冷藏条件下蟹肉中ATP关联产物含量变化及其降解途径的探究

以中华绒螯蟹及三疣梭子蟹为研究对象,测定其在冷藏条件下肌肉组织中ATP关联产物种类及含量变化,并对2种蟹ATP降解途径进行探究。结果发现,在中华绒螯蟹和三疣梭子蟹肉中共检测出8种三磷酸腺苷(ATP)关联产物,分别为ATP、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、单磷酸腺苷(AMP)、肌苷酸(IMP)、腺苷(Ad R)、次黄嘌呤核苷(Hx R)、次黄嘌呤(Hx)和黄嘌呤(Xt),且2种蟹检出种类相同;在贮藏过程中,2种蟹肉中ATP含量持续下降,2 d后分别下降了97%和93%,ADP、AMP、IMP、Hx R均先上升后下降,Hx和Xt持续上升,同时检测到少量Ad R;推测中华绒螯蟹和三疣梭子蟹死后ATP降解途径相同且有2条,一条途径为ATP→ADP→AMP→IMP→Hx R→Hx→Xt,另一条为ATP→ADP→AMP→Ad R→Hx R→Hx→Xt;根据ATP的降解途径,将K值修正为Ks值,通过线性拟合发现Ks值与中华绒螯蟹及三疣梭子蟹感官评分之间有极显著的相关性。     

冷藏条件下缢蛏、文蛤ATP关联产物的变化及降解途径的探究

为了研究冷藏条件下,缢蛏、文蛤三磷酸腺苷(ATP)及关联产物的变化和降解途径。采用高效液相色谱法对贮藏在4℃下的缢蛏和文蛤的9种ATP关联物进行测定,分别为:三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP),二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP),单磷酸腺苷(adenosine monophosphate,AMP),肌苷酸(inosine monphosphate,IMP),腺嘌呤核苷(adenosine,AdR),次黄嘌呤核苷(inosine,HxR),次黄嘌呤(hypoxanthine,Hx),黄嘌呤(xanthine,Xt)和腺嘌呤(adenine,Ad)。研究发现,在4℃下,从缢蛏和文蛤中检测到的产物都为ATP、ADP、AMP、IMP、AdR、HxR、Hx和Xt,未测到Ad。ATP的初始值分别为1.033和0.824μmol/g,试验前4 d下降较快,之后缓慢下降;ADP呈下降趋势;AMP、IMP、AdR和HxR含量先上升后下降;Xt呈上升趋势;缢蛏中Hx呈上升趋势,文蛤则先上升后下降。根据ATP关联物的变化,推测2种贝类的代谢途径为ATP→ADP→AMP→IMP→HxR→Hx→Xt和ATP→ADP→AMP→AdR→HxR→Hx→Xt,因文蛤中IMP含量极少,所以推测文蛤以第2条途径为主。结合感官评价和TVB-N实验发现,2种贝类的Kax值与感官评分和TVB-N均存在显著相关性,Kax值可用于2种贝类的鲜度评价。     

三磷酸腺苷降解产物评价冷鲜罗非鱼片新鲜度

采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定冷鲜罗非鱼片贮藏过程三磷酸腺苷(ATP)降解产物的变化,提出ATP降解产物新型的鲜度评价指标Ki、H、Fr值。通过综合分析感官特征、挥发性盐基氮、耐冷菌和ATP降解产物及其K值相关值等的变化来评价鱼片新鲜度。结果表明:RP-HPLC法能快速准确检测ATP降解产物含量;冷鲜罗非鱼片贮藏过程中ATP快速分解生成肌苷酸(IMP);ATP、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和腺苷酸(AMP)含量均不超过0.50μmol/g,IMP初始值达到3.88μmol/g最高含量后持续分解产生次黄嘌呤核苷(HxR)和次黄嘌呤(Hx),以Hx积累为主;初始Hx含量很低,随着新鲜度下降不断增加至贮藏末期2.35μmol/g;Hx在腐败期快速生成与微生物代谢产生异味高度相关。K值与感官评价、微生物数量相关性最高,H值和Hx也可代替K值成为鱼片新鲜度的评价指标。     

凡纳滨对虾高鲜度期评定方法的建立

目的 建立科学评定虾类高鲜度期的方法，为水产品鲜度等级的划分标准与评定方法提供参考。方法 以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象，检测其在4 ℃冷藏条件下感官指标、生化指标、核苷酸关联化合物、肌肉硬度值、菌落总数等的变化，筛选适宜评定高鲜度期的指标。结果 在4 ℃条件下，感官评分确立的高鲜度期为36 h，货架期为96 h；相较于经典的K值计算方法，采用[(HxR + Hx + Xt)/(ATP + ADP + AMP + IMP + AdR + HxR + Hx + Xt)]计算的K’值更适合指示虾的鲜度变化；虾死后肌肉硬度值呈先上升后下降的趋势，可根据肌肉硬度值是否显著低于死后初始水平大致判断原料是否处于高鲜度期，但不宜根据硬度值判断货架期终点；与挥发性盐基氮（Total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N）相比，非蛋白氮（Non-protein nitrogen, NPN）更适宜用来评定虾类鲜度变化，高鲜度期和货架期终点对应的NPN分别为0.94 g/100 g和1.21 g/100 g；菌落总数的变化相对滞后，不宜用来指示高鲜度期。结论 适宜用修正的K’值、肌肉硬度值、NPN评定凡纳滨对虾高鲜度期。     

罗氏沼虾冻藏过程中质构与理化特性研究

以剪切力、肌原纤维小片化指数、肌原纤维表观直径、TCA-溶解肽、总蛋白酶活和微生物为指标,比较分析了整只罗氏沼虾冻品和去头罗氏沼虾冻品品质的差异,并探讨了其质构劣化的机理。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,虾肉的剪切力均呈下降趋势,整只罗氏沼虾冻品的下降速度明显高于去头罗氏沼虾冻品,冻藏16周后剪切力分别下降了36.81%,25.40%;随着冻藏时间延长整只罗氏沼虾冻品的肌原纤维小片化指数增加,肌原纤维表观直径明显下降,TCA-溶解肽含量增加,说明罗氏沼虾冻藏期间肌原纤维内部结构被破坏,骨架蛋白出现了降解,整只罗氏沼虾冻品在贮藏过程中蛋白发生了降解;虾肉中蛋白酶活性呈上升趋势而虾头中蛋白酶活性则略微下降,说明虾头内的蛋白酶可能向虾肉发生了迁移。菌落总数则随着冻藏时间的延长而下降。相关性分析表明:罗氏沼虾在冻藏期间蛋白变化的各项指标与蛋白酶活性变化和质构劣化之间存在显著相关性(P0.01)。     

草鱼贮藏期间肌肉ATP关联物及K值的动态变化

为了明晰冷藏(4℃)过程中草鱼宰杀后背腹部肌肉ATP关联物含量变化与鲜度变化的关联,研究了贮藏期间草鱼背腹部肌肉ATP关联物及K值随时间的动态变化规律。结果表明:冷藏期间草鱼背腹部肌肉ATP关联物的变化趋势相似,但相对含量有明显区别,背部和腹部肌肉肌苷酸(IMP)含量先增加后减少,而草鱼背部IMP含量远大于腹部;次黄嘌呤(Hx)和次黄嘌呤核苷(HxR)含量均随贮藏时间延长不断增加;新鲜草鱼背、腹部肌肉K值分别为7.72%,7.78%,随着贮藏时间的增加,K值不断增大,6d时,两者均接近60%。故4℃贮藏条件下草鱼的货架期为6d。     

生食金枪鱼肉冷藏过程鲜度的变化

对解冻生食黄鳍金枪鱼肉0、2、4、6、8℃冷藏过程中鲜度变化展开系统研究,以K值小于20%确定各冷藏温度下生食终点,冷藏过程中采用K值、p H等指标评价品质,获得生食金枪鱼肉冷藏品质变化规律。生食黄鳍金枪鱼肉冷藏过程ATP关联物中ATP快速下降,ADP、AMP缓慢下降,IMP有累积趋势,Hx R蓄积量较大,为Hx R生成型鱼种。p H在生食期间没有显著差异,对鲜度高的生食生鱼片品质不适合采用p H判断鲜度间的小差异。建立生食金枪鱼肉冷藏K值随时间变化规律的动力学模型,模型符合一级动力学反应方程。冷藏温度对反应速率常数的影响用Arrhenius方程描述,有较高的拟合精度。     

克氏原螯虾饲料的配制及营养需要研究概况

根据国内对克氏原螯虾的生产与应用研究成果,参照中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)、南美白对虾(Phascolosomaesculenta)、斑节对虾(Penaeus monndon)和罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)相关的研究报道,从其对蛋白质与氨基酸、维生素和矿物元素、脂肪...     

不同品种虾糜的凝胶品质比较

本文以南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei,PV)、斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon,PM)、罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii,MR)为研究对象,通过比较不同品种虾糜的流变特性、蒸煮得率、保水性、质构特性及感官特性,研究不同品种虾糜的品质差异,以期为虾滑制品的原料选择提供理论...     

真鲷在0℃贮藏保鲜中的鲜度评价

目的:以真鲷鱼为研究对象,研究其在0℃条件下21d贮藏过程中各鲜度指标的变化。方法:以感官评定、p H、持水性(WHC)、K值、挥发性盐基总氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)及菌落总数等作为评价指标,并对指标进行相关性研究。结果:随着贮藏时间的延长,p H呈现出先降低后升高的趋势;K值和TVB-N值在贮藏过程中始终保持上升趋势;TBA值则先增加后降低;相关性分析得出,WHC、ATP、IMP与贮藏时间呈负相关,Hx、K值和TVB-N与贮藏时间呈正相关,WHC与ATP、Hx R、Hx、K值、TVB-N和TBA相关性显著。结论:WHC、IMP、Hx、K值和TVB-N值可作为0℃贮藏真鲷鲜度评价的主要指标。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.