热处理工艺对GCr15钢疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的影响

淬火、回火温度对GCr15钢疲劳行为的影响如下:经正常温度淬火后,疲劳裂纹萌生循环数Ni随硬度升高而增大;经高温淬火后,Ni显著降低,且随硬度升高而减小。疲劳裂纹扩展速率d_a/d_N随硬度升高而加快,随晶粒尺寸增大而加快。大晶粒高硬度的试样,裂纹主要沿原奥氏体晶界萌生及扩展;低硬度的试样裂纹均为穿晶扩展;随着硬度降低,疲劳断口的沿晶成分逐渐减少。附图10幅,表4个。     

2.25CrMoV钢于夹杂物和晶界处开裂低周疲劳裂纹扩展的原位观测

对汽轮机转子用2.25CrMoV钢在真空常温条件下进行高应力低周疲劳试验,对试样中起源于夹杂物和晶界等典型缺陷处的裂纹扩展进行了原位连续观测,研究了典型缺陷对疲劳裂纹萌生和初期扩展的影响。结果表明:在高应力循环载荷作用下,夹杂物的形状和尺寸对疲劳裂纹的扩展无明显影响,夹杂物处萌生裂纹的扩展速率小于晶界处萌生裂纹的扩展速率;短裂纹群体效应和滑移线快速增殖的共同作用是导致试样疲劳破坏的主要原因。     

双频复合疲劳的裂纹萌生及扩展

针对典型承受高、低周双频复合载荷的水轮机叶片、电机转子用钢进行了低周疲劳、高低周双频复合疲劳的裂纹萌生及扩展规律的探讨。在频率比确定的条件下,载荷比是影响双频疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展的一个重要因素。随着载荷比的升高,疲劳裂纹萌生寿命大大缩短,裂纹扩展速率加快,疲劳断口呈现明显的周期特征。高、低周双频复合疲劳载荷各自的独特作用以及高、低周载荷在裂纹尖端引起的塑性区的交互作用是造成疲劳断口独特形貌的主要原因。     

高温疲劳短裂纹萌生与扩展的实验研究

对2．25Cr-1Mo合金钢进行高温疲劳表面短裂纹的观测试验，采用中断试验和复膜方法观测短裂纹萌生扩展的演化过程，研究短裂纹数密度和平均长度随循环次数及载荷条件的变化特征。结果表明，高温疲劳损伤是由晶界孔洞开始的，晶界孔洞相互联结合体形成细观组织短裂纹；短裂纹在接近应力轴垂直方向的晶界上随机萌生和扩展；在寿命前期和中期疲劳损伤以裂纹萌生为主要形式，寿命后期由于裂纹数目增多，裂纹间合体效果增强，促使主裂纹迅速形成和长大，从而导致最终的疲劳失效；加载应变范围越大或温度越高，裂纹萌生和扩展越快，寿命越短。     

组织特征对GH864合金裂纹扩展行为的影响

测试不同热处理条件下GH864合金在650℃空气中疲劳/蠕变交互作用下的裂纹扩展速率,分析热处理制度及组织特征对合金裂纹扩展速率的影响.通过组织分析试验、裂纹扩展速率试验和断口形貌分析,对比不同组织状态下GH864合金的微观组织及裂纹扩展行为,并用Paris公式对裂纹扩展速率的结果进行描述.结果表明:热处理后合金的裂纹扩展速率都明显降低;晶粒度对合金的裂纹扩展速率影响较大,且粗晶组织能显著降低裂纹扩展速率;晶界析出相对裂纹扩展速率有较大作用,而强化相γ'相大小对裂纹扩展速率影响不明显.从组织形貌及断口分析可较好解释不同热处理制度裂纹扩展速率曲线的试验结果.具有疲劳条纹特征断口对应较慢的裂纹扩展速率,而沿晶断裂对应较快的裂纹扩展速率.     

高温低周疲劳短裂纹萌生的数值模拟

基于大量的高温低周疲劳试验,编写Matlab程序修正voronoi多边形模拟了20钢表面的显微组织;用有限元软件计算得到了不同试验条件下试样表面的应力、应变状态;以基础能量表征晶界及滑移带抵抗裂纹萌生的能力,改进位错累积理论并计算获得了裂纹的萌生寿命,实现了对低碳钢高温低周疲劳短裂纹萌生的数值模拟。结果表明:在高温下,疲劳短裂纹主要萌生于应力集中处的驻留滑移带及不稳定晶界上,受表面显微组织的影响,既有沿晶萌生又有穿晶萌生;修正的voronoi多边形很好地反映了表面显微组织,数值模拟能够准确再现不同循环次数下疲劳短裂纹的群体萌生行为。     

拉扭应力幅比对LZ50钢短裂纹行为的影响

在保持等效应力幅一致的前提下,开展LZ50钢在7种不同拉扭应力幅比(λ)载荷作用下的疲劳短裂纹复型试验。结果表明,拉扭应力幅比的变化未改变短裂纹萌生与扩展总体规律。裂纹均萌生于铁素体晶粒内部或晶界处,在微观短裂纹阶段受铁素体晶界和珠光体带状结构边界阻碍,扩展速率出现两次较明显下降;进入物理短裂纹阶段后,微观结构对裂纹扩展影响减弱,扩展速率持续上升。同时,随着拉扭应力幅比减小,相同短裂纹尺度下的扩展速率下降,断裂面与试样轴向的夹角逐渐减小,裂纹由单源萌生逐渐过渡为多源萌生,试样疲劳寿命呈增加趋势。此外,通过构建拉扭应力幅比—寿命曲线方程,证明相同等效应力幅条件下,轴向拉压载荷对材料的疲劳损伤贡献大于扭转载荷,且随着拉扭应力幅比的减小,试样疲劳寿命提高的程度不断增强。     

晶粒尺寸对GH4169镍基合金疲劳小裂纹扩展的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸及疲劳试验机等研究了热处理对GH4169镍基高温合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,重点研究了晶粒尺寸对其疲劳小裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明:采用固溶加双时效的热处理工艺能够提高试验合金的力学性能,随着固溶温度升高,合金中晶粒尺寸变大,强度下降,疲劳寿命延长;小裂纹阶段占疲劳寿命的80%,晶粒尺寸对疲劳小裂纹扩展速率的影响不明显,但随着晶粒尺寸增大,长裂纹的扩展速率下降。     

P91钢管特殊性能试验研究

测试了P91大口径钢管以及其焊接头在三个不同温度 (室温、5 5 0℃、5 75℃ )下的低周疲劳、疲劳裂纹扩展速率和 5 5 0℃、5 75℃持久强度 ,以研究分析温度对其低周疲劳特性、疲劳裂纹扩展、持久强度的影响 ,并了解焊接头与母材之间的差异。结果表明 :P91钢管在高温下有较好的低周疲劳特性、抗裂纹扩展能力、抗裂性能、适当的持久强度 ,适宜用于高温工作。     

GH4169镍基高温合金的高温低周疲劳损伤机理

对经过固溶+双时效热处理后的GH4169镍基高温合金进行650℃高温低周疲劳试验,研究了不同应力幅(550,600,650 MPa)下的循环响应特性,并观察了疲劳断口和二次裂纹形貌,分析了不同应力幅下的损伤机理。结果表明:不同应力幅下试验合金均表现出循环软化特性,且随着应力幅的增加,循环软化程度增强;当应力幅为550 MPa时,裂纹的扩展模式为穿晶扩展,二次裂纹主要在夹杂物和滑移带处萌生;当应力幅为650MPa时,裂纹的扩展模式为穿晶-沿晶混合扩展,二次裂纹主要萌生于晶界和滑移带处;试验合金的变形机制由低应力幅时的平面滑移向高应力幅的交滑移转变。     

Lubricant-Enhanced Fatigue Crack Growth in Silicon Nitride

Effect of a fluorinated lubricant on the subcritical crack growth behavior of a Si₃N₄ ceramic was examined under cyclic loading condition. The fatigue lifetime of the specimens tested in the oil was shorter, particularly in the low stress regime, compared to that in air. The growth rate of the surface crack was measured in the oil and compared with that in humid air. Crack growth rate in the oil was twice that in the air. XPS analysis of the fatigue fracture surfaces revealed that F had reacted with yttria-containing grain boundary phase, while the fractographical examination indicated that the oil had caused the dissolution of the grain boundary phase. The dissolution was shown to reduce the extent of crack bridging behind the crack tip, resulting in a higher fatigue crack growth rate in the oil.     

超高强度钢十亿周疲劳研究

利用20kHz压电超声疲劳试验技术，对六种抗拉强度高于1500MPa的低合金钢进行测试。结果表明，这些材料并不存在传统规范中所谓的“疲劳极限”，它们在超过10^7，甚至10^9应力循环后仍然继续发生破坏，而且其S－N曲线表现出“阶梯”型特征。研究还发现，这些材料都存在一个分界应力幅值区间（或应力循环数区间，大约在10^6到10^7的平台内），裂纹萌生由试件表面向其内部转换。实验证明了十亿周级超高周疲劳裂纹由试件内部萌生的机理。     

新型热轧纳米析出强化超高强汽车板的疲劳性能研究

利用MTS-810疲劳试验系统进行高周疲劳试验,研究新型热轧Nb-Ti微合金化抗拉强度700 MPa级车厢板和780 MPa级大梁的疲劳性能,探讨晶粒尺寸、第二相(析出物、夹杂物)等对疲劳性能的影响机理。结果表明,在载荷比R= –1和循环基数为107条件下,700 MPa级车厢板和780 MPa级大梁钢的条件疲劳强度分别为438 MPa和443 MPa,疲劳强度比分别为0.61和0.57,明显高于一般钢材;试验钢的疲劳裂纹源包含驻留滑移带(Persistent slip bands, PSB)和大尺寸析出物或夹杂物;析出物尺寸越细小,发生裂纹失稳扩展所需要的临界断裂应力越高,不易形成疲劳裂纹源;第二相尺寸相当的前提下,带尖角的方形第二相较圆形或椭圆形第二相更易在交变载荷过程中发生应力集中,形成疲劳裂纹源;晶粒的超细化、析出物的纳米化、颗粒状或短棒状碳化物、低夹杂物水平是新型超高强汽车板具有优良抗疲劳性能的主要原因。     

The effect of hydrogen gas environment on fretting fatigue strength of materials used for hydrogen utilization machines

The objective of this study is the characterization of the fretting fatigue strength in a hydrogen gas environment. The test materials were a low alloy steel SCM435H, super alloy A286 and two kinds of austenitic stainless steels, SUS304 and SUS316L. The test was performed in hydrogen gas at 0.12 MPa absolute pressure. The purity of the hydrogen gas was 99.9999%. The fretting fatigue limit was defined by the fretting fatigue strength at 30 million cycles. For all materials, the fretting fatigue strength in the hydrogen gas environment increased in the short-life region. However, the fretting fatigue strength in the hydrogen gas environment decreased in the long-life region when exceeding 10 million cycles except for SCM435H, while there was no reduction in the fretting fatigue strength in air between 10 and 30 million cycles. The reduction rate was 18% for A286, 24% for SUS304 and 7% for SUS316L. The tangential force coefficient in the hydrogen gas environment increased when compared to that in air. It can be estimated that this increase is one of the causes of the reduced fretting fatigue strength found in a hydrogen gas environment. In order to discuss the extension of the fretting fatigue life in hydrogen gas observed at the stress level above the fretting fatigue limit in air, continuous measurement of the fretting fatigue crack propagation was performed in a hydrogen gas environment using the direct current potential drop method. As a result, it was found that the extension of the fretting fatigue life was caused by the delay in the start of the stable crack propagation.     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的高温疲劳裂纹扩展规律

研究奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni9在高温(550℃)下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律。测试采用标准CT(compact tension)试样,最大载荷范围为6.5 kN～14 kN,应力比为0.1(室温)和0.05(550℃)。裂纹扩展过程通过QUESTAR长焦距显微镜直接观测,同时采用COD(crack opening displacement)规记录加载线位移。由于在高温条件下,测试终止时试样的裂纹前缘呈明显弧形,故此给出实测表面处裂纹长度有效值的修正方法。对高温疲劳裂纹扩展问题,采用应力强度因子范围ΔK作为裂纹扩展驱动力参数,同时考虑高ΔK和低ΔK值对裂纹扩展规律的影响,得到0Cr18Ni9不锈钢在550℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律表征模型,给出裂纹扩展率的上限结果。     

热处理参数对高碳钢低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

研究了高碳钢（1.0%C碳工钢;1.0%C,1.5%Cr轴承钢）经不同热处理后的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。试验结果表明：1.淬火温度、回火温度、疲劳裂纹扩展机制、二次碳化物尺寸、试样的淬硬深度等因素,均影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN。2.疲劳裂纹的扩展临界长度a c,仅受回火温度的影响。其它因素对a c值无可见的影响。3.高温淬火并低温回火后,疲劳裂纹沿原奥氏体晶界扩展。     

PD3和U71Mn钢轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率研究

利用MTS试验机, 在常温下对两种钢轨PD3和U71Mn进行疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验研究,根据Paris公式确定两种钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,利用极大似然估计法计算带有一个随机变量描述的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的概率方程.结果表明,裂纹扩展速率曲线符合一般疲劳裂纹扩展规律;PD3的强度性能优于U71Mn,但U71Mn表现出更好的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能,扩展速率低于PD3钢轨;疲劳裂纹扩展速率的不确定性方程与试验结果相符.     

钢的(M+B)复相热处理技术研究

指出目前理论界初步认为(M B)两相组织对同时提高钢强韧性方面的贡献.主要是适量的先析贝氏体分割了奥氏体晶粒,细化了有效晶粒,减小了随着转变形成的马氏体领域条片尺寸,缩短了单位裂纹长度,降低了脆性转变温度.但这些理论均存在着局限性,值得进一步研究、探讨.     

Fretting fatigue strength of SCM435H steel and SUH660 heat‐resistant steel in hydrogen gas environment

Utilisation of hydrogen is expected to be one of the solutions against the problems of exhaustion of fossil fuels and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Evaluation of the materials for hydrogen utilisation machines is required. The objectives of this study are the characterisation of fretting fatigue strength of low‐alloy steel SCM435H and heat‐resistant steel SUH660, and the validation of effectiveness of nitriding in hydrogen gas environment. Fretting fatigue tests were conducted up to 3 × 10⁷ cycles. The decrease of fretting fatigue strength in hydrogen gas environment was found at the long‐life region exceeding 10⁷ cycles. The amount of the decrease of the fretting fatigue limit at 3 × 10⁷ cycles was 11% for SCM435H and 15% for SUH660. However, at the stress level above the fretting fatigue limit in air, the finite life in hydrogen gas increased more than that in air. The cause of extension of fatigue life was the delay of start of stable crack propagation. Fretting fatigue crack, which was smaller than 200 µm in length, consumed approximately 60% of the fatigue life in hydrogen gas environment. Fretting fatigue crack was steadily propagated after the test was started in air. Observations of the fretted surface showed that the fretting wear process in hydrogen gas environment was dominated by adhesion. Tangential force coefficient was higher in hydrogen gas environment than that in air. It is considered that the adhesion has a close relation to crack initiation in hydrogen gas environment, and as a result, the failure of specimen occurred at a lower stress level comparing the fretting fatigue limit in air. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Creep-fatigue crack growth behavior in GH4169 superalloy

This study aims to examine the crack growth behavior of turbine disc GH4169 superalloy under creep-fatigue loading. Crack growth experiments were performed on compact tension specimens using trapezoidal waveform with dwell time at the maximum load at 650 °C. The crack growth rate of GH4169 superalloy significantly increased with dwell time. The grain boundaries oxidize during the dwell process, thereby inducing an intergranular creep-fatigue fracture mode. In addition, testing data under the same dwell time showed scattering at the crack growth rate. Consequently, a modified model based on the Saxena equation was proposed by introducing a distribution factor for the crack growth rate. Microstructural observation confirmed that the small grain size and high volume fraction of the d phase led to a fast creep-fatigue crack growth rate at 650 °C, thus indicating that two factors, namely, fine grain and presence of the d phase at the grain boundary, increased the amount of weakened interface at high temperature, in which intergranular cracks may form and propagate.