History-dependent selection of primary cellular/dendritic spacing during unidirectional solidification in aluminum alloys

History-dependent selection of primary cellular/dendritic spacing is investigated systematically during unidirectional solidification of a series of aluminum alloys. A single crystal is formed in the sample before each experimental run, so that the influence of grain boundary on the primary spacing is avoided. The experimental results are compared with those of the two-dimensional crystal growth in the same alloy system and transparent model alloys. It is found that the primary cellular/dendritic spacing is remarkably history dependent. The average primary spacing is dependent not only on the current growth conditions, but also remarkably on the way those conditions were achieved. There exists a wide allowable range of primary spacings for a given growth condition. Experimental results are also compared with the Hunt–Lu model, which shows excellent fit between them, especially on the selection of cellular spacing. By comparing the three-dimensional experiments with the two-dimensional ones, it is also found that the allowable range of the primary spacing for the three-dimensional growth is wider than that for the two-dimensional growth.     

定向凝固NiAl-9Mo共晶合金的凝固组织特性

采用液态金属冷却法在恒定温度梯度GL=334 K/cm,大生长速率范围内（2~300μm/s）对Ni-45.5Al-9Mo （摩尔分数,%）共晶合金进行定向凝固制备。研究生长速率（v）对纤维间距（λ）、纤维直径（d）和纤维体积分数的影响。在实验中发现平界面和胞界面两类共晶生长界面。在平界面和胞界面组织中,生长速率（v）与纤维间距（λ）和纤维直径（d）的关系经回归分析分别为：λv1/2=5.90μm·μm1/2·s1/2和 dv1/2=2.18μm·μm1/2·s1/2。Mo纤维的体积分数可在一定的范围内随生长速率进行调整,这是由生长过程中界面前沿过冷度的增加及共晶组织中各组成相的生长特性引起的。     

熔体热稳定处理对定向凝固Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si合金组织和性能的影响(英文)

通过改变定向凝固前的保温时间,研究热稳定处理对定向凝固Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si(摩尔分数,%)合金组织和性能的影响。在稳定的温度梯度下(G=20K/mm),定向凝固启动前试样分别保温5、15、30、45和60min,然后试样以恒定的速度(v=30μm/s)进行定向凝固实验。测量定向凝固组织的一次枝晶间距(λ1)、二次枝晶间距(λ2)、层片间距(λL)和显微硬度(HV),并分析这些参数与热稳定处理时间(t)的关系。λ1、λ2和λL的值随着t的延长而增大,而HV则随着t的延长而减小。在定向凝固启动前,延长热稳定时间有助于获得良好的定向凝固组织,然而,过长的保温时间则会降低合金的力学性能。因此,需要优化定向凝固前的热稳定处理时间。根据实验结果,在当前实验条件下,定向凝固前热稳定处理时间选择30min,既能够获得良好的定向凝固组织,又能保持合金较高的力学性能。     

控制参数对Al—Al3Ni共晶合金间距的影响

在不同温度梯度及生长速度下测量了Ａｌ－Ａｌ３Ｎｉ共晶合金间距选择范围。实验结果表明,在一定生长速度下,共晶间距存在一容许范围。其宽度随生长速度的增加减小,在某一温梯度下,共晶间距与生长速度的关系满足λ＾ｎｕ＝常数ｎ＝１．７－２．０）的关系,温度梯度增加,其最大,最小及平均间距离略有减小。同时,Ａｌ－Ａｌ３Ｎｉ合金的间距选择范围与初始生长速度无关。     

Solidification microstructures in a short fiber reinforced alloy composite containing different fiber fractions

Al2O3 short fiber reinforced aluminium alloy has a lot ofsuperior properties, including low weight, low thermalexpansioncoefficient,highstrength-to-weightandstiffness-to-weight ratio, high-temperature resistance, high corrosionresistance and so on. All these excellent propertiespromise the material a good application perspective in theaerospace automotive, and mechanical engineering areas.Despite the widespread application of the material,however, there have, as yet, been few reports available…     

Ti-Al合金定向凝固过程中胞/枝晶间距选择的计算机模拟

利用溶质扩散控制模型对Ti-Al合金定向凝固初始阶段变速冷却过程中胞/枝晶转变过程进行了数值模拟。在给定的冷却速率下,枝晶臂间距大于胞晶臂间距,而在过渡区,枝晶间距达到最大。另外,模拟结果也显示,晶核数量对柱状晶间距产生影响,随着植入晶核数量的增加,柱状晶间距非均匀化程度明显减小。出现过渡区的原因与枝晶生长所引起固/液界面前沿成分波动有关。模拟与试验结果吻合较好。     

A model of solidification microstructures in nickel-based superalloys: predicting primary dendrite spacing selection

A combined cellular automaton-finite difference (CA-FD) model has been developed to simulate solute diffusion controlled solidification of binary alloys. Constitutional and curvature undercooling were both solved to determine the growth velocity of the solid/liquid interface. A modified decentered square/octahedron (in two or three dimensions) growth technique was implemented in the cellular automaton to account for the effect of crystallographic anisotropy. The resulting model is capable of simulating the growth of equiaxed and columnar dendritic grains in 2D and 3D, with the <100> directions either aligned or inclined with the grid. The algorithm used can also be used on coarser grids, with a concomitant loss in resolution, allowing simulation of sufficiently large numbers of dendrites in 3D to investigate the distribution of spacings, as well as average behavior.Simulations were performed for directional solidification with a range of withdrawal velocities and nucleation conditions, but a constant thermal gradient. The simulations capture the full microstructural development and primary spacing selection by both branching and overgrowth mechanisms. The model illustrates that there is a range of possible stable spacings, and that the final spacing is history dependent. It was also found that a minimum deviation from the steady state dendrite spacing is required before the spacing adjustment mechanisms are activated. The influence of perturbing the withdrawal velocity upon the stability of the spacing was also investigated. It was found that perturbations significantly reduce the range of stable primary dendrite spacing.     

Multi-scale coupling simulation in directional solidification of superalloy based on cellular automaton-finite difference method

Casting microstructure evolution is difficult to describe quantitatively by only a separate simulation of dendrite scale or grain scale, and the numerical simulation of these two scales is difficult to render compatible. A three-dimensional cellular automaton model couplling both dendritic scale and grain scale is developed to simulate the microstructure evolution of the nickel-based single crystal superalloy DD406. Besides, a macro–mesoscopic/microscopic coupling solution algorithm is proposed to improve computational efficiency. The simulation results of dendrite growth and grain growth of the alloy are obtained and compared with the results given in previous reports. The results show that the primary dendritic arm spacing and secondary dendritic arm spacing of the dendritic growth are consistent with the theoretical and experimental results. The mesoscopic grain simulation can be used to obtain results similar to those of microscopic dendrites simulation. It is indicated that the developed model is feasible and effective.     

STRUCTUREAND PROPERTY OF DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED EUTECTIC Bi/MnBi ALLOY

Eutectic Bi/MnBi magnetic alloy was prepared by directional solidification.When thegrowth rate,R>2 cm/h,the MnBi fibre spacing,λ,distributed homogeneously inBi matrix,follows λ~2R=constant.The thermal gradient.G_L,does not influenceλ.The magnetic property,B_r of Bi/MnBi alloy decreases with the increase of R andincreases with the increase of G_L.     

Influence of directional solidification variables on primary dendrite arm spacing of Ni-based superalloy DZ125

The primary dendrite morphology and spacing of DZ125 superalloy have been observed during directional solidification under high thermal gradient about 500 K/cm. The results reveal that the primary dendrite arm spacing decreases from 94 μm to 35.8 μm with the increase of directional solidification cooling rate from 2.525 K/s to 36.4 K/s. The regression equation of the primary dendrite arm spacings λ1 versus cooling rate is λ1=0.013(GV)-0.32. The predictions of Kurz/Fisher model and Hunt/Lu model accord reasonably well with the experimental data. The influence of directional solidification rate under variable thermal gradient on the primary dendrite arm spacing has also been investigated.     

Al—4.5Cu单晶定向凝固一次枝晶间距研究

采用Ａｌ－４．５Ｃｕ单晶进行台阶变速定向凝固实验，考察了金属合金中一次枝晶间距随凝固生长速度变化的动态响应规律，结果表明，对于确定的凝固控制参数，稳态一次枝晶间距选择一个较宽的容许分布范围，同时，平均一次间距的选择也是凝固系统所经历的历史显著地相关，实验结果很好支持了Ｈｕｎｔ－Ｌｕｅ提出了枝晶生长一次间距的下限模型。     

Numerical simulaton of cellular/dendritic transition and its growth during unidirectional solidificationin of Ti–Al alloy

采用基于溶质扩散控制模型CA方法对Ti44Al合金定向凝固初始阶段变速冷却过程中胞/枝晶转变过程进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明,在胞/枝转变过程中,存在胞-枝混合生长区,在一些胞晶相邻面无二次枝晶生长.在给定的冷却速率下,枝晶臂间距大于胞晶臂间距;而在过渡区,枝晶间距达到最大.另外,晶核数量对柱状晶间距产生影响,随着植入晶核数量的增加,柱状晶间距非均匀化程度明显减小.出现过渡区的原因与枝晶生长所引起固/液界面前沿成分波动有关.模拟与实验结果吻合较好.     

Interlamellar spacing and average interface undercooling of irregular eutectic in steady-state growth

The average lamellar spacing and interface undercooling in steady-state irregular eutectic growth were estimated based on the Jackson and Hunt＇s analysis by relaxing the isothermal interface assumption. At low growth rates, the average lamellar spacing and average interface undercooling are dependent only on the characteristic thermo-physical properties of a binary eutectic system. For a general Al-Si eutectic, it is found that the eutectic characteristic length based on the present non-isothermal analysis is consistent with that obtained from isothermal analysis; however, the average interface undercooling is remarkably different between them, and such discrepancy in average interface undercooling increases with increasing of growth rate. The measured interface undercooling obtained from literature is reasonably interpreted by present non-isothermal analysis.     

WC-Co硬质合金的强度

对两相 WC- Co硬质合金的研究表明 ,并非由钴含量 XCo而是由碳含量 XC 所决定的 相成分 (钨和碳在 相中的浓度 )才是制约 WC在 相中溶解—析出过程的决定性因素 ,因而也是影响 WC- Co合金 WC平均晶粒尺寸 LWC的重要因素。求得了相应于最大抗弯强度 σTRSmax的 LWC～ XCo反比关系式和最佳 相平均自由程 λ。 的取值范围。提出了在 相质量分数 X 增大引起 λ。 增大的情况下 λ 对应的合金结构由连续的 WC骨架向连续的 相网络的过渡的概念 ,从而较合理地解释了σTRSmax～λ 双支线关系和粗、细晶合金的σTRS～ XC关系。两相 WC- Co合金的强度取决于合金的钴含量、碳含量和WC平均晶粒尺寸并归因于 相平均自由程和 相中钨和碳固溶度的影响。在σTRS～λ 左支线范围内合金的断裂韧性 KIC同σTRS呈线性关系。在求得显微结构参数、成分和强度同磁性、密度和硬度的定量关系的基础上提出了无损鉴定两相 WC- Co硬质合金的结构、成分和强度的原理。     

单相合金定向凝固的特征尺度和过冷度研究

采用透明合金丁二腈（SCN）-1．48％水杨酸苯酯（Salol）（质量分数）进行恒速定向凝固实验,考察了一次间距、尖端半径和尖端温度随凝固生长速度变化的规律．通过考察平界面失稳孕育时间和失稳时界面速度的关系,获得了平界面失稳的临界速度．实验发现,随着生长速度的增大,一次间距先减小到一个极小值然后又增大到一个极大值,随后逐渐下降,呈现S形的变化趋势,并且在从极小值增大到极大值区间发生了胞／枝转变．将实验结果与经典的BHL模型以及自洽数值模型进行了比较,发现BHL模型所预言的尖端温度与实验结果存在较大偏差,而所有实验结果与自洽模型吻合较好．     

Prediction of Primary Dendrite Arm Spacing in Pulsed Laser Surface Melted Single Crystal Superalloy

Primary dendritic arm spacing(PDAS) is an important microstructure feature of the nickel-base single crystal superalloys.In this paper,a numerical model predicting the PDAS evolution with additive manufacturing parameters using pulsed laser is established,which combines the theoretical PDAS models with the temperature field calculation model during pulsed laser process.Based on this model,processing maps that related process parameters to the evolution of PDAS are generated.To obtain more accurate prediction model,the parameters of different solidification conditions,■ and ■,are selected to calculate PDAS.The simulation results show that the PDAS increases as the arise of P and t.The processmgPDAS map can accurately predict the evolution of PDAS with pulsed laser process parameters,which is well in accordance with the experimental results.Additionally,the PDAS values calculated by the ■ are more in line with the experimental results than those calculated by the ■.     

直接能量沉积Ti-XV-15Cr(X=20,25,30,35)合金的组织和阻燃性能

使用直接能量沉积技术,以纯Ti、纯V和纯Cr粉末为原料制备一系列Ti-YV-15Cr(X=20,25,30,35)合金.研究了V含量对Ti-XV-15Cr合金的晶粒形貌、显微硬度、弹性模量及阻燃性能的影响.结果表明,Ti-20V-15Cr、Ti-25V-15Cr和Ti-30V-15Cr合金的显微组织由外延生长的柱状晶和...     

Effect of sample diameter on primary dendrite spacing of directionally solidified Al-4%Cu alloy

The relationship between primary dendrite arm spacing and sample diameter was studied during directional solidification for Al-4%Cu (mass fraction) alloy. It is shown that primary dendrite spacing is decreased with the decrease of the sample diameter at given growth rate. By regressing the relationship between primary dendrite arm spacing and the growth rate, the primary dendrite arm spacing complies with 461.76v-0.53, 417.92v-0.28 and 415.83v-0.25 for the sample diameter of 1.8, 3.5 and 7.2 mm, respectively. The primary dendrite spacing, growth rate and thermal gradient for different sample diameters comply with 28.77v-0.35G-0.70, 23.17v-0.35G-0.70 and 23.84v-0.35G-0.70, respectively. They are all consistent with the theoretical model , and b1/a1=2. By analyzing the experimental results with classical models, it is shown that KURZ-FISHER model fits for the primary dendrite spacing in smaller sample diameters with weaker thermosolute convection. Whereas TRIVEDI model is suitable for describing primary dendrite arm spacing with a larger diameter (d＞2 mm) where convection should be considered.     

抽拉速率对螺旋选晶器选晶行为和晶体取向演变的影响

采用宏观-微观耦合的元胞自动机（CAFE）方法,研究了不同抽拉速率对螺旋选晶器的选晶行为和晶体取向演变的影响,并通过实验对仿真结果进行了验证。结果表明：在相同的抽拉速率下,随着与激冷面距离的增大,枝晶数目逐渐减少,一次枝晶臂间距逐渐增大。随着抽拉速度由2 mm/min增加到8 mm/min,一次枝晶臂间距逐渐减小,枝晶茎数增加,枝晶间距逐渐减小,枝晶组织逐渐细化。在模拟过程中,在螺旋选择器启动块的3种抽拉速率下,固态组织的数量、面积和颜色都是相似的;在螺旋部分,在5 mm/min提取速率下晶体的微结构数量比其他2个提取速率下的少,并且面积更大,颜色更浅。从选晶器的晶粒组织演变和金相组织分析结果可以得出,中等抽拉速率（5 mm/min）下选晶器的选晶效率优于其他2种抽拉速率。     

Solidification and segregation behaviors in 6061 aluminum alloy

The characteristics of a solid/liquid interface established during directional solidification were investigated in a 6061 aluminum alloy (Al6061 alloy) in which interface patterns, such as planar, cellular and dendritic, form in the mushy zone. Directional solidification experiments were carried out in alumina tubes with an inner diameter of 5 mm to obtain the different microstructures for varying growth rates under an imposed thermal gradient of 9.45 K/mm. As a consequence, primary arm spacing, secondary arm spacing and the length of primary arm were measured for steady-state growth conditions. Furthermore, the solute concentration profiles for the final solidification region were obtained using a SEM-EDS system in order to examine the segregation behaviors of alloying elements. Therefore, it was found that the degree of segregation in the Al6061 alloy was dependent on the growth rate under given solidification conditions, that is, the elemental segregation became more severe with increasing growth rate in the interdendritic region.