Transport performance of an 80-Gb/s WDM regional area transparentring network utilizing directly modulated lasers

The transport performance of a regional area wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transparent optical network is studied. We present excellent performance results (Q factors for all received signals greater than 10 with small power penalties) for a ring network based on application-optimized cost-effective optical layer components and fiber. The network consists of six network nodes, interconnected with 86.5-km spans of uncompensated negative dispersion fiber, resulting in a maximum transmission distance around the ring of 519 km, and it supports 32 directly modulated channels operating at 2.5 Gb/s (80-Gb/s network capacity). The novel design of the network nodes ensures great flexibility in terms of scalability and transparency, as well as great performance. To our knowledge, the capacity-length product of this transparent network, using cost-effective directly modulated lasers (DMLs) and no dispersion compensation, is the highest ever reported     

A Novel Direct Detection Microwave Photonic Vector Modulation Scheme for Radio-Over-Fiber System

This letter demonstrates the feasibility of a novel direct detection microwave photonic vector modulation scheme for the radio-over-fiber (RoF) system. Unlike the traditional double-sideband with optical carrier suppression modulation scheme, which can carry only the on-off keying data format, the proposed scheme encodes the electrical vector signal on either the upper sideband (USB) or the lower sideband (LSB) only and a pure optical subcarrier on the other sideband. Therefore, phase and amplitude information will be preserved after direct detection. A frequency doubling scheme is employed to reduce the cost of RoF systems. Additionally, the relative intensity between USB and LSB can be easily tuned by adjusting the individual power of electrical driving signals to optimize the performance of the optical radio-frequency signals. A proof-of-concept experiment is conducted by using a 1.25 Gb/s BPSK signal at a carrier frequency of 20 GHz. After transmission over 50-km single-mode fiber, the receiver sensitivity penalty is less than 0.5 dB.     

30-gb/s signal transmission over 40-km directly modulated DFB-laser-based single-mode-fiber links without optical amplification and dispersion compensation

Based on a recently proposed novel optical-signal-modulation technique of adaptively modulated optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (AMOOFDM), numerical simulations of the transmission performance of AMOOFDM signals are undertaken in directly modulated DFB laser (DML)-based single-mode-fiber (SMF) links without optical amplification and dispersion compensation. It is shown that a 30-Gb/s transmission over a 40-km SMF with a loss margin of greater than 4.5 dB is feasible in the aforementioned simple configuration using intensity modulation and direct detection (IMDD). In addition, the DFB-laser frequency chirp and the transmission-link loss are identified to be the key factors limiting the maximum achievable transmission performance of the technique. The first factor is dominant for transmission distances of < 80 km and the second one for transmission distances of > 80 km. It is also observed that fibers of different types demonstrate similar transmission performances, on which fiber nonlinear effects are negligible.     

Centralized Lightwave WDM-PON Employing 16-QAM Intensity Modulated OFDM Downstream and OOK Modulated Upstream Signals

We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated a novel architecture for orthogonal frequency-division- multiplexing (OFDM) wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical network with centralized lightwave. In this architecture, 16 quadrature amplitude modulation intensity-modulated OFDM signals at 10 Gb/s are utilized for downstream transmission. A wavelength-reuse scheme is employed to carry the upstream data to reduce the cost at optical network unit. By using one intensity modulator, the downstream signal is remodulated for upstream on–off keying (OOK) data at 2.5 Gb/s based on its return-to-zero shape waveform. We have also studied the fading effect caused by double-sideband (DSB) downstream signals. Measurement results show that 2.5-dB power penalty is caused by the fading effect. The fading effect can be removed when the DSB OFDM downstream signals are converted to single sideband (SSB) after vestigial filtering. The power penalty is negligible for both SSB OFDM downstream and the remodulated OOK upstream signals after over 25-km standard single-mode-fiber transmission.      

Transmission performance of chirp-controlled signal by usingsemiconductor optical amplifier

We examine the fiber transmission performance of the optical signal whose chirp is controlled by utilizing phase modulation in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with both simulations and experiments. This chirp control technique converts a positive chirp created by electroabsorption (EA) modulator into negative chirp, which reduces the waveform degradation due to the chromatic dispersion in transmission over standard single-mode fiber (SMF). It also provides an optical gain that is sufficient to compensate the insertion loss of the EA modulator. We investigate how the chirp control is affected by the input power to the SOA and the carrier lifetime of the SOA. As the SOA input power increases, the negative chirp becomes large, while the waveform is largely distorted due to gain saturation. However, the waveform distortion at high SOA input powers can be shaped by using a frequency discriminator. The acceleration of the carrier lifetime also reduces the waveform distortion due to gain saturation. We demonstrate that the chirp control technique is effective even for a high bit rate optical signal up to 10 Gb/s, when the carrier lifetime is expedited by optical pumping     

Cost-effective up to 40 Gb/s transmission performance of 1310 nm directly Modulated lasers for short- to medium-range distances

This paper presents successful 20 and 40 Gb/s potentially low-cost transmission experiments using 1310 nm directly modulated distributed feedback lasers (DMLs) in the very-short- to medium-range distances. This paper will recommend operating conditions for error-free transmission at these bit rates and distances. Pattern dependencies are identified. General characteristics of direct laser modulation are confirmed by dedicated simulation software and experiments. Unknown laser parameters needed to solve the rate equations are estimated by a given method based on measured and calculated small- and large-signal DML responses.     

All-Optical Envelope Detection and Fiber Transmission of Wireless Signals by External Injection of a DFB Laser

We outline a novel method for all-optical envelope detection of wireless signals by exploiting cross-gain modulation effects in a distributed feedback laser operating with optical injection. We successfully demonstrate envelope detection of a 20-GHz carrier amplitude-shift-keying modulated signal at 2.5 Gb/s and its transmission over a 70-km optical fiber link. We present results including bit-error-rate measurements, signal waveforms, and receiver sensitivity penalties associated with envelope detection and fiber transmission.     

Demultiplexing using an arrayed-waveguide grating for frequency-interleaved DWDM millimeter-wave radio-on-fiber systems

The frequency-interleaved dense- wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radio-on-fiber is an indispensable technique to improve the optical spectrum efficiency. We propose possible configurations of multiplexing and demultiplexing (DEMUX) schemes using an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) with two input and N output waveguides (N: total channel number). In this paper, we focus on the DEMUX scheme and experimentally demonstrate the DEMUX scheme using a commercially available AWG. In the experiment, 25-GHz-separated two-channel optical double sideband signals modulated by a 60-GHz millimeter-wave carrying a 156-Mb/s data are optically multiplexed by the frequency interleaving. The power penalty after DEMUX, which was due to interchannel interference, was less than 0.5 dB. We also made a transmission experiment over 25-km standard single-mode fiber (SMF). No noticeable power penalty in the received data due to chromatic dispersion of the transmission fiber was observed. This is because only the carrier and a sideband are detected in the proposed DEMUX scheme.     

基于非零色散位移光纤的4×10 Gb/s CWDM系统优化

利用光通信系统设计平台,研究了一种基于直接调制激光器和非零色散位移光纤(NZDSF)的高速粗波分复用(CWDM)系统的优化方案.通过软件的参数优化和扫描计算等独有功能,着重分析了光纤色散对高速直接调制信号的影响,比较并证实了NZDSF的CWDM升级方案的可行性.研究发现,负色散系数的光纤与光脉冲啁啾相互作用能更好地改善传输质量.     

Beyond the 100 Gbaud directly modulated laser for short reach applications

It is very attractive to apply a directly modulated laser(DML)-based intensity-modulation and direct-detection(IM/DD)system in future data centers and 5G fronthaul networks due to the advantages of low cost,low system complexity,and high energy efficiency,which perfectly match the application scenarios of the data centers and 5G fronthaul networks,in which a large number of high-speed optical interconnections are needed.However,as the data traffic in the data centers and 5G fronthaul networks continues to grow exponentially,the future requirements for data rates beyond 100 Gbaud are challenging the existing DML-based IM/DD system,and the main bottleneck is the modulation bandwidth of the DML.In this paper,the data rate demands and technical standards of the data centers and 5G fronthaul networks are reviewed in detail.With the modulation bandwidth requirements,the technical routes and achievements of recent DMLs are reviewed and discussed.In this way,the prospects,challenges,and future development of DMLs in the applications of future data centers and 5G fronthaul networks are comprehensively explored.     

Fiber Dispersion Influence on Transmission of the Optical Millimeter-Waves Generated Using LN-MZM Intensity Modulation

We have theoretically investigated the transmission performance of the optical millimeter-waves (mm-waves) generated using intensity modulation via a Mach-Zehnder modulator, with the double and single sidebands (DSB and SSB) and optical carrier suppression (OCS) schemes. According to our theoretical analysis, fiber chromatic dispersion leads to fading effect and time shifting of the codes; therefore, signals are greatly degraded. Of all signals, DSB optical mm-wave suffers from both the fading effect and the time shifting of the codes. However, the optical mm-waves generated by SSB and OCS schemes are immune to the fading effect, while the time shifting of the codes limits their transmission distance. Experimental and simulation results confirm the theoretical analysis.     

Enhanced performance of WDM systems using directly modulated lasers on positive dispersion fibers

Cost-effective directly modulated distributed feedback lasers (DML) have attracted much attention recently for operation at the 1.55 μm wavelength band applications in metropolitan area networks. In this paper, we show by simulation that the effect of directly modulated laser chirp can be compensated by a negative dispersion fiber, but this only occurs in a specific range of DML output power, and that a pulse broadened by the positive dispersion fiber can be equalized using self-phase-modulation (SPM) in optical fiber. The majority of metro and access networks are made up of conventional single-mode fibers (SMF) which are positive dispersion fibers. We demonstrated that optimum compensation is always feasible for such fibers, since the magnitude of the SPM can be controlled by changing the optical power in the fiber. Furthermore, simulation suggests that this technique will enable directly modulated wavelength division multiplexed systems to enhance their performance if the power of each channel is appropriate.     

Fiber-optic millimeter-wave downlink system using 60 GHz-bandexternal modulation

In this paper, a fiber-optic millimeter-wave (mm-wave) downlink system using 60 GHz-band external modulation is investigated. We prepare the fiber-optic 60 GHz-band mm-wave downlink testbed. It consists of an optical modulation section with a mm-wave signal generator, an optical single sideband (SSB) filter, a standard single-mode fiber (SMF), an optical detection section with a 60 GHz-band radio transmitter and a 60 GHz-band radio receiver. To modulate the laser output with 60 GHz-band mm-wave signals directly, a specially designed electro-absorption modulator with high-efficiency at around 60 GHz is used. The use of this modulator makes the simpler system configuration possible. Using the downlink testbed, the 5 m-long free-space propagation of subcarrier multiplexed 156 Mb/s-DPSK 60 GHz-band mm-wave signals recovered by optical direct detection is successfully demonstrated. The transmission of the mm-wave signals over 85 km-long standard SMF is also successfully demonstrated, using an optical SSB filtering technique to overcome the fiber dispersion. The BER of 10^-9 is achievable at the optical received power of -7.0 dBm     

Optical Single Sideband Modulation Using Strong Optical Injection-Locked Semiconductor Lasers

We report on the experimental demonstration of optical single sideband (SSB) modulation using a directly modulated semiconductor laser under strong optical injection-locking. Modulation sidebands with 15-dB power ratio between the lower and upper sidebands have been achieved. The longer wavelength sideband is resonantly amplified by the injection-locked laser cavity mode. The radio-frequency performance of the optical SSB after 80-km fiber transmission is significantly improved compared with a typical symmetric sideband modulation of a free-running laser. A 622-Mb/s data transmission on a 20-GHz subcarrier is demonstrated over an 80-km fiber link.     

Coherent Optical OFDM Transmission Up to 1 Tb/s per Channel

Coherent optical frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) is one of the promising pathways toward future ultrahigh capacity transparent optical networks. In this paper, numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the feasibility of 1 Tb/s per channel CO-OFDM transmission. We find that, for 1 Tb/s CO-OFDM signal, the performance difference between single channel and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission is small. The maximum Q is 13.8 and 13.2 dB respectively for single channel and WDM transmission. We also investigate the CO-OFDM performance on the upgrade of 10-Gb/s to 100-Gb/s based DWDM systems with 50-GHz channel spacing to 100-Gb/s systems. It is shown that due to the high spectral efficiency and resilience to dispersion, for 100-Gb/s CO-OFDM signals, only 1.3 dB Q penalty is observed for 10 GHz laser frequency detuning. A comparison of CO-OFDM system performance under different data rate of 10.7 Gb/s, 42.8 Gb/s, 107 Gb/s and 1.07 Tb/s with and without the impact of dispersion compensation fiber is also presented. We find that the optimum fiber launch power increases almost linearly with the increase of data rate. 7 dB optimum launch power difference is observed between 107 Gb/s and 1.07 Tb/s CO-OFDM systems.      

Performance evaluation of optical OFDM in direct detected systems based on MZM bias and drive voltages

The impact of DC bias and the RF drive voltage of the dual electrode Mach Zehnder Modulator (DE-MZM) on the transmission performance of optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) direct detected systems is analyzed theoretically and verified by simulation. Selection of optimum bias and drive voltage is necessary to minimize the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) requirements and the non-linear distortions in the fiber transmission. In this paper, we compare MZM modulation techniques such as double sideband full carrier and single sideband (SSB) [biased at quadrature and minimum power transmission (MPT) point] with a novel modified SSB OFDM technique. To the best of our knowledge for the first time, a mathematical model for above modified SSB technique is developed to evaluate the OSNR requirement, chromatic dispersion of the fiber, spectral efficiency and the receiver sensitivity against other modulation techniques. Our results show that the modified SSB technique provides high spectral efficiency, receiver sensitivity and low chromatic dispersion against other the modulation techniques, while the one biased at MPT minimizes the OSNR requirements.     

基于雪崩二极管的光正交频分复用系统接收机

提出了一个完整的高灵敏度光正交频分复用(OOFDM)系统,以实现高速长距离传输。实验中,将10Gbit/s的4QAM调制OOFDM信号在光纤中传输了50km,直接探测后得到的星座图和误码率都达到了良好的效果。在此基础上,对比了采用雪崩二极管(APD)和传统的光电二极管(PIN)两种不同的探测方式,结果发现,使用APD探测使得OOFDM系统接收的灵敏度提升了5.2dB。     

Transmission performance of all-optical domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals due to fiber nonlinearities for long-reach PON applications

This study examined the performance of 110 Gb/s all-optical domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AO-OFDM) signal transmission systems using optical multi-carrier generation and optical 2-subcarrier modulation under the effects of chromatic dispersion and fiber nonlinearity. The numerical simulation results showed that the performance degradation of AO-OFDM signals lies in the inter-carrier interference between the subcarrier signals generated from the fiber nonlinearities. The numerical simulation showed that the calculated BER of the AO-OFDM channels has some power penalties at 10^?9 BER for the fiber chromatic dispersion effect. The calculated receiver sensitivity at 10^?9 BER showed additional degradation at the central subcarrier channel by applying a fiber launching power of 12 dBm after transmission over a 100 km standard single-mode fiber (SMF) link. The simulation results are expected to be useful for multi-service systems employing AO-OFDM technology in the future long-reach passive optical network (PON) applications.     

Ka 波段宽带单边带调制器集成电路的设计

基于相移法实现SSB(单边带)调制器理论,设计制造了一种Ka 波段宽带SSB 调制器集成电路。对相移法产生单边带调制信号的原理进行了分析,利用无源电路的3D 电磁仿真分析和ADS 整体电路非线性仿真相结合的方法对调制器进行了优化。设计制造的90°相移电桥网络和同相合成器满足了产生Ka 波段SSB 信号的幅相要求,同时给出了测试结果。调制器在30 ~36GHz 频带内插入损耗臆14dB;载波和对称边带抑制逸15dB;其它边带抑制逸13dB;输入1dB 压缩功率38dBm;外形尺寸18mm×6mm。这种相移法单边带调制器不需要带通滤波器,具有电路简单,载波抑制比高,对相位误差要求不高的优点。     

A Novel Scheme for Seamless Integration of ROF With Centralized Lightwave OFDM-WDM-PON System

We have experimentally demonstrated a novel transmission system for seamless integration of ROF with centralized lightwave OFDM-WDM-PON based on an integrated external modulator. At the one of two arms of the integrated external modulator, the optical carrier suppression (OCS) is realized to generate 40–GHz optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and up-converted baseband data signal as wireless signal. In another arm of the integrated external modulator, 16 quadrature amplitude modulation intensity-modulated OFDM signals at 10 Gbit/s are used for downstream transmission as wired signal based on double sideband modulation. By using one intensity modulator (IM), the downstream RF OFDM signal is remodulated for upstream on–off keying (OOK) data at 2.5 Gbit/s because of its downstream RZ shape waveform. The 10-Gbit/s wired signal, 2.5-Gbit/s wireless signal, and 2.5-Gbit/s upstream signal have been transmitted over 20-km single mode fiber (SMF) successfully.