Electric field computation in wet cable insulation using finite element approach

Accurate assessment of cable insulation conditions can be achieved by implementing advanced diagnostic and simulation techniques that assist the measurement and monitoring of the properties related to aging and failure of the insulation system. It is well recognized that the electric field distribution is the dominant factor in the initiation of degradation process in the insulation system. In such a system, and due to the presence of pollutants such as water or moisture, local field enhancement occurs resulting in field stress values enough to cause local breakdown of the insulation. The finite element simulation technique is used to evaluate the electric field inside the power cable. A model that illustrates the water-dielectric interface within the cable insulation system is proposed. The difficulties associated with the building of such a model, which contains elliptically shaped water particles and unusually configured insulation areas, are illustrated. Finally, the link between the local field concentration in the vicinity of water particles and the possibility of insulation failure, which can be developed to a complete breakdown, is discussed.     

高压直流换流变压器油纸绝缘线性与非线性电场分析

换流变压器油纸绝缘材料的电导率受电场强度与温度的影响呈非线性变化。为研究材料非线性对换流变压器极性反转电场分布的影响,对油纸绝缘电导率的非线性变化规律进行了数值拟合,利用RC等效电路进行了计算与分析,并运用Elec Net有限元软件对一台±400 k V换流变压器网侧和阀侧绕组端部电场进行了仿真。计算与仿真结果表明非线性材料极性反转完成时油中最大电场强度为线性材料的78%,但稳态时油中电场强度是线性情况下的36倍。电导率的电场强度非线性会均化由温度梯度带来的电场梯度。最后根据计算与仿真结果提出绝缘的改进方向。     

风电场的投资计算

风能是清洁的可再生能源，前景广阔，在大力提倡节能减排的今天和未来，技经人员及时了解风能的投资计算是必要的。     

Investigation of the dependence of DC insulation resistivity ofultra-clean polyethylene on temperature and electric field

The present work aims at determining the dependence of the DC insulation resistivity on temperature and electric field for a super-clean low density polyethylene (LDPE) used in manufacturing modern high voltage AC cables. Resistivity measurements were made using relatively thick (~2 mm) samples at different temperatures and DC electric fields. Based on the present experimental data, a mathematical model for the relationship between the insulation resistivity of the polymer, temperature and electric field was determined using: (i) computer curve fitting techniques, and (ii) artificial neural networks (ANN) method. Comparison between the present results and previous measurements, using less clean grades of LDPE, indicates that the inherent dependence of the DC insulation resistivity of LDPE on temperature and electric field has not been appreciably improved by using an ultra-clean polymer. It is concluded that the successful utilization of LDPE for HVDC cables will require the modification of such dependence     

电力电缆接头温度场分布的理论研究

电力电缆接头事故在电力电缆故障中占很大的比例,电力电缆接头的温度是反应其运行状态的重要参数.文中构建了电力电缆接头的简化结构模型,运用传热学的原理建立了电力电缆接头的温度场数学模型,应用有限元法分析了电力电缆接头的温度场分布.根据温度场的分布,把温度传感器合理地安装在接头的表面,可以通过电力电缆接头的结构特性、表面温度和环境温度,得到更加接近实际温度的接头线芯温度,能够及时准确地了解电力电缆接头的运行状况.     

电力电缆接头温度场分布的理论研究

电力电缆接头事故在电力电缆故障中占很大的比例,电力电缆接头的温度是反应其运行状态的重要参数。文中构建了电力电缆接头的简化结构模型,运用传热学的原理建立了电力电缆接头的温度场数学模型,应用有限元法分析了电力电缆接头的温度场分布。根据温度场的分布,把温度传感器合理地安装在接头的表面,可以通过电力电缆接头的结构特性、表面温度和环境温度,得到更加接近实际温度的接头线芯温度,能够及时准确地了解电力电缆接头的运行状况。     

水树老化XLPE电缆绝缘温度特性的研究

为了确保电力系统的安全可靠运行,运行中的XLPE绝缘电力电缆老化状态的评价和估计具有十分现实的意义。本文通过实验,研究了温度对水树老化XLPE电缆绝缘的tgδ、损耗电流谐波分量的影响,并探讨了采用电缆绝缘的交流不平衡分量来诊断电缆中水树状态的可行性。     

施工缺陷对超导电缆中间接头内电场分布的影响

中间接头在高温超导电缆中是最薄弱的环节,制造和施工环节中造成的任何缺陷都有可能在运行时产生电场畸变,缩短中间接头使用寿命,施工缺陷严重时可能引发电缆局部放电、击穿等事故。为此本文利用有限元仿真软件分析了绝缘层划伤、绝缘层杂质、超导带焊接毛刺三种典型施工缺陷对接头内电场分布的影响规律。研究结果表明,绝缘层划伤存在空气隙时,最大电场强度随着空气隙厚度增加而减小;而当空气隙厚度保持不变时,最大场强与空气隙长度呈正相关增大。绝缘层残留杂质时,半导电层切断处、超导带焊接部位附近的绝缘层杂质周围电场畸变最严重,且超导带焊接部位周围最大场强大于半导电层切断处。此外,杂质大小、位置及带电与否均会对电场造成很大影响。随着杂质半径增加,超导带焊接部位和半导电层切断附近杂质周围场强近似呈正比例增长;杂质不同电荷量和电性对电场畸变程度同样有重大影响,特别是当部分杂质为电负性时,周围最大场强均超过5MV/m。超导带焊接毛刺的位置及大小对场强有较大影响,其中在超导带焊接部位与绝缘层分界面处场强最大,且沿超导带焊接部位径向的毛刺周围场强高于沿轴向的场强。研究成果为分析超导电缆故障原因,制定接头施工工艺提供一定参考。     

ADSS光缆与高压输电线路同杆并架全程三维电场分析与光缆挂点优化设计软件

详细给出了沿高压输电线路加挂ADSS光缆时电场的空间三维计算原理。为了优化计算，提出了线电荷与点电荷相结合的等效电荷法。在此基础上编制了分析输电线路任意截面及沿ADSS光缆走向的电位、场强分布的三维计算软件。此外，该程序还能考虑转角、换位、舞动等工况。对不同塔型的计算结果表明：软件中采用的算法合理，所得结果对ADSS的挂点选择和优化具有参考价值。     

Application of a novel polypropylene to the insulation of an electric power cable

Cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) has been widely adopted as insulating material for high‐voltage power cables up to 500 kV. Further improvement of electrical and thermal properties on insulating material is required in order to increase cable operation efficiency. Therefore, the development of novel insulating material possessing high thermal properties will be necessary. Recent progress of catalysis technology contributes to obtain new polymeric materials which may be applied to electrical insulation. The authors investigated the basic properties of newly developed stereoregular syndiotactic polypropylene (s‐PP) which is synthesized with homogeneous metallocene catalyst. Though recycling of cross‐linked polymers such as conventionally used XLPE may be difficult because of their poor heat deformation, the s‐PP which is not cross‐linked must be suitable for recycling. A series of experiments on its physical and electrical properties gave the following results.

• (1) s‐PP has sufficient flexibility compared with isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP ).
• (2) Both AC and lightning impulse breakdown strength of s‐PP in spite of no cross‐linking are superior to those of XLPE in the temperature range from 25 to 90 °C.
• (3) Degradation by copper of s‐PP is less than that of i‐PP.
• (4) s‐PP/VLDPE blend shows sufficient brittleness temperature for use.

These results suggested that s‐PP should serve as insulating material for power cables at higher‐temperature operation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 18–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002//eej.10210     

Electrical insulation characteristics of cold dielectric high temperature superconducting cable

For the optimization of electrical insulation design for high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable, evaluation of electrical insulation characteristics especially for butt gap of LN/sub 2/ impregnated cold dielectric (CD) which consists of the wrapped tape insulation impregnated with LN/sub 2/ plays an important role. This paper presents partial discharge (PD) inception and breakdown characteristics in LN/sub 2/ impregnated butt gap model which modeled a weak point of the wrapped tape insulation impregnated with LN/sub 2/ and cable model with short length with polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP/sup /spl reg//), Nomex/sup /spl reg// paper and cellulose paper. PD current pulse was found to have a steep rise time of /spl sim/ ns and amplitude of /spl sim/ tens /spl mu/A at PD inception voltage region. Little dependency of breakdown stress on the insulating material is found. PD inception stress is almost independent of insulation thickness of 1 to 3 mm. The requirement insulation thickness for 66 kV class HTS cable is estimated to be /spl sim/ 5 mm under PD-free condition from viewpoint of long-term reliability.     

Effect of insulation properties on the field grading of soliddielectric DC cable

The development of solid dielectric DC transmission class cable is a priority throughout much of the world to avoid risks associated with placing hydrocarbon fluids in underwater environments. However the conductivity of polymeric solid dielectrics tends to be a strong function of temperature and electric field. Based on measured material properties, we demonstrate the effect of such dependences on the field grading of DC cable for the range of measured material properties and provide an analytical approximation for computing the field of resistively graded dielectrics including the effect of temperature and field-dependent conductivity     

电场强度对ADSS光缆的影响

为了保证ADSS光缆悬挂在安全的电场环境中，主要分析电场强度和电位对ADSS光缆的影响，并通过三维实例计算，分析各种因素对ADSS光缆电场强度的影响。     

工频电场对ADSS光缆特性的影响

通过实验观测输出光功率与不同电场强度等级及时间的关系，在假设的基础上分析了工频电场引起光纤晶体的晶轴角度的偏转，详细说明了工频电场对光纤折射率及光传输模式的影响及其改善方法。     

Thermoluminescence in XLPE cable insulation

Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) has been employed in underground transmission and distribution cables because of its excellent electrical and mechanical properties, such as low permittivity and dielectric loss, high degree of toughness, and good flexibility. An underground power cable operates at temperatures above ambient and the polymeric insulation is usually crosslinked to provide mechanical strength to withstand the high temperatures. Chemical crosslinking is commonly employed; however, chemical crosslinking creates byproducts such as acetophenone, α-methylene styrene, and cumyl alcohol. The general practice is to decrease the concentration of the volatile crosslinking byproducts from the newly manufactured transmission class cables before they are commissioned into service. The concentration of the byproducts is decreased by treating the cables at a high temperature in a vacuum oven. At present, to determine the residual concentration of the byproducts, the treatment has to be stopped, a sample of the polymer has to be cut from the treated cable and the byproducts have to be extracted for several hours from the polymer before they can be analyzed. This paper describes a novel, non-destructive optical method for determining the concentration of the byproducts in XLPE prior to cable installation. The method involves in situ detection and measurement of thermoluminescence emitted by the crosslinking byproducts during the pretreatment of the cable, It is shown that the measurement of the intensity of thermoluminescence provides a direct indication of the concentration of the byproducts and that it is more sensitive than mass spectrometry     

Feature article - Polymeric HVDC cable design and space charge accumulation. Part 2: insulation interfaces

The electric field distribution of cable insulation systems under HVDC can be affected significantly at interfaces due to space charge build-up. In this article, the second part of a three-article series, face and space charge accumulation are analyzed first in terms of macroscopic physics, then through approximate mathematical models that will be used to fit experimental data obtained for model cables having two insulation layers and constituting cylindrical interfaces.     

The application of novel polypropylene to the insulation of electric power cable (3)

Having a higher melting temperature than polyethylene, polypropylene has been expected to be an insulation material for power cables. But isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) used generally is unsuitable as cable insulation because it shows poor flexibility, low breakdown strength due to growing spherulites, and so on. But stereoregular syndiotactic polypropylene (s‐PP) newly developed with metallocene catalyst shows quite different properties than i‐PP. In our previous paper, we investigated the basic properties of s‐PP and the initial properties as a cable which was manufactured using s‐PP insulation. It was revealed that s‐PP had superior thermal and electrical properties to cross‐linked polyethylene and the s‐PP insulation table showed satisfactory initial properties. However, in order to apply to an actual cable, the properties must be maintainable over 30 years after construction. In this paper, we estimated the long‐term remaining properties for s‐PP insulation table. A series of experiments on long‐term properties gave the following results: (1) s‐PP cable shows longer life over 30 years; (2) the breakdown strength of s‐PP cable after a long‐term experiment equal to 30 years is slightly lower than the initial breakdown strength, but it is sufficient as a remaining property. Furthermore, water‐tree resistivity of s‐PP was investigated and it was revealed that s‐PP significantly suppressed the water tree propagation compared with XLPE. These results suggested that s‐PP cable would serve as a next‐generation cable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(3): 1–8, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20114     

电缆温度场的有限元分析

针对地下电缆结构和敷设过程中影响地下电缆输送能力的问题,应采取有效的方法对电缆的载流量和温度场进行准确分析计算.根据传热学原理,提出用有限元方法分析给定电缆负荷载流量和地下电缆温度场分布较为适宜.将该方法与IEC标准进行对比,完全符合要求.