基体表面激光熔覆制备TiB/Ti复合涂层。通过XRD物相分析、形貌观察和硬度测试等方法研究了激光扫描速度2 mm/s时不同激光扫描功率下原位合成的TiB/Ti复合涂层的相结构、显微结构和硬度。不同功率下制备的涂层中只有α-Ti和TiB相;扫描功率为3000 W和3500 W下激光熔覆层与基体结合较好;随着激光扫描功率的增加,熔覆层的平均硬度提高;扫描功率为3000 W下制备的涂层硬度分布较均匀,其硬度值较基体提高了2~3倍,平均硬度值约为1000 HV。     

激光熔覆VC-Cr7C3复合熔覆层的组织与力学性能

采用激光熔覆技术在Q235钢表面原位合成了VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,并研究激光扫描速度对熔覆层微观组织与力学性能的影响。利用扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等对熔覆层组织及性能进行分析。结果表明,激光熔覆技术可使V、Cr、C混合颗粒间发生原位反应形成VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,其主要由黑灰色VC相、灰色Cr₇C₃相及{FeM}粘结相组成,其中Fe与Cr可共同形成Cr₇C₃相(M₇C₃)。激光熔覆凝固形状控制因子K与C元素的分布状况使得熔覆层顶部出现大量碳化物等轴晶组织,中部碳化物等轴晶的含量有所减小,而底部由于C含量较低,其碳化物含量较少,且碳化物晶粒形貌受到激光扫描速度的影响,在1 mm/s时碳化物呈树枝晶组织,在1.5 mm/s时呈等轴晶组织。同时在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层晶粒尺寸明显小于1 mm/s时的。以上熔覆层组织结构与成分变化使其硬度随层深的增加而降低,同时随着扫描速度的增加,熔覆层的硬度也逐渐增加,熔覆层的硬度高于Q235钢3倍以上。在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层摩擦因数为0.4,低于Q235钢基材的0.6,且熔覆层磨损量显著低于Q235钢基材。由此可知,激光熔覆VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层可用于碳钢的表面高硬、耐磨改性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.