一种降低残余应力的新方法——脉冲磁处理法

由试验证明,无论是定拘束单向拉伸试样,还是焊接试样,经适当的高强度脉冲磁处理后,科应力水平明显下降,在大刚度拘束焊接件试样上的结果表明,距焊缝４０ｍｍ附近处的纵向残余应力与横向残余应力下降（１００～１５０）ＭＰａ下降率在４０％以上,纵横向残余应力分布曲线呈一定程度的整体下移,采用若干次强脉冲磁处理的效果更好。     

外加磁场作用方向对焊接残余应力的影响

针对新近发展起来的降低钢铁工件中残余应力的脉冲磁处理方法作用规律较为复杂的现状,研究了磁处理降残余应力效果的外磁场方向这一关键因素。通过盲孔法在16Mn焊接应力试样上进行残余应力的研究,研究脉冲磁处理前后试样中的残余应力分布,并对不同外磁场方向导致的磁处理效果进行对比。试验结果表明,在其他处理参数相同的情形下,不同的外磁场方向可导致不同的磁处理效果：磁场沿最大主应力方向进行处理,残余应力变化不明显;而磁场与最大主应力方向垂直进行处理,可获得较为明显的残余应力降低效果。采用电阻应变片研究不同外磁场方向引起试样中的磁致伸缩,获得不同外磁场方向作用下试样中磁致伸缩的不同特征,分析认为,这与脉冲磁处理效果的方向敏感性密切相关。     

磁场处理对钢中内应力影响的研究

在前期研究强脉冲磁场处理与低频脉冲交变磁场处理降低焊接残余应力的基础上,进一步对Ｑ２３５和３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＡ钢制单向拉伸试样分别进行强脉冲和低频脉冲交变磁场处理。结果表明,单向拉伸试样经磁场处理后,内部拉伸应力都有明显下降的趋势,从而进一步证实了磁场处理在焊接试样上所取得的结果。磁处理过程中试样内部产生的磁振现象很可能对残余应力的松弛起着重要的作用。     

磁场处理降低残余应力过程中应力应变的测量

在前期研究强脉冲磁场处理与低频交变磁场处理降低残余应力，并取得显著效果的基础上，进一步在磁场处理低碳钢制作的试样（包括单向拉伸试样和无应力试样）时，对应力应变过程进行测量。结果表明，单向拉伸试样经过低频交变磁场处理后，材料内部残余应力在下降的趋势，而且处理过程中具有磁振动现象。无应力试样与单向拉伸试验在磁场中，随场强的增加，试样中的应变逐渐由正值变为负值。克应力试验在不同频率的交变磁场中的应变各不     

脉冲磁场处理对SKD11模具钢残余拉应力的影响机理分析

为了探究脉冲磁场处理对SKD11钢残余应力的影响机理,设计了单因素试验并得到了磁场强度、磁场频率、磁场方向以及磁处理时间等参数单独变化时试样残余拉应力的变化结果。同时从应力的本质入手,将磁处理过程划分为位错塞积开动和位错增殖两个阶段来分析,对试验现象做出了全面解释,推导出了在第一阶段中使位错塞积群克服点阵阻力所需的临界磁场强度Hp的公式,以及在第二阶段中使单个弗兰克-瑞德位错源增殖所需的临界磁场强度Hc的公式和使单个位错克服点阵阻力所需的临界磁场强度H'-p的公式。最后,以试验结果和理论推导为依据,建立了脉冲磁场处理在冲压模具的应用中需要遵循的原则。     

磁处理过程中磁致伸缩与残余应力关系的研究

提出通过测量磁处理过程中的磁致应变来反映磁场对残余应力作用规律的研究思路.通过TIG焊表面重熔和不同热处理规范加工初始应力水平不同的45钢试块,测量这些试块在相同低频间歇磁场作用下的磁致伸缩曲线,比较磁场作用前后残余应力的变化.试验结果表明,不同初始应力水平的试块在磁处理过程中表现出不同的磁致伸缩行为,而磁处理过程中磁致伸缩的相对变化与残余应力的相对变化具有良好的对应关系,通过磁致伸缩曲线可以判断出残余应力变化的大小及是否已趋于稳定.在试验现象的基础上,从能量微分方程建立的磁致伸缩应变量与应力水平间的对应关系,结果显示脉冲磁场作用下磁致伸缩幅值与主应力的乘积为常量,与试验值很吻合.     

脉冲磁处理金刚石结块的实验及磁场数值模拟

采用热压烧结方法制备金刚石结块,对金刚石结块进行脉冲磁处理。分别对经脉冲磁处理和未经磁处理的金刚石结块进行冲击韧性实验,检测经脉冲磁处理和未经磁处理的金刚石结块的冲击功,观察金刚石结块在冲击实验后的断口显微组织。对脉冲磁处理的磁场进行瞬态磁场数值模拟。实验结果表明,经脉冲磁处理后的金刚石结块冲击韧性平均提高35.4%,断口晶粒间隙明显减小。数值模拟结果说明,金刚石结块侧边缘磁场强度较大,磁场应力集中,周期变化的磁场应力会引发磁致振荡效应。实验和数值模拟结果表明,脉冲磁处理可以改善金刚石结块性能。     

磁脉冲改变残余应力方法中磁致振动所起作用

通过磁场改变材料的力学性能是一种新型处理材料的方式,其中公认的益处是通过磁处理可以减少材料的残余应力。通过测量发现,由于磁致振动所引起的应力应变状态始终处于弹性范围内变化,由此推断磁致振动难以成为应力大幅度变化的主要因素。又通过研究相应磁致振动所引起的残余应力变化规律,发现磁致振动的振幅与残余应力下降之间并不存在简单的单调对应关系,进一步支持了在磁致振动以外应有更为主要的决定因素影响残余应力变化的推论。     

脉冲磁处理对压缩机滑片残余应力的影响

利用钕铁硼永磁性磁钢设计制作的脉冲磁处理去应力试验装置对某厂所生产的压缩机滑片进行脉冲磁处理去应力试验,通过工件厚度尺寸变化量衡量残余应力去除效果。试验结果显示,试验工件厚度尺寸均发生不同程度变化,表明工件内部残余应力均得到一定程度的去除。     

静拉伸过程中焊接残余应力与裂纹磁记忆信号特征对比

针对Q345R钢焊接试件,通过拉伸加载,获取拉伸过程中磁记忆检测信号(磁场的法向分量、磁场变化梯度),比较分析了焊缝中有无裂纹时磁记忆信号的变化特征。试验结果表明,在加载之前,由于焊接残余应力的存在,该方法并不能判断焊缝中是否有裂纹,经拉伸加载,两类焊接件出现明显的残余应力消除过程,加载后有裂纹焊接件在弹性阶段出现局部变化,且存在于整个屈服阶段;在弹性阶段,无裂纹焊接件随载荷增加焊缝部位磁场梯度值逐渐减小,进入屈服阶段后才开始出现与有裂纹试件有相似特征的变化。     

Magnetostriction varieties and stress relief caused by pulsed magnetic field

Magnetostriction is investigated to evaluate the stress relief caused by pulsed magnetic field treatment, because this physical property is closely associated with residual stress. Magnetostriction of different stressed samples is measured in this paper. The stress variations caused by pulsed magnetic treatment are also compared. It is found that magnetostriction variations are closely associated with stress changes. Thermodynamic potential is used to find the relationship between them. Based on several assumptions, we find that the product of magnetostriction amplitude and stress magnitude is nearly a constant during magnetic field treatment, which is valuable for stress relief evaluation and optimizing processing parameters. This conclusion is testified by stress measurements, and the calculated values are in accordance with the experiment results.     

磁处理对低碳钢焊接残余应力作用规律的试验研究

采用正交试验设计的方法系统研究了磁处理对低碳钢焊接试样中残余应力分布的影响,应力测量选用小孔法在20钢焊接试样上进行,比较残余应力在处理前后的变化。试验中考虑三个因素,即磁场方向、磁场强度和处理时间对处理效果的影响。对残余应力的测量结果采用概率统计的方法进行检验,排除了试验误差的干扰,并从中抽取特征量进行正交试验的极差分析。试验和分析结果表明,磁场方向和处理时间是影响磁处理效果的关键因素,并可从中分析得到改变试样中应力分布的最佳处理条件。     

脉冲磁场处理对硬质合金钻针钻削性能的影响

为提高硬质合金钻针的钻削性能,利用脉冲磁场后处理技术,以0～2T的磁场强度对直径为0.5 mm的硬质合金钻针进行了后处理,对处理后的钻针在印刷电路板上进行了钻孔实验,并分别对钻针的磨损、钻孔质量、微观组织以及力学性能进行了表征。结果表明,在钻削4000和12000个孔后,经过处理后的钻针磨损均显著降低,其中当采用1T工艺时,钻针在钻削4 000个孔后,磨损面积减小了37.97%;而采用2T工艺时,钻针在钻削12 000个孔后,磨损面积减小了38%。经过处理后的钻针钻孔孔径较未处理的钻针波动范围减小,波动范围在0.47～0.5mm之间,而未处理钻针波动范围在0.44～0.49 mm之间,同时1.5T工艺可使孔壁粗糙度减小42%,有效提高孔壁光滑度。脉冲磁处理后钻针的纳米硬度和弹性模量分别提高了26%～116%和40%～312%,且硬度和弹性模量随着脉冲磁场强度的增大而增大。脉冲磁场诱导微观缺陷增殖是钻针钻削及力学性能的提升的主要原因。     

Multiphysics simulation on electromagnetic peening of predrilled holes

The areas around predrilled holes are highly stressed regions where cracks can easily form, which decreases the resistance of metal components to fatigue and causes serious problems in industry, such as aerospace, automobile, and ship building. In this paper, a novel method utilizing the effects of a strong pulsed electromagnetic field is introduced to effectively produce residual compressive stress into the surface of a predrilled hole. Basic principles of electromagnetic peening (EMP) are investigated using a multiphysics simulation approach. Simulations of EMP process on the surface of a work piece with predrilled blind hole are carried out by COMSOL Multiphysics 3.4. The distributions of stress and strain are presented and discussed, which demonstrate the feasibility of EMP on inducing compressive residual stress into the interior surface around a hole. In addition, the distribution of residual stress varies with various hole depth and work piece thickness is investigated. Finally, the influence of process parameters is also studied. The results of this work will help design process of strengthening 3D surfaces in metal components in manufacturing industry.     

基于力磁耦合型的管道电磁应力检测解析模型研究

针对管道应力检测和定量化研究,提出一种基于电磁检测原理的管道应力检测方法。本文以J-A模型为基础,采用分子电流理论建立了管道力磁耦合模型,结合非磁滞条件下铁磁材料磁化曲线,利用管道力磁耦合模型解析计算了磁化方向上外磁场和应力对管壁表面磁场的影响规律,并进行了系统性实验研究。研究结果表明,随应力强度的增加,磁化方向上管道电磁应力检测信号呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势(变化方向翻转),翻转点前后均呈线性关系,但磁场信号变化速率改变,磁力学敏感度发生变化;随着外磁场的增加,在磁化曲线处于磁饱和(磁场强度大于20 KA/m)时,应力对铁磁材料磁化强度影响较小,磁场强度约为5 000 A/m时,应力对磁化强度影响较为显著。     

脉冲磁场处理改善硬质合金与钛合金摩擦行为研究

为了改善硬质合金刀具切削加工钛合金的摩擦磨损性能，从而减少钛合金加工中浓缩乳化切削液的用量，利用脉冲磁场对WC-6Co硬质合金进行强化处理，在不同配比切削液润滑下研究磁场处理对WC-6Co/钛合金的摩擦行为的影响。结果表明：磁场处理大幅提高了WC-6Co/钛合金的摩擦性能，且随着浓缩乳化切削液与水配比的降低，摩擦因数明显降低；脉冲磁场处理后，WC-6Co硬质合金/钛合金摩擦后的表面得到强化，黏结相Co的脱落减少。磁场处理后硬质合金磨损性能的改善，是脉冲磁场作用下Co相磁致伸缩对硬质合金的强化效果以及硬质合金剩磁对切削液中油滴吸附的耦合结果。     

Using magnetic hysteresis for testing electroconductive objects in pulsed magnetic fields

The distributions of the electric voltage U(t) that is read from an induction magnetic head as it scans a discrete magnetic medium with residual magnetic field records that were obtained under the action of a pulsed magnetic field with different-polarity surges on a magnetic medium with a tested object are given. The onset of ordered distributions of the residual magnetic fields on the magnetic medium due to the sequential action on it by pulses of the magnetic field is called the hysteresis interference of a pulsed magnetic field (HI). The scheme of an experimental device for studying propagations of pulsed magnetic fields and methods of testing objects made of electroconductive and magnetic materials, which increase the accuracy of the determination of their specific conductivity σ, permeability μ, distribution uniformity of σ and μ, thickness, and parameters of continuous defects in them, are described.     

Numerical calculation and experimental research on crack arrest by detour effect and joule heating of high pulsed current in remanufacturing

The remanufacturing blanks with cracks were considered as irreparable. With utilization of detour effect and Joule heating of pulsed current, a technique to arrest the crack in martensitic stainless steel FV520B is developed. According to finite element theory, the finite element（FE） model of the cracked rectangular specimen is established firstly. Then, based on electro-thermo-structure coupled theory, the distributions of current density, temperature field, and stress field are calculated for the instant of energizing. Furthermore, the simulation results are verified by some corresponding experiments performed on high pulsed current discharge device of type HCPD-I. Morphology and microstructure around the crack tip before and after electro pulsing treatment are observed by optical microscope（OM） and scanning electron microscope（SEM）, and then the diameters of fusion zone and heat affected zone（HAZ） are measured in order to contrast with numerical calculation results. Element distribution, nano-indentation hardness and residual stress in the vicinity of the crack tip are surveyed by energy dispersive spectrometer（EDS）, scanning probe microscopy（SPM） and X-ray stress gauge, respectively. The results show that the obvious partition and refined grain around the crack tip can be observed due to the violent temperature change. The contents of carbon and oxygen in fusion zone and HAZ are higher than those in matrix, and however the hardness around the crack tip decreases. Large residual compressive stress is induced in the vicinity of the crack tip and it has the same order of magnitude for measured results and numerical calculation results that is 100 MPa. The relational curves between discharge energies and diameters of the fusion zone and HAZ are obtained by experiments. The difference of diameter of fusion zone between measured and calculated results is less than 18.3%. Numerical calculation is very useful to define the experimental parameters. An effective method to prevent further extensi