锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙对聚氯乙烯的阻燃消烟作用

用氧指数、剩炭率、烟密度等方法测试了锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙对PVC的阻燃作用,同时采用热分析、扫描电镜的方法研究了锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙的阻燃机理。实验表明在锡酸锌含量相同的情况下,锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙对PVC的阻燃和消烟性能优于锡酸锌;在添加量为10份时,锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙阻燃PVC样品和三氧化二锑阻燃PVC样品具有相同的氧指数,但当添加量为20份时,前者的氧指数比后者的高3%,前者的烟密度等级比后者低约10%。     

系列羟基锡酸盐对半硬质PVC的阻燃消烟作用

研究了系列羟基锡酸盐阻燃剂对半硬质PVC的阻燃消烟作用。通过对样品燃烧后剩炭含量及扫描电镜(SEM)分析,探讨了锡酸盐体系阻燃抑烟的机理。结果表明:经阻燃处理的样品具有较高的极限氧指数(LOI)和剩炭率,较低的烟密度等级(SDR)和最大烟密度(MSD),与未处理的样品相比具有较好的阻燃和消烟性能。由于阻燃剂的添加量较少,对材料力学性能影响不大。     

活性炭模板制备铝酸铁及其在软PVC中的阻燃应用

以硫酸铁和硫酸铝为原料,以磷酸处理过的活性炭为模板制备铝酸铁阻燃剂。并通过X射线衍射（XRD）和红外吸收光谱（FT-IR）对合成铝酸铁阻燃剂做了表征。用极限氧指数、烟密度测试其对PVC的阻燃消烟性,当铝酸铁阻燃剂的添加量为5%（质量分数）时,阻燃后软PVC的极限氧指数达到32.8%,烟密度等级为55.45%,拉伸强度为18.36 MPa,断裂伸长率为214%,并通过热重分析对阻燃前后PVC的热降解行为做了研究。结果表明：以活性炭为模板制备的铝酸铁阻燃剂对软质PVC具有较好的阻燃消烟性能。     

Zn2SnO4的制备及其对软质聚氯乙烯的阻燃研究

以结晶四氯化锡和硝酸锌为原料,通过2步煅烧法制备锡酸锌(Zn2SnO4)阻燃剂;通过极限氧指数、烟密度等级和残炭量研究了Zn2SnO4对软质聚氯乙烯（PVC）的阻燃和消烟性能的影响,同时对力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,Zn2SnO4的用量为15份时,对软质PVC的阻燃消烟效果明显,其极限氧指数可达36.0 %、烟密度等级为86.2 %、残炭率为29.7 %、拉伸强度为25.47 MPa、断裂伸长率为168 %;利用热重分析、差热分析和扫描电子显微镜等方法对阻燃PVC进一步进行表征,结果表明Zn2SnO4的加入促使软质PVC的起始分解温度降低,残炭量增加,燃烧后剩炭结构致密,阻燃效果明显。     

羟基锡酸锌-还原氧化石墨烯杂化材料与氢氧化镁对PVC的协效阻燃作用

将自制的羟基锡酸锌（ZHS）还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）杂化材料（ZHS-RGO）和氢氧化镁（MH）协效应用于软质聚氯乙烯（PVC）中。通过氧指数测定仪、微型量热测定仪和锥形量热仪分析了ZHS和ZHS-RGO杂化材料分别与MH协效对软质PVC阻燃及消烟性能的影响。结果表明,ZHS和ZHS-RGO与MH协同应用在PVC中具有很好的协同阻燃抑烟效果;样品PVC/10ZHS-RGO/5MH的热释放速率峰值为436 kW/m2,烟释放总量为23.62 m2,相比于PVC/10ZHS/5MH分别降低了38.8 %和12.0 %;杂化材料中的RGO具有良好的物理阻隔作用。     

铝酸镍和云母协效体系对PVC的阻燃研究

以硝酸铝提供铝源,硝酸镍提供镍源制备铝酸镍,将铝酸镍和云母协效后一起加入到PVC中制成PVC阻燃样品。采用X-射线衍射(XRD)来表征合成的铝酸镍样品。用极限氧指数、烟密度的等级来研究阻燃前后PVC样品的阻燃抑烟性能。当铝酸镍和云母的添加比例为9∶1时,试样的极限氧指数为28.4%,烟密度等级为77.74%,拉伸强度为18.17MPa,断裂伸长率为227%,此时的阻燃消烟性能和力学性能较好。     

模板法合成锡酸钴及其对PVC的阻燃应用

以活性炭为模板、五水四氯化锡和六水硝酸钴为原料,制备纯相的多孔锡酸钴（CoSnO3）阻燃剂,通过X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）对其结构、形貌进行表征,并将其应用于PVC的阻燃研究中。当CoSnO3的添加量为15份时,其极限氧指数（LOI）达到35.6％、烟密度等级（SDR）为75.2％、断裂伸长率为168.32%、拉伸强度为 22.50 MPa。通过热重分析（TGA）对阻燃前后PVC的热降解行为进行了初步探讨,研究发现： 经CoSnO3阻燃处理后,PVC样品的初始降解温度降低,高温时的剩炭量增加,表明CoSnO3对PVC材料具有较好的阻燃消烟性能。     

低熔点硫酸盐对软质PVC的阻燃与消烟性能研究

制得的硫酸盐混合物熔点低，在适当温度下熔融时，能有效地保护PVC降解过程中形成的剩磷，从而能提高剩碳率，提高阻燃与消烟性能。氧指数、烟密度、DTA、TG、SEM等证明了低熔点的硫酸盐是一种优良的填料性的、具有阻燃与消烟性的阻燃消烟剂，具有很好的消烟性，当添加量达40份时，烟密度能下降45％。研究表明其对力学性能的影响比其它填料小。     

两种形貌的羟基锡酸锌对聚氯乙烯的阻燃作用

以硫酸锌和锡酸钠为原料,制备了不同粒径尺寸的无定形羟基锡酸锌（ZHS）和球形ZHS;对比研究了上述2种ZHS对聚氯乙烯（PVC）的阻燃、消烟、拉伸和降解性能的影响及这2种ZHS在PVC基体中的分散情况。结果表明,当ZHS的添加量相同时,球形ZHS对PVC的阻燃、消烟和拉伸性能的有益影响优于无定形ZHS;ZHS能提高PVC的残炭率,降低其起始分解温度（T1 %）和第一阶段的最大失重峰温度（TM1）,且无定形ZHS比球形ZHS对T1 %和TM1的降低效果更明显;无定形ZHS在PVC基体中的分散性及与PVC基体结合的紧密性都优于球形ZHS。     

纳米羟基锡酸锌的制备及其在软质PVC中的应用

采用化学沉淀法制备了纳米羟基锡酸锌(ZHS),用X射线粉末衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪和高分辨透射电子显微镜对所制备的样品进行了结构和形貌分析,结果显示所制备的样品是边长为50～60nm的ZHS立方体;将所制备的纳米ZHS添加到软质聚氯乙烯(PVC)中,制备了具有阻燃功能的PVC/ZHS纳米复合材料。热分析结果表明,纳米ZHS加入可以使PVC催化脱HCl并促使PVC早期交联而迅速成炭,促进炭层的形成,增加残炭的热稳定性;极限氧指数测试结果表明,随着纳米ZHS添加量的增加,PVC/ZHS纳米复合材料的极限氧指数逐步上升,由纯PVC的23.8%上升到32%;力学性能测试表明,加入纳米ZHS后复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率在一定程度上有所下降。     

Thermal behavior and flame retardancy of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) treated with zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate

The flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of inorganic tin compounds such as zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS) were studied in comparison with those of alumina trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide through the limiting oxygen index test and a smoke density test. The thermal degradation in air of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) treated with the above compounds was studied by thermal analysis from ambient temperature to 800°C. The activation energy was calculated by using the Vyazovkin model‐free kinetic method and the Kissinger method. The results showed that tin compounds such as ZHS and ZS could be used as highly effective flame retardants for flexible PVC; these flame retardants enhanced the stability and the activation energy of the oxidation of the char. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL, 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Flame‐retardant properties of magnesium hydroxystannate and strontium hydroxystannate coated calcium carbonate on soft poly(vinyl chloride)

The flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of soft poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) treated with zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), magnesium hydroxystannate [MgSn(OH)₆], strontium hydroxystannate [SrSn(OH)₆], ZHS–MgSn(OH)₆, ZHS–SrSn(OH)₆, MgSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃, SrSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃, ZHS–MgSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃, and ZHS–SrSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃ were studied with the limited oxygen index, char yield, and smoke density rating methods; the mechanical properties were also studied. The results showed that, with the equivalent addition of the corresponding hydroxystannate, the soft PVC treated with hydroxystannate‐coated CaCO₃ had a higher limited oxygen index than the corresponding hydroxystannate, and the soft PVC treated with the agents containing magnesium had a higher limited oxygen index than the soft PVC treated with the agents containing strontium, except for ZHS–MgSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃. The improvement in the char formation of the hydroxystannate‐coated CaCO₃ was better than that of the corresponding hydroxystannate in most cases, and the aforementioned agents reduced the smoke density rating, decreased the tensile strength, and increased the elongation and impact strength basically. Thermal analysis showed that the additives promoted the evolution of hydrogen chloride, early crosslinking, and rapid charring through the strong catalyzing effect of Lewis acids. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate as flame‐retardant agents for flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

The flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of inorganic tin compounds such as zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS) were investigated in a comparison with alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, and Sb₂O₃ through the limiting oxygen index test and smoke density test. The flame‐retardant mechanisms were studied through the char yield test, SEM, quantitative analysis, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The thermal degradation in air of flexible PVC treated with the above compounds was studied by thermal analysis from ambient temperature to 800°C. The results showed that tin compounds such as ZHS and ZS could be used as a highly effective flame retardant for flexible PVC, and it appears that the tin compound may exert its action in both the condensed and vapor phases, but mainly in condensed phases as a Lewis acid. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1469–1475, 2005     

The influence of novel zinc hydroxystannate-coated fillers on the fire properties of flexible PVC

Zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS), at levels of 2-5 phr, and the hydrated fillers, magnesium hydroxide (MH) and alumina trihydrate (ATH), at levels of 20–50 phr, are effective flame retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible PVC. Novel ZHS-coated hydrated fillers are found to exhibit markedly improved fire-retardant properties, particularly with regard to increasing LOI values, reducing heat release rates and suppressing smoke generation, when compared with conventional uncoated forms. The ZHS coating appears to change the filler particle morphology and there is evidence that the coating is largely retained on the filler surface after melt processing into the PVC. The improved dispersion of the active tin compound in the polymer matrix leads to enhanced fire retardancy and this, in turn, allows significant reductions to be made in overall filler loading, with no loss in flame-retardant or smoke-suppressant performance. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel method to prepare zinc hydroxystannate-coated inorganic fillers and its effect on the fire properties of PVC cable materials

Fire-retardant (FR) properties, including limiting oxygen index, peak rate of heat release, and smoke parameter have been measured and compared for unfilled and filled polyvinyl-chloride (PVC)-based cable formulations, containing 15 wt% amounts of uncoated and zinc-hydroxystannate (ZHS)-coated magnesium hydroxide (MH) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) fillers at the same addition level. Of the uncoated fillers, MH was more effective at lowering flammability than CaCO₃. When the ZHS coating was applied to MH and CaCO₃, CaCO₃ became the most effective additive at lowering PVC flammability and smoke output. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1163–1169, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of core–shell zinc hydroxystannate nanoparticle–organic macromolecule composite flame retardant prepared by masterbatch method on flame‐retardant behavior and mechanical properties of flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

Macromolecule flame retardant melamine‐dicyandiamide‐formaldehyde‐phosphoric acid (denoted as MDFP) was used as the shell material to synthesize zinc hydroxystannate@MDFP (denoted as ZHS@MDFP), a novel composite flame retardant with core–shell structure, via masterbatch method. The morphology and structure of ZHS@MDFP were analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and thermal analysis. Moreover, the effect of ZHS@MDFP as a flame retardant on the flame‐retardant behavior and mechanical properties of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (denoted as PVC) was investigated. It has been found that as‐synthesized ZHS@MDFP composite flame retardant has core–shell structure. Besides, as‐synthesized ZHS@MDFP as a core–shell flame retardant is superior to ZHS in increasing the limiting oxygen index and decreasing the smoke density rating of PVC, which is because the decomposition of MDFP shell as the blowing agent expands the char layer thereby improving the flame‐retarding capability of ZHS core. More importantly, ZHS@MDFP does not cause damage to the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVC matrix, which implies that the MDFP shell favors to improve the compatibility between ZHS and flexible PVC matrix. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1983–1989, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Zinc hydroxystannate‐coated metal hydroxides as flame retardant and smoke suppression for flexible poly vinyl chloride

Zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS)‐coated metal hydroxides were prepared. The effects of ZHS‐coated metal hydroxides on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of flexible poly vinyl chloride were studied by means of the limiting oxygen index, smoke density rating and the char yield test. The mechanism was investigated by thermogravimerty (TG), differential thermal analysis, and differential TG analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that ZHS‐coated metal hydroxides are more effective flame retardant and smoke suppressant than metal hydroxides, and it appears that tin compound may exert its action in both the condensed and vapor phases, but mainly in condensed phases as a Lewis acid. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synergistic Effect of Mesoporous Nanocomposites with Different Pore Sizes and Structures on Fire Safety and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Resin

Epoxy resin (EP) is extremely flammable, and smoke release during combusting is considered toxic and harmful for human health. Mesoporous materials offer reliable desorption performance due to their large specific surface area. Therefore, the construction of mesoporous nanocomposites is a novel method for enhanced smoke suppression effect of EP. In this work, zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS)‐mesoporous silica (SBA‐15 and MCM‐41) modified reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is successfully prepared and used to enhance the fire safety of EP. SBA‐15‐RGO‐ZHS/EP exhibits the lowest total smoke production (22.8 m²) and peak heat release rate (416 kW m^?2), which are reduced by 55% and 37% compared with pure EP, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of mesoporous nanoparticles is also investigated. Apparently, the smoke suppression effect and flame retardancy of SBA‐15‐RGO‐ZHS/EP is even more remarkable than that of MCM‐41‐RGO‐ZHS/EP, which indicates that the pore size and structure of mesoporous are important factors for reducing the smoke toxicity of EP. Finally, it is verified that its enhanced fire safety is attributed to the synergistic action of physical barrier properties of RGO, “labyrinth” effect of SBA‐15, and catalytic ability of ZHS.