安宁市计划烧除点烧区域遴选研究

选取地形、植被类型和居民点为影响因子,运用软件ArcGIS 10.3 对安宁市进行火险等级区域划分;并基于火险等级,结合河流、道路和灭火力量距离展开安宁市计划烧除点烧区域遴选研究。研究表明：安宁市火险等级Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ区域面积分别占安宁市总面积的41.75％、3.6％、19.66％、4.53％、31.46％,高火险等级以上区域所占比重较大,是极容易发生森林火灾的地区;低火险等级以下区域主要分布在河流分布区域、难燃树种分布区域、居民点稀疏区域,集中于安宁市北部;高火险等级以上区域主要集中于易燃树种、海拔低于2 000 m 以及人口密集的区域,集中于安宁市南部;安宁市计划烧除点烧序列等级Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ区域面积分别占安宁市总面积的31.46％ 、4.53％ 、19.66％ 、3.6％、41.75％;优先点烧南部区域,其次点烧西北区域,再次为东部区域,最后点烧其他低火险区域。研究结果为我国西南林区森林防火、计划烧除工作提供技术性支持。     

城乡结合部建筑火灾事故的调查及防范

随着城市化进程的加快,外来务工人员的逐年增多,城市城郊结合部涌现出了大批出租屋。因其租赁性质、安全管理情况复杂,火灾亡人事故时有发生,成为消防管理的一大难题。笔者就城乡结合部一起出租屋火灾事故进行了阐述,从火灾调查认定的方法入手,对火灾的发生进行了分析和推理,最终认定其发生的原因。并提出了减少出租屋火灾发生的预防对策,以供参考。     

Thermal comfort implications of urbanization in a warm-humid city: the Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR), Sri Lanka

In this paper we analyze the historic trends in thermal comfort (measured in terms of Temperature–Humidity Index [THI] and Relative Strain Index [RSI]) in the Sri Lankan primate city of Colombo and correlate them with land cover changes in the region. Land cover is calculated form time-series aerial photographs in terms of “hard” cover (buildings, paved areas and roads) and “soft” cover (trees, green areas and waterbodies). The period selected for analysis includes pre-rapid (up to 1977) and rapid urban phases (1978 onwards) in the city. Contemporary Sri Lanka's urbanization is peculiar in that mid to late 20th century urban rates (approx. 22% of the population) had remained virtually unchanged till the economy was liberalized in 1977, but have recently intensified (currently at about 35%). This offers a unique window of opportunity to look at the thermal comfort transition consequent to urbanization. Since many tropical cities are at a similar stage of demographic transition, lessons from Colombo may generally be applicable to other tropical developing cities as well.

An increasing trend in thermal discomfort—particularly at night—is seen especially at the suburban station and it correlates well with hard land cover changes. The study also brings out the relative importance of land cover in city center vs. rural areas (e.g. hard cover has more effect on thermal discomfort in city center than in rural areas). Based on these findings, we postulate an outline for a climate-sensitive urban design policy for tropical cities.     

Exploring urban-rural disparity of the multiple deprivation index in Guangzhou City from 2000 to 2010

Both scholars and policy makers have noted the growing issue of poverty and deprivation during China's rapid urbanization. Often previous studies examine the spatial distribution of deprivation in inner cities and suburban areas, but fail to assess the whole region. Moreover, the cross-sectional nature of these studies is unable to discover its changes over time. This research aims to evaluate multiple deprivation in the administrative area of Guangzhou and its evolution from 2000 to 2010. Using the Fifth and Sixth Censuses, this study is based on 2643 neighborhood committees and 167 sub-districts (or towns) of inner city, suburban areas, and outer areas of Guangzhou. During the decade, there was persistent multiple deprivation in some areas of the inner city. The deprivation improved in suburban areas, but urban villages experienced deteriorating deprivation. Although urban-rural disparity became smaller in the outer areas, there were still some worst-hit neighborhoods. The evolution of multiple deprivation is collectively affected by institutional factors (including the dichotomous urban-rural system, economic restructure, and housing reform), and market factors (such as, market-selected urban regeneration, economic growth and individual residential mobility. This study helps governments to establish anti-poverty polices based on the characteristics of different areas and offers guidelines for urban regeneration planning in the inner city and rural planning of the outer areas.     

Don't Waste Your Time in the Countryside

With the countryside becoming ever more sparsely populated as fewer people are needed to keep rural enterprises running, is there any point in engaging architects there? Patrik Schumacher , partner at Zaha Hadid Architects, argues that their time and skills are put to better use in cities, where buildings impact a far greater number of individuals and their social and cultural functionality is more important. Engineers, meanwhile, are perfectly equipped to devise generic solutions for the rural realm.     

The role of ethnic retailing in retrofitting suburbia: case studies from Toronto,Canada

Today’s immigrants to Canada are increasingly and directly settling into suburban areas of major cities; a trend that has resulted in new retail opportunities: suburban ethnic shopping centres are a growing phenomenon in areas with major immigrant settlement. This paper discusses the development and retrofitting processes of three suburban Chinese shopping malls in the Toronto area. The paper explores how these malls successfully regenerated areas once affected by business decline and how they can act as a catalyst to develop a new urban form that makes the suburban landscape less uniform and more sustainable. Various perspectives from key players involved in ethnic retail activities and developments were collected, including surveys with entrepreneurs and shoppers, and semi-structured interviews with city councillors, city planners, developers and an architect. The paper suggests that municipalities could invest in established ethnic retail places as an innovative means of “retrofitting suburbia.”     

Estimated apparatus speeds by street type in Chicago,Illinois

The Chicago Fire Department conducted road tests to measure fire apparatus speeds in various areas of the city for the purpose of estimating input to a computer-simulated fire apparatus transportation network. This network was then processed by a minimum path algorithm, and the estimated speeds were used along each path to compute emergency response travel times. These emergency response travel times were used for purposes such as site planning, deployment evaluation, and analyses of citywide fire protection coverage. A review of the literature provided insights explaining apparatus speeds, but little in the way of practical information for purposes of network travel time analysis. This paper describes the Chicago road test methodology, and shares the results of the study.     

Fragmentation and internal disturbance of native vegetation reserves in the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia

Remnant vegetation in metropolitan areas tends to be highly fragmented and affected by disturbances from the urban environment. A rapid survey in 71 nature reserves in the metropolitan of Perth noted surrounding land uses, types of disturbances, rated the level of weeds, rubbish, formal and informal walking paths and fire influence, and estimated vegetation condition. These data were analysed against information on reserve area and shape, connectivity to other native vegetation, period of patch encapsulation, distance from the city centre and local population density to reveal patterns of fragmentation and disturbance in the metropolitan area.Smaller reserves occurred in the highly populated inner metropolitan area, and these reserves displayed high levels of fragmentation, higher levels of weed infestation and path density and low vegetation condition. Reserves were larger, with high levels of connectivity and with less weed cover and higher vegetation condition in the outer metropolitan area. The research highlighted that whilst reserve attributes are largely set in inner urban areas, planning is required in outer metropolitan areas to ensure patches remain well connected and of optimal size and shape. Inner metropolitan reserves should also be preserved and managed, as they are highly valuable for representing the vegetation types that once occurred there, and for providing natural areas for inner city residents.     

Resilience-vulnerability balance to urban flooding: A case study in a densely populated coastal city in China

City areas experiencing disproportionate vulnerability levels to urban flooding events have attracted attention. Resilience is widely accepted as a strategy for reducing the risks of vulnerability and maintaining sustainable development. This research conceptualized vulnerability to hazard and exposure, and resilience to adaptation to urban flooding and explores their associations from a spatial balance perspective. The hazard of urban flooding was evaluated by hydrographic models, whereas exposure and adaptation were examined by indexes. Shenzhen, a densely populated socialist Chinese city, was selected as the case city. Results revealed that districts in the marginalized areas of Shenzhen experience high vulnerability to urban flooding because of poor geographic factors, immature drainage systems of urban villages, and the influx of rural migrants with sensible populations driven by high housing prices in urban center. The situation is becoming increasingly serious because of strong spatial mismatch between vulnerability and resilience with urban overutilization and the rural underutilization of adaptation resource allocation. Social segregation on adaptation resource occurs for public service provision in a marketization situation instead of socialism. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms of the spatial imbalance between vulnerability and resilience in socialist city, such as Shenzhen is necessary for reducing such impacts in future research.     

Post-Soviet forest fragmentation and loss in the Green Belt around Moscow, Russia (1991–2001): a remote sensing perspective

Recent changes in the post-Soviet Russia suggest rapid privatization of previously protected green space around many metropolitan areas. Nowhere is the trend more apparent than near the capital Moscow. Since 1992, formerly protected forests of the Green Belt have been heavily pursued for elite suburban housing development. With the help of two Landsat images (1991 and 2002) and some on-theground analysis, we investigate areas that have experienced the most mature forest loss. We also examine the spatial pattern of this change, as measured objectively by landscape metrics. Within 20 km from the beltline, about 14.6% of the forested land was converted to suburban residential and commercial uses in the 10-year period. The amount of mature forest loss ranged from 14 to 35% per district, but was partially compensated by some new tree plantings and reforestation for a combined tree cover loss of 14.6% for the entire area, including the city of Moscow. If the city proper is excluded, the loss in the suburban green belt was 12.4%. While this is a moderate decrease, it still represents a trend towards less tree cover and more suburban development in the immediate vicinity of a large city, which is likely to result in worsening air quality and negative impacts on wildlife and opportunities for public recreation in suburban forests in the near future.     

现代城郊乡村旅游交通保障策略研究

从城郊乡村旅游兴起的原因、城郊乡村旅游开发的优势和劣势,以及乡村旅游交通存在的问题等方面作了简略的综述,探讨了城郊乡村旅游交通的规划难点、信息化保障策略、相关政策研究等问题,并结合上海市乡村旅游交通的实际情况,提出应在城郊大力推进生态休闲度假型乡村旅游,构筑城乡互动的都市旅游新格局,深化都市郊野型旅游的内涵。     

Short Communication on Research Response to the Black Saturday (7th February 2009) Victorian Bushfires,Australia

The bushfires of 7th February 2009 in and around Melbourne, Victoria, Australia resulted in loss of 173 lives, more than 2000 houses and other property, and many other assets. The questions and issues that quickly emerged will be the subject of debate, in Australia and internationally, for years to come. Importantly the fires of February the 7th were not one single fire, but many unconnected fires which occurred on an unprecedented day of extreme fire danger following prolonged drought. The fires affected communities which were solely in rural areas, in inter-mix areas, in rural–urban interface areas and in wholly suburban situations. This paper gives an overview of the extensive data collection exercise undertaken over a 3-month period by a team of researchers, fire investigators and agency personnel to attempt to learn the lessons of these fires. The paper briefly outlines some of the high level findings from near 2000 staff days of field work.     

Urban Fire Situation in Indonesia

The article analyses the fire situation in urban areas. The recent monthly and daily fire incident data in the two largest urban areas in Indonesia, Jakarta and Surabaya, for the last 7 years have been analyzed to understand the characteristics of incidents. It is found that most fire incidents occurred in residential buildings. This is caused mainly by electrical faults. The casualties and direct loss are relatively low, while there is a long emergency response time of fire brigade due to heavy traffic congestion and access difficulties. Discussion is focused on the issue of public behavior, fire service performance, urban strategy and building design. It is suggested that specific works on fire protection should be taken by increasing of public awareness, improving of a unified fire incident reports, empowering building law enforcement to the community, and improving the household’s electrical products quality.     

Fire Detection in Computer Facilities: 25 Years On

Computer centres have developed considerably over the past 25 years as data processing and use of information technology has transformed government, businesses and society. So-called data centres have become critical to business continuity. At the same time, new forms of smoke detection have been developed as part of an integrated approach to overall fire protection of these mission critical facilities. Research has provided the fire engineering tools and data to allow improved methods of determining smoke detector activation times, even for small fires in higher airflow environments. Nevertheless, there are further areas of research needed, particularly in the areas of modelling, specific materials data and more experimental results from large-scale computer facility fire tests.     

高密度城市边缘生态区的活化利用——龙华区环城绿道

在城市化快速发展的时代,高密度的都市缺乏足够的绿色开放空间,以深圳市龙华区为例:建成区的公园面积不足,而城市外围的生态郊野地区大多封闭而不友好.龙华区环城绿道项目通过链接、修复、缝合、激活等策略,将生态用地与城市居民的活动联系起来,连接人与自然.项目提升了龙华区的形象与品牌,带动了城市边缘地区的活力及城市的整体发展.     

大型石油储罐区火灾风险预测预警技术研究

针对目前我国大型石油储罐区储运工艺特点与作业条件,通过对典型石油储罐区火灾事故案例的统计与分析,在对罐区关键设备与工艺设施泄漏、火灾、爆炸特性以及事故场景与灾害演化模式分析的基础上,对石油储运罐区火灾风险影响因素以及罐区火灾、爆炸事故危险性进行研究。根据典型的火灾、爆炸事故场景特点,基于信息技术(GIS地理信息系统、RS遥感遥测系统等)与远程信号动态监测技术,提出大型石油储罐区火灾风险预测预警技术体系,即通过对罐区工艺设施状态参数的实时监测与分析,实现对罐区危险源与火灾风险的动态评价分析、监测监控、预测预警,并与系统动态决策、综合协调、应急联动以及优化决策等功能进行融合,以提高大型石油储罐区火灾防控以及灾害征兆预测预警技术能力与水平,实现对储罐区火灾风险的动态安全管理。     

Suburbanisation of important aquifers in England and Wales: estimating its current extent

The UK rate of conversion of rural into suburban land cover will increase as the UK population is projected to rise to 70 million by 2056, household size continues to decline and previously developed land becomes scarcer and less attractive. The resultant change in landuse will significantly impact underlying groundwater resources. Geographical information system (GIS) analysis is used to estimate the current extent of suburbanised land cover overlying locally and nationally important aquifers in England and Wales. The effect on groundwater catchments will be marked in southern, central and eastern England, where high groundwater dependence and intense pressure for new housing will inevitably lead to a rise in suburban land cover on periurban catchments that are currently rural land. Water resource planning implications would be better understood with more catchment-scale research. Meanwhile, areas of aquifer most likely to urbanise by 2050 and public supplies most vulnerable to the consequent changes need identifying.     

琶洲商业综合体建筑消防设计

商业综合体建筑属于城市中的人口密集场所,人流复杂,系统复杂,其消防设计难度较大。本文就广州市琶洲商业综合体项目为例,进行建筑消防设计分析。消防设计的重点在裙楼,功能包含了商场、零售、餐饮、放映厅等功能;设计难点在放映厅的防火分区、疏散楼梯的宽度计算、以及与相邻建筑的连通道的消防设计等。本文就消防设计对平面方案的影响、疏散距离、疏散宽度以及消防和功能流线的协调等问题进行深入的探讨。     

Planning and the Challenges of the Metropolitan Landscape: Innovation in the Netherlands

The physical appearance of the Netherlands is rapidly changing. The land of prosperous towns and villages embedded in rich, flat and open agricultural land is turning into a metropolis. A distinctive quality of this metropolis is the mix of highly urbanized centres and open, green areas that come in different shapes and sizes. But how to design an appropriate planning system for this environment? Mixing “red” (urban) and “green” (rural) land uses, for instance, now becomes problematic as Dutch spatial planning has always focused primarily on the urban domain whereas planning of green areas has its origins in agricultural land consolidation policy. A genuinely integrated approach to the planning of built-up areas and green areas in the open spaces is a distant ideal in this setting. In addition, the regional administrative level, being so important for metropolitan spatial challenges, needs reinforcing. The authors make a plea for a reframing of the notion of spatial planning at the national and provincial geographical and administrative scale. It takes a new object for planning, design and analysis to do the trick. The traditional rural–urban opposition is traded for “metropolitan landscape”, a new image reflecting the integration of built-up and non-built-up distinctively urban and rural land uses. Planning for the metropolitan landscape requires a reassignment of duties and responsibilities among national, provincial and municipal governments and other stakeholders.     

Microregional fragmentation in a Swedish county

This study of the county of V?sterbotten in northern Sweden reveals significant differences in socio-economic conditions between populations living in different residential environments. A cluster analysis was performed in order to classify the nearly 500 microregions into a manageable number of groups with distinctive profiles. A seven-cluster solution contains groups ranging from remote and sparsely populated areas with poor socio- economic conditions and a large proportion of elderly to the most prosperous residential environments within the major centers. Besides high disposable incomes, the relatively wealthy areas also show high educational levels and better-than-average health status. In this way the county could be broken down into a mosaic of local housing environments with very different prerequisites for consumption and economic development. Increasingly, we find socio-economic marginality problems even within densely populated regions. The complex and dispersed pattern of disadvantaged and underprivileged residential areas all over V?sterbotten indicates the difficulty in treating counties and municipalities as homogeneous regions. Our findings may have major implications for regional planning and regional policy. Received: 17 August 1997 / Accepted: 31 July 2000