农宅火炕采暖环境热舒适温度与影响因素分析

为研究严寒地区火炕采暖不均匀环境的热舒适温度及其影响因素,对火炕农宅冬季的室内热环境进行了现场测试,建立了热舒适评价模型,并对热环境评价方法进行了分析.同时,利用CFD仿真模拟的方法对室内热舒适性的影响因素进行了分析.测试结果表明,火炕农宅冬季的室内热舒适温度为17.7 ℃,90％可接受的操作温度的范围为14.7～ 20.8℃.模拟结果表明,在保证基本供暖室温的前提下,较低的火炕表面温度、较高的辅助热源温度以及保温性能较好的围护结构,有助于减小室内温度不均匀性,增加居民热舒适感.火炕营造的微气候环境可以满足农宅居民的热舒适要求.     

地铁车厢热舒适评价时乘客状态及参数的确定

针对地铁车厢热环境特点和乘客热舒适现状,提出应从热舒适角度出发进行地铁车厢环境控制.在问卷调查的基础上,对热舒适评价中表征乘客状态的2个参数进行了分析,提出可以根据载客量确定车厢内乘客平均新陈代谢率,根据室外体感温度确定乘客平均服装热阻,并给出了相应的计算方法.该方法反映了地铁车厢中乘客状态动态变化的诱因及特征,通过PMV模拟计算表明,计算结果更接近乘客的真实热感觉.     

SUV 6座汽车乘客舱热舒适性研究

以某SUV 6座纯电动汽车为研究对象,采用试验和仿真方法对乘客舱热舒适性进行研究.以某地夏季高温环境为研究背景,考虑了太阳辐射和人体生理热,采用PMV-PPD和相对湿度指标对乘客舱内的热环境进行分析和评价.结果 表明,车舱内冷空气流速、乘客体表温度分布在舒适的范围内.通过分析评价指标的分布状态,可以清晰地了解乘客舱热舒...     

基于实测数据浅析西安地铁站空调运行参数

利用西安地铁2号线冬、夏季室内外温湿度实测数据,通过计算相对热指标(RWI)与热损失率(HDR)等暂时热舒适指标来评价地铁站内乘客的热舒适状况,分析了乘客由室外进入地下双层岛式车站站厅和站台层过程中的热舒适变化特点。结果显示:夏季实测地铁站内空调温湿度数据基本满足人体热舒适要求,但乘客在由室外进入站厅层、再进入站台层的过程中RWI值变化较大,可能造成乘客的热不适,建议适当提高地铁站内空调运行温度来实现地铁站环控系统的节能运行;冬季乘客基本感觉热舒适。     

乘客密度对地铁车厢热环境的影响研究

城市人口的增长与城市规模的扩大,给城市的交通运输带来了巨大的压力.载客量的逐渐增多,使乘客密集成为地铁车厢内的一种常态.乘客密度的增加会对地铁车厢环境产生一系列影响,如温湿度分布改变、空气流动性变差等,引起乘客的不舒适.通过现场测试及问卷调查,结合对车厢热环境参数的分析,探究了人体热感觉随乘客密度的变化规律及其原因.研究发现,随着乘客密度增加,车厢内热感觉整体上升;相对于低密度环境,高密度环境下乘客热中性温度降低1℃,人体对气流的阻碍会造成车厢内气流组织的恶化,车厢内垂直温差由0.5℃增加到1.2℃;坐姿乘客附近温度升高,风速降低,受影响程度要大于立姿乘客,热感觉变化更加明显.     

动车组车厢内空气颗粒物浓度实测与分析

通过对颗粒物各粒径段浓度数据处理以及耦合通风空调系统,得到了新风对颗粒物计数浓度的贡献率和客室内贡献率公式.进而分析了动车组车厢内的颗粒物粒径分布特征以及新风、客室内对颗粒物计数浓度的贡献情况.结果表明客室内颗粒物主要由PM1.0组成;颗粒物粒径越小,新风贡献率越大,随着颗粒物粒径的加大,新风贡献率逐渐减小,客室内贡献率逐渐增大.该研究结果对解决动车组车厢中可吸入颗粒物浓度控制问题、提高车厢环境空气质量具有指导作用和现实意义.     

均匀和不均匀热环境下热感觉、热可接受度和热舒适的关系

对30名受试者采用问卷调查的方式,研究了均匀热环境和不均匀热环境下人体全身热感觉、热可接受度和热舒适的关系。结果显示,在均匀热环境下,全身热感觉、热可接受度和热舒适具有较强的线性相关关系,可接受范围涵盖了(0,1.5)的热感觉投票和"舒适"与"稍有不适"标度范围内的热舒适投票;在不均匀热环境下,全身热可接受度与热舒适密切相关,而全身热感觉与热可接受度和热舒适出现分离,热感觉不均匀度是其原因。综合考虑全身热感觉和热感觉不均匀度的影响,提出了综合评价模型。经验证,该模型适用于全身热状态为中性偏热的均匀和不均匀热环境。     

夏季地铁站内环境控制参数优化研究

常规地铁通风空调系统一般采取全天恒定站内温度控制,未能充分考虑人员活动特征及室外环境变化对过渡空间(地铁站)内乘客热舒适性的影响,导致站内舒适度不高,空调能耗增大。本文利用相对热指标RWI(relative warmth index)研究了地铁站内乘客乘车全程热感觉变化规律,探索了站内不同温湿度设定值下RWI极值的变化规律,并基于RWI变化特征提出了改善站内舒适度及降低空调系统能耗的改进措施。综合考虑乘客活动规律及夏季室外环境变化,提出了地铁站内温湿度参数设定方法和动态调节策略。利用所提出的地铁站内温湿度设定优化方法,对上海、南京等地铁站内实际运行进行评估,结果显示当前地铁站内RWI值普遍偏低,表明地铁空调系统具有较大的通过优化站内温湿度设定实现节能的空间。     

炕-地组合供暖末端室内热环境及其热均匀性评价实验研究

为满足西北村镇居民冬季室内分时分区热需求,提出了一种炕-地组合供暖末端形式,对组合末端4种运行模式下的室内热环境营造效果进行了对比实验研究.掌握了组合末端不同运行模式下室内热环境昼夜变化特征,对比分析了温度空间不均匀性和辐射不均匀性.结果 表明:组合末端单独运行时均无法同时满足昼夜室内舒适温度要求,且温度空间均匀性和辐...     

冬季太阳辐射对平均辐射温度及PMV的影响研究

目前很多建筑采用玻璃幕墙、透明屋顶等结构形式,使房间获得良好采光的同时,更多的太阳光入射进室内,对热环境影响显著.在高强度太阳辐射影响下的热环境具有明显的瞬变非均匀特征.设计了冬季太阳辐射影响下的室内热舒适现场试验,实测环境参数的同时,收集人体热感觉投票.通过现场实测发现,黑球温度计间接测量法已不适用于太阳辐射影响下平均辐射温度的计算,其相对定义法误差高达2.6℃,影响对该条件下室内热环境评价准确性.采用EnergyPlus软件模拟计算青岛市某办公建筑内空调房间进入室内的直射和散射太阳辐射强度,计算太阳辐射影响下的平均辐射温度和PMV.研究结果表明,太阳辐射影响室内热环境的均匀性,如果不考虑该因素影响会导致人体热感觉预测偏差.     

污泥制砖存在问题浅析

污泥制砖符合国家的环保政策,但在技术方面还待进一步创新和突破。为此分析了污泥制砖在技术方面、环保方面和社会大众认可方面存在问题及相应的改进措施。     

干旱区绿洲环境下的新疆小城镇建设投资

一、研究区域基本现状新疆地处欧亚大陆腹地,地貌轮廓表现为“三山夹两盆”,山地与平原的面积大致各占50%,镶嵌于戈壁沙漠的绿洲仅有7万平方公里。新疆土地面积166.49万平方公里,占全国总面积的六分之一。气候干旱,荒漠广布,是中国最大的干旱区,是亚洲干旱核心区,也是世界上著名的干旱区之一。水资源短缺,生态极度脆弱。新疆2004年底有1950万人,人均GDP已经超过了1000美元,城镇化进入了快速发展阶段,特别是小城镇的发展速度较快。但新疆特殊的干旱区绿洲环境,使得小城镇的发展存在许多问题。一是城镇规模小而散,基础设施配套差,城镇集散和…     

Levels of manganese in the urine of female farmers in non-polluted regions in Japan

Nearly 1500 urine samples were collected from female farmers in eight regions widely scattered in the islands of Japan in the winter of 1987-1988. The samples were analysed for manganese by wet ashing and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry under strict quality control. The values observed after adjustment for a specific gravity of 1.016 were distributed log-normally with a geometric mean of 0.65 microgram/l and a geometric standard deviation of 2.47. There was no effect of aging or any effect of smoking on the urinary manganese concentration. The inter-regional difference may be present but not yet conclusive. As no sex difference was observed in a previous study, it may be possible to deduce that the value may possibly stand for the "background" level of both men and women, either smoking or non-smoking, among the general Japanese population. The observed value is discussed in comparison with values reported in the literature.     

Typification of Fires in Buildings in Spain

Although the Dirección de General de Protección Civil (DGPC), an agency of the Spanish government, has been responsible for the collection of data and the statistical analysis of fires since 1985, it has not as yet issued any reports. It is true that a couple of studies have been made, but in neither case did they use a standardized methodology but relied simply on the heterogeneous information provided by the fire brigades which cooperated in the studies. At that time Spanish fire brigades did not have special units for professional fire investigation, nor was the information derived from standardized methodologies suited to research purposes. In addition, information was extremely scarce and basic, focussed only on the fire, the use of the building and personal data of the victims. In this context, the project for a Fire Investigation Unit in the Fire Brigade of Málaga (the sixth largest Spanish province in inhabitants) was set up. Although inspired in the methodologies used in the USA and in the UK, the aim was to create a customized methodology for the first scientific investigation of fires in Spain. Our research was conducted in 2007. Using the methodologies of the USA and the UK, our own methodological approach and the Spanish regulations, we drew up a questionnaire with 110 variables arranged into 6 modules. We studied 96 fires out of the 154 emergency fire calls received in 2007, having omitted some emergency calls for various reasons. Our results revealed that it was necessary to generalize the installation of fire extinguishers in residential buildings, to train the general public in the use of these devices, to promote the use of fire and smoke detectors in residential buildings, to encourage the inspection and control of old electric installations and to monitor the new installations, to generalize the implementation of emergency and evacuation plans and to design new systems and materials for the cabinets where hand-held extinguishers are stored.     

分光光度法测水中余氯

介绍了用双硫腙分光光度法测定水中余氯的新方法，阐述了其测定试验过程，根据试验结果显示，其结论符合国家标准，表明该方法可用于自来水等样品中余氯含量的测定，结果比较准确。     

Intersections of inequality in homeownership in Sweden

Abstract

Inequalities relating to ownership of housing have become a major issue de jour in many Western societies. This article examines how the distribution of homeownership in Sweden relates to two factors widely seen as significant to such inequalities, namely parental tenure status and place of birth. We use longitudinal registry data to examine the bearing of these two factors on individual-level tenure progression since the beginning of the 1990s for persons at different stages of their housing careers. We extend existing understandings of Swedish homeownership patterns by demonstrating that inequalities relating to place of birth and parental tenure intersect with one another in ways that substantially advantage certain subgroups while disadvantaging others, and by demonstrating that experiences of entry into homeownership have in recent years been changing in markedly different ways for these different subgroups. Overall, Swedish homeownership inequalities, far from dissipating, appear to be hardening along existing lines.     

莳花在城市绿化中的应用

目的:花化、香化、彩化已成为城市园林绿化的主要趋势,也是为满足人们对环境要求越来越高的一种心境。方法:选择采用莳花能表现出品种繁多,色彩艳丽等不同的方式,从而能在很大程度上丰富了植物造景的层次感要求。结果:能使其达到美化环境、增添节日气氛、提高绿化品质等方面有着突出的作用。结论:莳花造景对城市的美化可达到立杆见影效果,从而提高城市的形象和品位。     

日本城市浅层地下空间利用的新成就

本文结合日本川崎市站前广场和神户市哈巴兰德地区的立体化再开发，分析介绍当前日本浅层地下空间开发利用的成就和特点。     

遗传算法在边坡稳定系数计算中的应用

边坡稳定性的关键问题是确定最危险滑动面(潜在最危险滑动面)和边坡的稳定系数。国内外一般是采用先假定边坡滑移模式,然后近似确定最危险滑动面,再求近似的边坡稳定系数的方法来分析边坡的稳定性,但假设的边坡滑移模式难以反映边坡滑移的实际状态。因此本文探索利用遗传算法搜索最危险滑动面,并得到最小稳定系数及对应的最危险滑动面曲线,取得了较好的效果。     

地质情况复杂地区高速公路隧道地质预报研究

针对地质情况复杂地区垫邻高速公路设计、施工中的具体问题，从地质预报的方法、原理方面入手，对地质情况复杂地区高速公路隧道施工中的地质超前预报工作进行了深入的研究，在分析归纳的基础上，提出合适的工作方法。