Two‐Phase Bubbly Flow Structure in Large‐Diameter Vertical Pipes

The two‐phase flow structure of an air‐water, bubbly, upward flow in a 20 cm diameter pipe is presented with particular emphasis on the local interfacial area concentration. The radial distribution of void fraction, bubble velocity, bubble size, bubble frequency, and interfacial area concentration were measured using a local dual‐optical probe. The experimental results showed that the saddle‐type distribution of void fraction and interfacial area concentration, which are common for bubbly flow in small diameter pipes, only appeared in the present experiments under conditions of very low area‐averaged void fraction (<?> < 0.04). The values for the interfacial area concentration were higher in large diameter pipes when compared with data obtained under the same flow conditions in small pipes. The area‐averaged void fraction data were correlated using the drift‐flux model.     

On the numerical study of isothermal vertical bubbly flow using two population balance approaches

Two population balance approaches based on the MUltiple-SIze-Group (MUSIG) model and one-group average bubble number density (ABND) model for handling the bubble size distribution of gas-liquid bubbly flows under isothermal conditions are assessed. Three forms of coalescence and breakage mechanisms by Wu et al. [1998. One-group interfacial area transport in vertical bubbly flow. International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer 41, 1103-1112], Hibiki and Ishii [2002. Development of one-group interfacial area transport equation in bubbly flow systems. International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer 45, 2351-2372] and Yao and Morel [2004. Volumetric interfacial area prediction in upwards bubbly two-phase flow. International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer 47, 307-328] are incorporated in the ABND model. To examine the relative merits of both approaches, local radial distributions of five primitive variables in bubbly flows: void fraction, Sauter mean bubble diameter, interfacial area concentration, and gas and liquid velocities, are compared against the experimental data of Liu and Bankoff [1993a. Structure of air-water bubbly flow in a vertical pipe—I. Liquid mean velocity and turbulence measurements. International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer 36, 1049-1060; 1993b. Structure of air-water bubbly flow in a vertical pipe—II. Void fraction, bubble velocity and bubble size distribution. International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer 36, 1061-1072] and Hibiki et al. [2001. Axial interfacial area transport of vertical bubble flows. International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer 44, 1869-1888]. In general, both of the ABND model and MUSIG model predictions yield close agreement with experimental results. To account for the range of different bubble sizes in the gas-liquid bubbly flows, the resolution required is achieved through the application of the MUSIG model. Nevertheless, computational times increase by a factor of two when compared to applying the simpler ABND model. To further exploit the models’ capabilities, investigations are carried out by extending the two population approaches beyond the bubbly flow regime of higher void fraction, particularly in the transition regime. The numerical results are found to be grossly over-predicted, which expose the inherent limitations of the models. It is known that bubbles in this regime are generally highly distorted and closely packed instead of spherical shape and allowed to move freely in bubbly flow regime.     

气液两相泡状流界面浓度的研究

用双头电导探针对水平管泡状流局部界面参数进行了测量。用概率统计方法对测量结果进行了处理 ,计算了气泡速度、气泡直径、气泡频率、界面浓度等局部参数。结果表明 ,界面浓度沿径向的分布与气泡频率沿径向的分布类似 ,都是靠管上壁较大、靠管下壁较小。其峰值都在距上壁r/R =0 .75— 0 .95之间。与直接用探针测得的速度计算结果比较 ,速度要高 0— 8.7% ,界面浓度要大 0— 35 .2 %。     

垂直管内通气空泡掺气过程仿真分析简

A semi-empirical gas entrainment model was proposed for the ventilated cavity in vertical pipe, based on which, a complete numerical scheme was established by coupling with the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model to predict the multiscale flow field created by ventilated cavity. Model predictions were validated against experimental measurements on void fraction and bubble size distributions. Simulations were carried out to explore the effect of ventilation rate and inlet turbulence intensity on the macroscale cavity shape and the bubbly flow downstream of the ventilated cavity. As the ventilation rate increasing, a reverse trend was observed for the void fraction and bub- ble size distributions. It is concluded that the average void fraction in the pipe flow region is determined by the volumetric ratio between liquid and gas. However, the bubble size evolution is dominated by the breakage effect induced by turbulence in the vortex region. Furthermore, simulations were conducted to analyze geometric scale effect based upon Froude similitude. The results imply that the velocity distributions were properly scaled. Slight scale effect was seen for the void fraction caused by faster dispersion of bubbles in the larger size model. The com- paratively greater bubble size was predicted in the smaller model, implying significant scale effects in terms of tur- bulence and surface tension effect. It reveals that empirical correlations valid in wide range are required for the ex- trapolation from small-size laboratory models.     

Interfacial area density in bubbly flow

The interfacial area per unit volume is one of the key parameters in bubbly flow. Momentum, mass and energy transfer occur through the interface between the phases. The functionality of two phase reactors with bubbly flow depends mainly on these three transfer processes. Thus, the design process of a reactor requires the prediction of interfacial area density. In the present work a simple equation for the interfacial area density is derived from the population balance, taking into account the events of coalescence and bubble break-up for each bubble fraction. The system of partial integro-differential equations is simplified. Since the integrals in these equations complicate a numerical treatment. This reduces the balance to one single partial differential equation. An approximate analytical solution is given. If the resulting equation is applied to large gas fluxes, the instability of the coalescence process causes large bubbles and gas plugs to develop. From the instability the volume fraction of the large bubbles and gas plugs may be predicted. Additives may hinder the coalescence process. Experiments show that coalescence hindrance changes the coalescence kernel only by a factor. Calculations are done for bubble columns and vertical pipe flow.     

加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学（CFD）程序CFX4.4对加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾工况下气水两相流动局部两相流参数（空泡份额和汽泡尺寸）进行了数值模拟。对数值差分方法、相关模型（界面力和气泡诱导的紊流）和汽泡尺寸进行了敏感性分析。空泡份额分布计算结果与实验结果比较表明,在低空泡份额工况下,两者符合较好,在高空泡份额工况下两者存在一定偏差,并且气相速度和汽泡尺寸的计算结果不理想。计算结果与实验结果之间的差异说明程序模型对于加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾模拟并不完善,建立更为合理的汽泡尺寸模型,考虑汽泡的合并和撕裂是必要的。     

倾斜对管内上升泡状流局部界面参数分布的影响

采用双头光纤探针法研究了倾斜对圆管内(I.D.50 mm)上升泡状流界面参数径向分布的影响。探针测量的局部界面参数包括局部空泡份额、界面面积浓度(IAC)和局部气泡通过频率。实验以空气和水为工质,表观速度分别为0.002~0.037 m·s^-1和0.072~0.569 m·s^-1;倾斜角度为5°、15°和30°。结果表明,竖直条件下界面参数呈核峰型、壁峰型、中间型及过渡型4种典型的分布。倾斜条件下大量气泡向上部聚集,界面参数分布不对称。中间宽峰向通道上部倾斜,且峰值随倾斜角度增加而增大。同时,下壁面附近峰值被削弱,甚至消失,上壁面附近峰值迅速增大。界面参数沿直径从r_i/R=-0.84到上半部分峰值处逐渐增加,且增加速率随倾斜角度增加而增大。倾斜条件下Sauter直径明显比竖直条件下大。     

BUBBLE AND SLUG FLOW AT MICROGRAVITY CONDITIONS: STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND OPEN QUESTIONS

Based on the experiments carried out over the past decade at microgravity conditions, an overview of our current knowledge of bubbly and slug flows is presented. The transition from bubble to slug flow, the void fraction and the pressure drop are discussed from the data collected in the literature. The transition from bubble to slug flow may be predicted by introducing a critical void fraction that depends on the fluid properties and the pipe diameter: however, the role of coalescence which controls this transition is not clearly understood. The void fraction may be accurately calculated using a drift-flux model: it is shown from local measurements that the drift of the gas with respect to the mixture is due to the non uniform radial distribution of void fraction. The pressuredrop happens to be controlled by the liquid flow for bubbly flow whereas for slug flow the experimental results show that pressure drops is larger than expected. From this study, the guidelines for future research in microgravity are given.     

群体平衡模型对复杂气液泡状流数值模拟

引言 气液泡状流广泛出现于航空航天、石油化工、核工程技术等领域,且多为复杂湍流泡状流.在工程领域中,准确预测这种复杂泡状流的含气率、气一液速度、气泡直径等参数对工业设备安全与优化分析十分重要.     

Y形气-液顶吹喷枪流型及两相流混合特性实验

贫化电炉气液顶吹喷枪是一种独特的垂直下降管,其一端Y形通入气液两相,一端直接通入熔池中进行喷吹作业。本文采用多相流水模型模拟仿真的实验手段进行了定量分析,结果表明：不同于传统的垂直下降管,这种顶吹喷枪的管内流型受气液相间压差的影响,产生了一种由环状流过渡为泡状流的流型,不同流型的分布区域与压差的大小有关并且稳定存在;在支管与主管的交叉区域,对于不同的气液比存在3种气液混合相分界面,并各自产生不同的流型;浸没式顶吹气泡群形态在不同的管内流型驱动下有较大差异,表现在深度及宽度两个方面,并证明了气液比为2～5间的生产效果是最佳的。     

Z法气体超声波流量计湿气测量的虚高预测模型

引言湿气通常是指气相为连续相,液相为离散相的气液两相流。美国机械工程师学会ASME将其界定为Lockhart-Martinelli参数(L-M参数)X<0.3的气液两相流[1]。湿气普遍存在于自然界与工业现场中,如常规天然气田井口产出气(湿天然气)、煤层气、湿饱和蒸汽以及页岩气等均属湿气。随着工业生产的发展,对湿气不分离计量的要求越     

PREDICTION OF VOID FRACTION AND VELOCITY PROFILES OF BUBBLY FLOWS IN VERTICAL PIPES

Adopting a similar approach to Beyerlein et al. (1985), void fraction distributions in turbulent two-phase bubbly air/water upflows and downflows in vertical pipes were analyzed using a simple transport model which was based on the assumptions that the lateral shear-induced lift force acting on bubbles (Thomas et al., 1983) is balanced by bubble dispersion, and that bubbles in the flow are conserved i.e. no bubble breakup or coalescence occurs. The model shows the importance of considering the lateral lift force experienced by bubbles as they move relative to the liquid phase in a non-uniform velocity field. This force causes the bubbles to accumulate near the wall forming a high concentration for upward flow, while the concentration increases toward the centre of the pipe for downward flow. The eddy diffusivity, as widely used in calculation of single-phase flow, can be extended to include the effect of pseudo-turbulence (Lance and Balaille, 1991) due to bubbles, and thus can be linked with the bubble dispersion coefficient. It is also demonstrated that the transverse or radial pressure gradient induced by the Reynolds stress exerts a lateral force on the bubbles, and thus affects their distribution in the flow. A comparison of the model predictions with experimental data from Serizawa et al. (1975) for upflows and Wang et al. (1987) for both upflows and downflows shows that our model predicts void fraction peaking near the wall for upflows and coring at the centre-line for downflows. Compared with similar investigations (e.g., Drew and Lahey, 1982; Lopez de Bertodano et al., 1990) of the same problem, our model approach appears to be simpler and more suitable for engineering calculations.     

Local void fraction and bubble size distributions in cold-gassed and hot-sparged stirred reactors

Vertical distributions of local void fraction, bubble size and gas–liquid interfacial area in air–water dispersions at 24 and 81 °C have been measured with a dual electric conductivity probe in a fully baffled dished base stirred vessel of 0.48 m diameter holding 0.145 m³ liquid. The agitator was a hollow blade dispersing turbine below two up-pumping hydrofoils. The vertical distribution of the void fraction in the hot conditions is similar to that at ambient temperature though the void fraction is significantly lower in the hot system. The vertical distributions of bubble size show maxima with large bubbles above the bottom impeller, near the top impeller and close to the free surface. With given operating conditions, the overall Sauter means bubble size in the hot systems appears to be about 21% greater than when cold. Estimates of the local interfacial area show a maximum just above the level of the top impeller.     

An experimental study of gas void fraction in dilute alcohol solutions in annular gap bubble columns using a four-point conductivity probe

The influence of alcohol concentration on the gas void fraction in open tube and annular gap bubble columns has been investigated using a vertical column with an internal diameter of 0.102 m, containing a range of concentric inner tubes, which formed an annular gap; the inner tubes had diameter ratios from 0.25 to 0.69. Gas (air) superficial velocities in the range 0.014–0.200 m/s were investigated. Tap water and aqueous solutions of ethanol and isopropanol, with concentrations in the range 8–300 ppm by mass, were used as the working liquids. Radial profiles of the local void fraction were obtained using a four-point conductivity probe and were cross-sectionally averaged to give mean values that were within 12% of the volume-averaged gas void fractions obtained from changes in the aerated level. The presence of alcohol inhibited the coalescence between the bubbles and consequently increased the mean gas void fraction at a given gas superficial velocity in both the open tube and the annular gap bubble columns. This effect also extended the range of homogeneous bubbly flow and delayed the transition to heterogeneous flow. Moreover, isopropanol results gave slightly higher mean void fractions compared to those for ethanol at the same mass fraction, due to their increased carbon chain length. It was shown that the void fraction profiles in the annular gap bubble column were far from uniform, leading to lower mean void fractions than were obtained in an open tube for the same gas superficial velocity and liquid composition.     

Local Measurement of Gas-Liquid Bubbly Flow with a Double-Sensor Probe

A double-sensor probe was used to measure local interfacial parameters of a gas-liquid bubbly flow in a horizontal tube. The parameters included void fraction, interfacial concentration, bubble size distribution, bubble frequency and bubble interface velocity. The authors paid special attention to the probe design and construction for minimizing measurement errors. Measures were also taken in the design of sensor ends for preventing corrosions in the flow. This is an effort to improve the current double-sensor probe technique to meet the ever-increasing needs to local varameter measurements in gas-liquid two-phase flows.     

The organized flow structure of an oscillating bubble plume

The detailed experimental investigation of an oscillating bubble plume created in a quasi-two-dimensional bubble column is reported for low void fraction and millimeter bubbles. The plume exhibits periodic oscillations and generates large-scale coherent structures in the liquid. The local and transient hydrodynamics of this bubbly flow was investigated with particle-image velocimetry (PIV) in the liquid phase and via optical fiber probe and the shadowgraph technique in the gas phase. First, long time averaging is performed (over a large number of plume oscillation periods). Thus, horizontal profiles of gas fraction and of horizontal and vertical components of mean and root mean square velocities in both phases can be examined. Then fluctuations of liquid velocities are studied, in terms of probability density function (indicating organized and random fluctuations), and in terms of phase-averaged components. Finally, proper orthogonal decomposition is applied to PIV data to extract coherent structure contributions more efficiently.     

水平管泡状流相分布特性

<正>气液两相泡状流的主要特征是连续液相中携带散布其中的细小气泡,气泡的存在不仅对气液两相流的传热、传质及阻力特性有很大的影响,而且对两相流动的稳定性也有很大的影响.前人有关泡状流的研究大多偏重于两相流的平均参数,对于两相流局部统计参数如局部空隙率等参数的变化规律是近年来两相流研究的新趋势.对于垂直管内的流动已经积累了相当数量的数据,而同样有广泛应用的水平管内相分布规律还知之甚少.气泡对气液两相流的传热、传质及流动结构影响机理的研究必须以了解相分布及气泡的局部统计参数为前提,同时对相分布特性的深人研究也为气液两相流的数学模型化提供实验依据.本文以空气、水为工质,研究水平管内气液两相流的相分布特性,给出了典型泡状流的时域信号图,研究了相分布随气液两相流量的规律变化,并与前人的有关结果进行了比较.     

Population balance modelling for bubbly flows with heat and mass transfer

Population balance equations combined with a three-dimensional two-fluid model are employed to predict bubbly flows with the presence of heat and mass transfer processes. Subcooled boiling flow belongs to this specific category of bubbly flows is considered. The MUSIG (MUltiple-SIze-Group) model implemented in CFX4.4 is further developed to account for the wall nucleation and condensation in the subcooled boiling regime. Comparison of model predictions against local measurements near the test channel exit is made for the radial distribution of the bubble Sauter diameter, void fraction, interfacial area concentration and gas and liquid velocities covering a range of different mass and heat fluxes and inlet subcooling temperatures. Additional comparison was also performed against existing boiling model in CFX4.4 and the modified model developed in our previous work (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 1197). Good agreement is better achieved with the local radial bubble Sauter diameter, void fraction, interfacial area concentration and liquid velocity profiles against measurements using the newly formulated MUSIG boiling model over the simpler boiling models. However, significant weakness of the model is still evidenced in the prediction of the vapour velocity. Work is in progress to circumvent the deficiency of the model by the consideration of additional momentum equations or an algebraic slip model to account for bubble separation.     

CFD modeling and validation for two-phase medium viscosity oil-air flow in horizontal pipes

This study presents the results of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of two-phase medium viscosity oil-air flow in a 50.8?mm internal diameter horizontal pipe. Void fraction and pressure gradient predictions were validated using experimental data for four different oil viscosities (0.039, 0.06, 0.108 and 0.166?Pa s) and different flow rates varying from 0.1 to 2.9?m/s for the gas phase and from 0.01 to 2.95?m/s for the liquid phase, where four flow patterns were predicted (stratified, dispersed bubble, bubble elongated and slug flow). The obtained results of void fraction and pressure gradient presented a mean relative error of 30.04 and 21.38%, respectively. Furthermore, the CFD results were compared against 66 empirical correlations and predictions from OLGA. It was found that between the three studied methods (CFD, OLGA and empirical correlations) the CFD model outperformed the other two methods regarding the predicted flow patterns, pressure gradients and void fractions on most cases.     

Interfacial Shear Stress of Stratified Flow in a Horizontal Pipe

Experimented data are presented for the void fraction aud the shear stresses of stratified gas-liquid flow in a pipe, A new technique was used to measure the interface shear strew. The interfacial shear stress was determined by using two methods: a momentum balance of gas and an extrapolation of the Reynolds shear stress prone at the gas-liquld interface. A new formula ,relatiog to the interfacial friction factor with the void fraction and superficiol gas Rcynold number, was dewloped to predict the interface shear stress. The predicted values are in good agreement with experimental data.