电涡流传感器的脉冲激励与双参数检测

采用矩形脉冲作为激励信号,对电涡流传感器在位移检测过程中谐振频率及谐振阻尼的变化情况进行了研究分析.建立了以现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)为核心芯片的检测系统,用于产生所需要的矩形脉冲激励信号以及对传感器响应信号的欠采样.利用8 mm直径的电涡流线圈,对0～10 mm范围内碳钢目标靶的位移响应特性进行了测量,借助短时傅里叶变换分析了响应信号中频率成分的分布情况,同时获得了谐振频率及谐振阻尼的测量值.验证了通过脉冲激励同时获取电涡流传感器双参数检测的可行性.为研制基于电涡流效应的位移传感器及无损探伤传感器提供了一种新思路.     

Resonance based DC current sensor

The paper presents design, development and testing of a resonant proximity DC current sensor to measure current in the range of 0-20 mA. The sensor is built using cantilever structure with piezoelectric excitation, sensing and closed loop electronics. The sensor measures the DC current by measuring the shift in resonance frequency of the cantilever beam. The proposed measurement system is novel, simple and accuracy is found to be 1.1% of full scale deflection.     

Modeling of eddy current sensor using geometric and electromagnetic data

In this paper a new modeling method for an eddy current sensor is presented using geometric and electromagnetic data of a sensor and a measuring target It can predict not only sensor output but also medium behavior related to sensor output The geometric data of a sensor coil and the eddy current generated on a measuring target are simplified to an array of circular loops. And to perform computations of the network circuit between sensor coil loops and eddy current loops using the geometric and electromagnetic data in order to consider all possible interactions, the equivalent network circuit of eddy current sensor’s behavior has been drawn. Because the sensor’s initial value, medium behavior, and final value can be shown quantitatively by the proposed modeling method as the geometric and electromagnetic data varies, it can precisely predict the sensor output depending on the measuring goal and application field. Thus the model can be utilized to improve accuracy, eliminate the need for calibration before use, and produce the best design for any given purpose.     

High Throughput Wear Debris Detection in Lubricants Using a Resonance Frequency Division Multiplexed Sensor

With a long time goal of detecting signs of potential machine failure, we demonstrate a proof-of-principle multiplexed, multichannel, inductive pulse sensor based on resonant frequency division multiplexing for high throughput detection of micro-scale metallic debris in lubricants. In the four-channel sensor, each sensing coil is connected to a specific external capacitance to form a parallel LC circuit that has a unique resonant frequency. Only one combined sinusoidal excitation signal consisting of four frequencies components that are close to the 4 sensing channels’ resonant frequencies was applied to the sensor, and only one combined voltage response was measured. Because each sensing channel exhibited a peak amplitude at its resonant frequency, the signals for each individual channel were recovered from the combined response by taking the spectrum components at each resonant frequency with an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Inductance change for each channel was then calculated from signals of individual channels. Testing results show that the use of resonant frequency division multiplexing allows simultaneous detection of debris in lubricants using only one set of detection electronics; for the four-channel sensor, there is a 300 % increase in throughput. The resonant frequency division multiplexing concept can be potentially applied to a multichannel oil debris sensor with a large number of sensing channels to achieve a very high throughput, which is necessary for online health monitoring of rotating and reciprocal mechanical components.     

无源线圈在电磁感应溶液测量中的增强效应

将一只由线圈与电容元件共同组成的无源线圈放置于探测线圈与待测电解质溶液组成的测量系统中,借助无源线圈与两者之间的电磁感应耦合,可在谐振频率点附近提高测量系统的探测性能。以塑料容器内0~5%质量分数浓度的Na Cl溶液为探测目标,对无源线圈置于目标溶液前侧及背侧两种情况下的阻抗谱进行了实验分析。结果表明,相同探测距离下,介入无源线圈的测量系统对电解质溶液的浓度表现出更高的灵敏度。当目标溶液位于探测线圈敏感距离之外时,介入无源线圈后依然可实现有效的溶液浓度测量。无源线圈的这种增强效应可提升电磁感应系统的有效探测距离,实现电解质溶液或生物组织等低电导率物质的远距离非接触测量。     

GMR array uniform eddy current probe for defect detection in conductive specimens

The usage of eddy current probes (ECP) with a single magnetic field sensor represents a common solution for defect detection in conductive specimens but it is a time consuming procedure that requires huge amount of scanning steps when large surface specimens are to be inspected. In order to speed-up the nondestructive testing procedure, eddy current probes including a single excitation coil and an array of sensing coils present a good solution. The solution investigated in this paper replaces the sensing coils for giant magneto-resistors (GMRs), due to their high sensitivity and frequency broadband response. Thus, the ECP excitation coil can be driven at lower frequencies than the traditional ones allowing defects to be detected in thicker structures.In this work an optimized uniform eddy current probe architecture including two planar excitation coils, a rectangular magnetic field biasing coil and a GMR magnetometer sensor array is presented. An ac current is applied to the planar spiral rectangular coil of the probe, while a set of GMR magnetometer sensors detects the induced magnetic field in the specimens under test. The rectangular coil provides the DC uniform magnetic field, assuring appropriate biasing of the GMR magnetometers of the probe, setting-up the functioning point on the linear region and at the same branch of the GMR static characteristics. The differences on the images obtained for the same specimen for each GMR are reduced if all sensors are biased on the same working point. Elements of the automated measurement system used to inspect the plate under test using the proposed eddy current probe, including a validation procedure based on a 2D template matching algorithm and the corresponding experimental results are included in the paper.     

一种新型智能金属探测仪的设计

介绍了一种基于金属体内电涡流效应的新型高灵敏度金属探测仪设计.它可用于交通部门对旅客和行李进行安全检查,也可用于建筑施工中,探明墙体内是否装有钢筋、金属管等.传感器探头由激励线圈和巨磁阻传感器芯片构成,在线圈中通入方波脉冲使周围产生交变磁场,当靠近金属物体时,金属内产生涡流,使原线圈的磁场发生变化,位于线圈中央的巨磁阻传感器将其转变成电信号,在单片机的控制下进行处理和显示.     

电涡流磨粒传感器磁场仿真研究

针对电感式磨粒传感器易受磨粒连续性影响和无法识别磨粒材质的问题,通过增大电感式磨粒传感器中磨粒的涡流作用,提出一种电涡流磨粒传感器。结合有限元软件ANSYS Maxwell建立电涡流磨粒传感器的仿真模型,并对不同材质和尺寸的磨粒进行仿真分析,验证电涡流原理在磨粒监测中的可行性。对不同激励频率及线圈内径的电涡流磨粒传感器进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:电涡流作用可以识别磨粒尺寸,磨粒产生的涡流作用与磨粒尺寸成三次方关系;电涡流作用可以识别磨粒材质,不同材质的磨粒在相同的磁场环境中产生的涡流作用不同;线圈的激励频率越高,磨粒的涡流作用越大;线圈的内径越大,磨粒的涡流作用越小。     

An ultralow noise current amplifier based on superconducting quantum interference device for high sensitivity applications

An integrated ultrahigh sensitive current amplifier based on a niobium dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) has been developed. The sensor design is based on a multiturn signal coil coupled to a suitable SQUID magnetometer. The signal coil consists of 60 square niobium turns tightly coupled to a superconducting flux transformer of a SQUID magnetometer. The primary coil (pick-up coil) of the flux transformer has been suitably designed in order to accommodate the multiturn input coil. It has a side length of 10 mm and a width of 2.4 mm. In such a way we have obtained a signal current to magnetic flux transfer coefficient (current sensitivity) as low as 62 nA∕Φ(0). The sensor has been characterized in liquid helium by using a direct coupling low noise readout electronic and a standard modulated electronic in flux locked loop configuration for the noise measurements. Beside the circuit complexity, the sensor has exhibited a smooth and free resonance voltage-flux characteristic guaranteeing a reliable and a stable working operation. Considering a SQUID magnetic flux noise of S(Φ)(1∕2) = 1.8 μΦ(0)∕Hz(1∕2) at T = 4.2 K, a current noise as low as 110 fA∕Hz(1∕2) is obtained. Such a value is about a factor two less than the noise of other SQUIDs of the same category. As an application, Nyquist noise measurements of integrated test resistors using the current sensing noise thermometer technique are reported. Due to its high performance such a sensor can be employed in all applications requiring an extremely current sensitivity like the readout of the gravitational wave detectors and the current sensing noise thermometry.     

Coil impedance calculation of an eddy current sensor by the finite element method

An eddy current sensor utilizes the variation of coil impedance to perform the measurement of physical parameters, and the coil impedance is an important parameter for investigating the properties of an eddy current sensor. Therefore, the study of approaches to calculation of coil impedance is very important. In this paper, an integral expression for coil impedance with a magnetic substance is given directly. For the convenience of calculation of the coil impedance, this integral expression is further expanded in series form and the coil impedance is computed using Mathematica. Then, two different finite element models of the eddy current measurement system are built on the basis of the finite element modeling theory. The infinite boundary of model 1 is truncated. On the contrary, the infinite boundary of model 2 is simulated completely by an infinite element. The coil impedance and the magnetic distribution are obtained by the finite element method, respectively. The comparison shows that the result obtained by the finite element method is in good agreement with that of the theoretical calculation approach, which indicates the correctness and reasonability of modeling of the eddy current measurement system and calculation of the coil impedance by the finite element method. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

基于COMSOL Multiphysic电涡流传感器的仿真和设计

电涡流探头是电涡流传感器的核心部件。本文从电磁场理论出发,通过二维有限元法构建电涡流探头模型,运用COMSOL Multiphysic软件对电涡流探头的电磁特性进行仿真,研究线圈结构对电涡流传感器性能的影响。依据仿真设计一种反射式环形结构电涡流传感器探头,并进行实验验证。     

车轮踏面动态感应热成像缺陷检测方法研究

涡流脉冲热成像是一种新型的无损检测技术,具有检测速度快,灵敏度高,探测范围大的特点。为适应车轮踏面缺陷的动态检测,本文提出了一种适应车轮踏面廓形的矩形磁轭电磁感应激励传感结构。通过传感器结构的磁路模型推导,从理论上证明了传感结构的可行性。通过数值模拟计算分析了踏面表面检测区域的磁场与涡流场分布,并对比了矩形磁轭与直导线的检测结果。在此基础上,本文搭建了一套车轮自动探伤检测系统,能够实现65 mm/s速度下的缺陷动态测量。结果表明,设计的矩形磁轭传感结构可优化感应加热的均匀性,对车轮踏面浅表层疲劳裂纹(轴向表面开口)具有更好的检测结果。     

Eddy Current Sensing of Torque in Rotating Shafts

The noncontact torque sensing in machine shafts is addressed based on the stress induced in a press-fitted magnetoelastic sleeve on the shaft and eddy current sensing of the changes of electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability due to the presence of stress. The eddy current probe uses dual drive, dual sensing coils whose purpose is increased sensitivity to torque and decreased sensitivity to variations in distance between probe and shaft (liftoff). A mechanism of keeping the distance constant is also employed. Both the probe and the magnetoelastic sleeve are evaluated for performance using a standard eddy current instrument. An eddy current instrument is also used to drive the coils and analyze the torque data. The method and sensor described are general and adaptable to a variety of applications. The sensor is suitable for static and rotating shafts, is independent of shaft diameter and operational over a large range of torques. The torque sensor uses a differential eddy current measurement resulting in cancellation of common mode effects including temperature and vibrations.     

铁磁性构件缺陷的脉冲涡流检测模式研究

针对铁磁性材料的脉冲涡流检测信号比较复杂的问题,建立脉冲涡流矩形传感器检测模型,提出了矩形探头中同时存在脉冲涡流与脉冲漏磁检测区域,并进行脉冲电磁检测的仿真分析,研究了缺陷和矩形探头轴线所呈角度的最佳检测位置。仿真和实验结果表明了矩形探头的脉冲涡流有效检测区域为探头正下方的边框区域,而脉冲漏磁有效检测区域为矩形线圈中心的正下方区域。脉冲涡流最佳检测点为矩形探头轴线与缺陷呈10°附近位置,而脉冲漏磁最佳检测点为矩形探头轴线与缺陷呈70°位置。     

Wireless resonant sensor array for high-throughput screening of materials

Screening of materials arrays for their viscoelastic, gas-sorbing, and dielectric properties is important in a wide variety of combinatorial materials science applications. Impedance analysis is an attractive approach to analyze these materials properties and to generate the required new knowledge. Often, these measurements are performed by applying a material onto a suitable sensor and monitoring the changes in materials properties. However, when such a sensor is positioned into a test cell, a direct-wired connection to the analyzer becomes complicated. These complications further increase dramatically when a whole array of sensors is being tested in the test cell. To eliminate these complications, we developed a wireless proximity resonant sensor array system. In the developed system, tested materials are applied onto an array of thickness-shear mode (TSM) resonators operating at 10 MHz and arranged for performance testing in a test chamber. Each TSM resonator is coupled to a receiver coil (antenna). An array of these coils is read with a single scanning transmitter coil or an array of transmitter coils. This high-throughput screening approach of sensing materials permits their evaluation in complex environments where additional wiring is not desirable or adds a prohibitively complex design. We demonstrated the applicability of the wireless sensor materials screening approach for the rapid evaluation of the effects of conditioning of polymeric sensing films at different temperatures on the vapor-response patterns to several vapors of industrial, health, law enforcement, and security interest (ethanol, acetonitrile, and water vapors).     

A simple forward direct problem solver for eddy current non-destructive inspection of aluminum plates using uniform field probes

In this paper we show that a simple algorithm used to model the eddy current inspection of an aluminum plate can be used to preview the acquired voltage signals. Thus, the algorithm is suitable to work as a forward problem solver to determine the expected measurement signal obtained with a uniform excitation field probe including a giant magnetoresistor sensor. The algorithm is based on a conformal transformation and is able to preview the shape of the electrical current lines when a metallic plate with a superficial straight crack is subject to a sinusoidal excitation field with constant amplitude and orientation in a bounded zone around the sensor element. Simple and fast algorithms as the one presented in this paper are of paramount importance for testing inversion algorithms used to characterize defects in metallic plates.     

A miniaturised sensor for deep hole diameter measurement

A miniaturised displacement senor for deep hole measurement is reported in this paper. By exploiting the induced eddy current effects detected by chip coils, the sensor generates a ’digital’ signal. The sensor chip coil can be manufactured by the similar processes to those used for manufacturing a printed circuit board (PCB) which allows them to be miniaturised. The paper elaborates on the construction and mechanism by which the displacement is directly transferred to a frequency output. It also reports on the transducer, which uses two contact probes for transmitting the displacement to a noncontact sensing element. Experimental results demonstrate the stability, linearity, measurement range and accuracy of the sensor system.     

Investigation of the magnetic field response from eddy current inspection of defects

Eddy current testing is one of the most widely used methods in non-destructive testing for the inspection of conductive materials. Numerical modelling of eddy current testing has emerged as an important approach alongside experimental studies. This paper investigates an application of numerical modelling and experimental study as a means of the quantitative non-destructive evaluation (QNDE) of defects in conductive samples. There are two methods of measuring eddy current response, more commonly by measuring the change in impedance of the eddy current probe coil, or as used in this work, by measuring the change in magnetic field directly using magnetic field sensors such as superconducting quantum interference devices, giant magneto resistance, or as in this case Hall sensors. Specifically, measurements made using an eddy current probe containing an excitation coil and a Hall sensor, experimentally obtained using an X?CY scanner table, are compared with a numerical (finite element method) model. The discrepancies between the experimental tests and the numerical models have been analysed and explained, which is an important factor in engineering applications of QNDE.     

新型接近式柔性电涡流阵列传感器系统

介绍了一种采用柔性印刷电路板工艺制作的新型接近式电涡流传感器阵列及其测试系统,以实现大面积曲面间微小间隙的实时监测。基于时分多路的扫描测试方法,对传感器阵列的设计方法、加工工艺及基底材料进行研究,设计了分叉式结构的线圈阵列及细长扁平引线电缆的柔性传感器探头。对传统的调频式振荡电路进行改进,解决线圈品质因数小的问题,提高了传感器系统的测试性能。试验结果表明,在2 mm的量程范围内,传感器系统的测量精度优于±0.5%,适用于曲面间隙的在线监测。     

电涡流传感器性能优化关键技术

电涡流传感器因具备无损检测、非接触测量等优异特性,广泛应用于工业生产等各领域中的微量位移测量、导电介质缺陷检测以及设备运行状态监测。然而,受限于线圈结构参数优化、检测电路创新设计和测量误差动态补偿等技术瓶颈,现有电涡流传感器普遍存在灵敏度欠佳、线性度不足、突变温度场下检测精度亟待提升等突出局限,直接制约着其在各类极限环境下高精度检测领域的推广应用。为此,在深入剖析和系统总结国内外电涡流传感器研究与应用现状的基础上,聚焦线圈结构、检测电路以及误差补偿方法,重点探讨了优化其核心性能的基本原理与关键技术,并对相关研究的发展趋势进行了初步构想与展望,以期为多维度提升传感器性能、根源促进其发展应用提供有效借鉴。