Effect of chlorination on endotoxin activities in secondary sewage effluent and typical Gram-negative bacteria

Wastewater reuse is a viable and attractive method to address water shortage problems. However, wastewater can have high endotoxin activity. Endotoxins are toxic inflammatory agents and are considered a risk factor for wastewater reuse. In this study, the effect of chlorination on endotoxin activity in secondary sewage effluent was evaluated by Limulus (Tachypleus tridentatus) Amebocyte Lysate assay. It was found that chlorination could not decrease endotoxin activity of secondary effluent effectively under the conditions employed in this study. Chlorination of a pure cultured Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli), and a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from secondary sewage effluent, resulted in a significant increase in endotoxin activity, suggesting that the presence of Gram-negative bacteria contributed substantially to endotoxin activity, masking any potential reduction that may be attributable to chlorination. Furthermore, the activities of both free and cell-bound endotoxins in pure culture increased significantly during chlorination due to cell wall damage induced by chlorination.     

The trophic potential of sewage effluent resulting from various levels of treatment

On Italy's Adriatic coast there are a large number of aerobic sewage treatment plants, the majority of which do not feature high-efficiency tertiary treatment processes. In order to investigate the relationship between these plants and the trophic potential of the water they discharge, we constructed a pilot plant capable of reproducing the sewage treatment process with four different levels of purification on a rising scale of efficiency in terms of the best-known macronutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). Water samples taken at various points on the plant for each of the four operating modes underwent laboratory assessment to establish their trophic potential in relation to a dinoflagellate alga (Prorocentum micans). We were thus able to demonstrate that after biological treatment alone the sewage water has a high eutrophication effect; this gradually decreases as the nutrients are removed and virtually disappears when the plant is providing maximum removal at full efficiency.     

Complexation of copper in the effluent of a sewage treatment plant and an estimate of its influence on toxicity to coho salmon

Measurements by cupric ion electrode of the complexing capacity of the effluent from a sewage treatment plant (STPE) averaged 0.300 mg 1⁻¹. Of the complexed Cu 67% was due to compounds of 10,000 MW. Organic compounds removable by activated carbon composed 88% of the total organic carbon and were responsible for 87% of the complexation. Complexation of Cu²⁺ by STPE diminishes the toxicity from total Cu to juvenile coho salmon; the LC₅₀ was 0.164 mg 1⁻¹ for river water vs 0.286 mg 1⁻¹ for 40% STPE. The LC₅₀ of Cu²⁺ was approximately the same (0.017 vs 0.022 mg 1⁻¹) in both matrices; this species thus appears to play a toxic role. The mean survival time in diluted STPE with added Cu was inversely proportional to the Cu²⁺ concentration.     

污水源热泵系统和污水冷热能利用前景分析

分析了污水热源／热汇的特点,介绍了以未处理污水作为热源／热汇和以二级出水或中水作为热源／热汇的污水源热泵系统,分析了污水源热泵系统的技术经济性和其应用潜力,介绍了国内外的应用情况,并对其推广使用需要解决的问题进行了探讨。     

Octanol-water partitioning of chemical constituents in river water and treated sewage effluent

A shake-flask approach has been employed to determine the n-octanol-water partitioning of chemical constituents in various river waters and in treated sewage effluent. The bulk inorganic composition of the water samples (conductivity, pH and the concentrations of major solutes: Ca, K, Mg, Na) was unaffected by the presence of solvent. Boron, however, exhibited increasing partition with decreasing sample pH, because its dominant form in freshwaters, B(OH)₃, is neutral, covalent and acidic. Constituents having significant association with dissolved organic matter (DOM), including components of DOM itself (C, S) and trace metals that form complexes with organic ligands (Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn), exhibited measurable partition into the solvent in most cases, with conditional partition coefficients, D_ow, in the region 0.03-2.5. Significant differences in the partitioning among these constituents and among the environments studied did not appear to be related to bulk sample characteristics or the degree of association of the constituent with DOM. These observations suggest that partition is sensitive to the nature of the organic matter (C, S) and the availability of specific binding ligands (trace metals). Thus, although D_ow is critical for defining the biogeochemical behaviour and potential impacts of chemical constituents in the environment, it appears to be a difficult parameter to model or predict.     

Medically-derived (131)I in municipal sewage effluent

This work presents ¹³¹I (t_½ = 8.04 d) concentrations in sewage effluent from the Stony Brook Water Pollution Control Plant (WPCP), a small plant serving a regional thyroid cancer treatment facility in Stony Brook, NY, USA. The concentrations detected in sewage effluent ranged from 1.8 ± 0.3 to 227 ± 2 Bq L⁻¹. The primary source of ¹³¹I is excreta from thyroid cancer inpatients treated at the Stony Brook University Medical Center. Based on several time series measurements following known inpatient treatments, the mean sewage half-life (T_s) of iodine is 3 d in this plant. The T_s, analogous to a radioactive half-life, describes the time it takes for half of a wastewater component to be removed from a WPCP. Flow recycling, or activated sludge, used to maintain bacterial populations necessary for sewage treatment causes iodine to remain in this plant far longer than its hydraulic retention time. The experimental results suggest that most ¹³¹I entering the Stony Brook WPCP leaves in sewage effluent, not in sewage sludge. Patient treatments can result in continuous discharges of ¹³¹I to surface waters where it can be used as a tracer of sewage-derived material and to understand the behavior of ¹³¹I in aquatic environments.     

活性炭吸附处理制罐生产废水的试验研究

针对物化法处理制罐废水出水CODCr不达标的问题,采用活性炭吸附对经物化法处理后的出水进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,粉状活性炭处理物化处理后的制罐废水,活性炭的最佳投加量为12.5kg/m3,吸附最佳接触吸附时间15min,饱和吸附容量279g/kg.活性炭吸附处理该废水后,出水CODCr小于150mg/L,可满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)中的二级标准中的要求.     

An investigation into the occurrence of sewage fungus in rivers containing papermill effluents—IV. Growth in experimental channels dosed with effluents and pure compounds

Wastewaters from the manufacture of pulp and paper have given rise to problems of excessive microbial growth in rivers over a number of years. This paper is the first in a series of four articles describing research undertaken by PIRA at four U.K. paper/board mills (one integrated with pulp production) over the period 1978–1980. This first paper briefly reviews the published literature on sewage fungus growth from pulp and paper mill discharges up to 1978, but mainly describes previously unpublished work undertaken by PIRA over the period 1965–1975. This introductory paper thus provides a state-of-the-art review of methods to control sewage fungus growth from pulp and paper mill effluents prior to commencement of the research described in the following three articles.     

内电解工艺预处理黄姜皂素生产废水试验研究

针对黄姜皂素生产废水的特点,提出了废水降酸的方法,对黄姜皂素生产废水进行锌-铜内电解预处理,结果表明：废水的COD去除率达到32．34％,色度去除率达到72．22％,废水的B／C值提高到0．5,提高了废水的可生化性。     

An investigation into the occurrence of sewage fungus in rivers containing papermill effluents—I. Review of previous research

Wastewaters from the manufacture of pulp and paper have given rise to problems of excessive microbial growth in rivers over a number of years. This paper is the first in a series of four articles describing research undertaken by PIRA at four U.K. paper/board mills (one integrated with pulp production) over the period 1978–1980. This first paper briefly reviews the published literature on sewage fungus growth from pulp and paper mill discharges up to 1978, but mainly describes previously unpublished work undertaken by PIRA over the period 1965–1975. This introductory paper thus provides a state-of-the-art review of methods to control sewage fungus growth from pulp and paper mill effluents prior to commencement of the research described in the following three articles.     

深圳市罗芳污水处理厂出水臭氧脱色灭菌中试

从臭氧产生的机理出发,并以污水处理厂二级出水消毒和对水体的除臭脱色为例,介绍了臭氧的实际应用情况,以及存在的问题,指出由于臭氧具有强氧化性,易分解,在污水处理中值得推广应用。     

反渗透膜截留二级出水中重金属离子试验研究

为了考察反渗透膜对污水中重金属离子的去除效果,采用MCM-RO（微滤-活性炭-微滤-反渗透）工艺对邯郸市东郊污水厂氧化沟工艺二沉池出水进行了深度处理,实验结果表明,该工艺对砷、镉、铅三种重金属的去除效果非常明显,出水水质稳定。     

污水处理厂出水氨氮异常的分析与控制

针对某污水处理厂出水氨氮异常的突发事件,分别对该事件发生的可能原因进行了分析,分别为进水氨氮突然升高和硝化菌流失所致,并根据分析结果采取了针对性的控制措施,取得了良好的效果,可为国内其他污水处理厂应对该类异常现象提供参考.     

Impact on phytoplankton populations of sewage discharges in the Saronikos Gulf (West Aegean)

Temperature, salinity and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll a, particulate carbon and nitrogen concentrations in sea water near the Keratsini sewage outfall are reported. Suggestions are made on the proposed length of the outfall diffuser and the extent of the sewage treatment. Eutrophication in the area around the outfall is demonstrated by enhanced chlorophyll a, particulate carbon and particulate nitrogen concentrations. For they provide evidence for high phytoplankton standing stock. However no appreciable differences in the inorganic nutrient levels between the outfall area and the normal background were observed. This suggests rapid uptake of nurients that/or effective dispersal from the outfall. The study indicates that in the case of oligotrophic waters and in the absence of the dissolved oxygen depletion, primary treatment may be preferable to secondary treatment.     

利用城市污水热能供热的实验研究

研制了以水源热泵为中心设备的污水热能回收利用实验系统,获得了用铝塑复合管间接回收污水热能的技术方法,解决了污水热能利用的关键性问题,即换热设备的腐蚀问题。研究结果表明,污水热能回收利用实验系统能满足冬季供热负荷的要求,系统平均供热系数可达3.2。     

The growth of cladophora glomerata in a river receiving sewage effluent

A considerable improvement in the natural flora of the River Great Stour has occurred since the mid-1960s when dense growths of Cladophora glomerata dominated sections of the river with the disappearance of some rooted macrophytes. Cladophora growths in the river in response to changing river conditions and sewage treatment operations during a thirty year period are reviewed. A vegetation mapping programme undertaken from 1978 to 1982 to assess the influence of a sewage treatment works discharge on the growth of the filamentous alga has shown that previous recommendations to reduce dissolved phosphorus concentrations in the final effluent need not be implemented.     

An investigation into the occurrence of sewage fungus in rivers containing papermill effluents—III. Removal of sewage fungus nutrients

This is the third in a series of four articles describing research undertaken at PIRA during 1978–1980 on the causes and prevention of sewage fungus growth in rivers receiving paper and board mill effluents. This paper describes pilot scale trials carried out at two papermills to assess various treatment systems for removal of BOD and effluents were biological filtration through plastic media, activated sludge, multi-media mechanical filtration and hydrogen peroxide addition. Both biological systems proved effective, but mechanical filtration showed no clear benefit. Hydrogen peroxide addition was able to remove a substantial proportion of the free glucose concentration, but verification of the direct effect on sewage fungus growth was impeded by the poor sewage fungus growth generated by the untreated clarified effluent at this time.     

啤酒废水处理新技术ASBR

以西安汉斯啤酒厂糖化车间酒糟淋洗液为研究对象,采用ASBR反应器进行处理,探讨了其可行性,实验结果表明,ASBR反应器对啤酒废水具有较高的处理效率和抗冲击负荷,为ASBR工艺在啤酒废水处理工程中的应用提供参考。     

园林溪流在城市广场中的应用

指出城市广场溪流作为城市水景的一个重要组成部分,因其独特的景观特性而深受人们喜爱,从广场溪流的设计原则、溪流类型、溪流设计和工程营造等方面,对城市广场溪流的设计和建设进行了比较详尽的归纳和总结,为城市广场的景观营造提供指导。     

“十二五”期间农村污水处理现状及技术探讨

结合我国农村生活污水处理现状及特点,探讨＂十二五＂期间农村污水处理的迫切性和重要性,提出了农村生活污水处理技术选择原则,总结了农村生活污水处理技术方法及发展研究方向,以提高农村污水处理效率。