能量天平不确定度分析与整体系统改进

将质量单位千克溯源到普朗克常数上是目前计量领域公认的实现质量重新定义的方法。能量天平法则是我国提出的用来测量普朗克常数与复现质量的一种方案。与国外采用的功率天平法相比,能量天平法拥有静态测量的优点。第一代能量天平系统已经完成了整体系统实验,对其不确定度的详细分析,有助于进一步优化设计方案,改进实验过程。最后得到其整体的不确定度为2.5×10~(-6)。针对其中主要的不确定度来源,在第2代能量系统中分别提出了相应的改进办法,为进一步降低实验不确定度提供了保证。     

An initial investigation of the damped resonant behaviour of gas-operated pressure balances

The aim of this investigation into the damped resonant behaviour of the piston of gas-operated pressure balances is to provide insights into ways of improving the short-term performance of gas-operated pressure balances. Initial measurement results are reported for the damped resonant behaviour of two different pressure balances as a function of system volume. The pressure balances are operated using air in absolute mode at 100 kPa and the system volume is varied from about 10 mL to 250 mL. Values for the period, the logarithmic decrement λ and the Q of the oscillation are obtained by fitting the measured damped oscillatory motion of the piston height to a classical damped oscillator model. Results show that the damping is dominated by non-adiabatic pressure variations in the system volume and not by viscous damping of the vertical motion of the piston in the cylinder. The settling time for the oscillations to damp out is primarily determined by the period of oscillation with a lesser influence from variations in λ. Implications for improving pressure balance performance are discussed.     

阿伏伽德罗常数测量技术的研究现状

随着现代测量技术的发展,质量实物基准必将被质量自然基准所代替,而阿伏伽德罗常数NA是最有可能实现质量单位＂千克＂重新定义的基本物理量之一。另外,阿伏伽德罗常数的测定对于重新定义物质的量的单位＂摩尔＂也具有重要作用。文中重点介绍了单晶硅粒子法测定阿伏伽德罗常数的最新进展,并分析了其在千克重新定义中的作用。     

功率天平的研究进展及其在质量基准重新定义中的应用

质量单位千克的重新定义是新世纪计量领域面临的一项挑战,而功率天平是重新定义质量基准的新技术中最有希望的一种。文中介绍了功率天平的工作原理和组成,并简要说明了目前功率天平的研究状况。随着相关技术的发展,有望实现质量自然基准的定义。     

75 mm stroke flexure stage for the LNE watt balance experiment

The LNE watt balance experiment aims at measuring the ratio of the Planck constant h to a standard mass m with a relative uncertainty smaller than 10⁻⁸. One step of our experiment requires to move a coil vertically inside a magnetic field along a total stroke of about 75 mm. To limit the uncertainty of our experiment, the velocity of the coil is servo-controlled at a constant value of 2 mm/s and the deviations of the trajectory from a rectilinear translation must be kept within 1 μm for straightness and within 5 μrad for yaw and pitch. These requirements must be performed along a useful stroke of 40 mm.To avoid play and friction, which are likely to perturb the feedback loop of the coil velocity, a flexure stage has been built to constrain the movement of the coil. For a 40 mm stroke, measurements show that the two straightness errors are smaller than 0.2 μm and 0.5 μm respectively, and that pitch and yaw are smaller than 4 μrad and 6 μrad respectively.     

光电效应实验中的误差分析及消除方法

分析了光电效应实验中用反向遏止电压法测量普朗克常数所产生误差的原因 ,指出可从实验时最佳条件的选取和影响实验精度的几种电流的消除来使得实验结果的误差明显减小     

一种采用LED光源的光电效应测普朗克常数实验装置

针对目前利用光电效应测定普朗克常数的实验装置的不足,提出一种采用LED光源的实验装置。该装置采用谐振腔发光二极管(RCLED)作为单色光源,该光源单色性好,波长稳定,寿命长,驱动简单,不需预热,采用脉冲宽度调制(PWM)方式调节亮度准确方便,从而可以方便准确地验证光电效应实验规律及测定普朗克常数。测试结果表明:本实验装置测得数据比目前实验室采用高压汞灯作为光源的实验装置测得数据更准确。     

转子动平衡的技术研究

是通过对转子动平衡的论述,明确机械平衡的目的,掌握刚性转子动平衡的条件、平衡原理和方法,了解转子许用不平衡量的计算过程,让读者对转子的动平衡有个更为深刻的认识,此点也是关键所在.     

Measurement of the elastic constants of pressure balance materials using resonance ultrasound spectroscopy

To minimise the uncertainty in pressure measured with a pressure balance its pressure distortion coefficient should be determined with a sufficiently low uncertainty. The elastic constants of piston–cylinder assembly (PCA) materials are used in the calculation of the pressure distortion coefficient and thus are one of the uncertainty sources. In this work, the resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is applied to determine the elastic constants of PCAs’ tungsten carbide (WC) materials. A validation of the RUS technique has been carried out by measurements on rectangular parallelepiped and cylindrical samples of fused quartz, steel D22S (30CrNiMo8) and a well-known WC material. The WC materials which are used in new 7 MPa absolute pressure balances aimed at a redetermination of the Boltzmann constant have been studied. The measurements demonstrate RUS to be suitable for determining the Young modulus (E) and the Poisson ratio (μ) with standard uncertainties as low as 0.03% and 0.05%, respectively. They show variations in E and μ of up to 4% and 2%, respectively, for different batches of nominally the same material. In a few cases, even for samples cut out of the same WC piece, material inhomogeneities have been observed in both RUS and the density measurements with variations in E and μ of up to 0.8% and 0.5%, respectively.     

压电双晶片的能量传输特性分析

基于压电双晶片的准静态本构方程,详细地分析了准静态情况下悬臂梁式双晶片执行器在常见的三种不同载荷(力、力矩、压力)情况下的机电转换特性,即有效机电耦合系数、最大能量传输系统、最大输出机械能量时效率.分析结果表明:这些特性主要由压电双晶片材料的横向机电耦合系数k31决定;三种载荷中,以力矩形式输出机械能时压电双晶片执行器的效率最高,以力的形式输出时稍低,以压力形式(如用于推动气体或液体)输出时效率最低.这些结论对于设计压电双晶片执行器的结构具有指导意义.     

仿生微扑翼机构的设计与机电耦合特性研究

根据昆虫扑翼飞行的原理，设计了一种基于昆虫胸腔式结构的静电驱动微扑翼机构。根据驱动机构的物理模型建立了机电耦合系统的非线性动力学模型，应用数值方法研究了系统在常值电压激励下的动态响应；在相空间中分析了系统的非线性动态特性，研究了阻尼和初值对系统动态特性的影响；讨论了系统在正弦激励电压信号下的响应。研究结论对微扑翼驱动机构的设计、制作和应用提供了一定的理论依据，对于其他静电驱动的微机电系统亦有一定的参考价值。     

自供电式汽车磁流变减振器特性研究*

针对现有磁流变减振器自供电装置结构复杂、机电转换效率低能等问题,提出一种运用滚珠丝杠驱动的盘式永磁发电机的能量采集器。介绍盘式永磁发电机的结构和原理;运用software Maxwell 3D软件分析发电机气隙磁密,理论计算出发电机基本机电能量转换关系;建立了盘式发电机的电磁有限元模型,用仿真软件对所设计的电机空载负载输出电压进行研究;制作了样机,对盘式永磁发电机分别进行定转速激励和正弦激励测试其机电转换性能;研究带有能量采集器的磁流变减振器在正弦激励下阻尼力特性。试验结果表明该盘式永磁电机能够为磁流变减振器提供所需的电能。     

基于虚拟仪器的应变电桥电子秤设计

设计了基于虚拟仪器技术的新型电子秤测试系统。该系统采用虚拟仪器语言LabVIEW语言设计,能够实现对物体重量的精密测量并能实现测试数据的自动采集、保存、处理。该电子秤的优点是结构简单,精密精确,经曲线拟合后能够获得理想与实际关系曲线,并具有超限报警功能。     

大型高温风机振源分析与诊断

针对水泥生产企业常用的大型高温水泥磨风机存在振动大的现象，采用信号检测和故障诊断的方法，指出引起过大振动的主要原因是水泥在风机叶片上的结块形成的不平衡量。值得注意的是，风机自身所带的监测系统测量值不准，也会引起虚假的显示和造成不必要的停机。采取现场动平衡等减振措施后，使风机两端轴承的径向水平振动和径向竖直振动由原来的10．9mm／s和8．4mm／s下降到5mm／s以下。     

Correcting natural oscillations of a round piezoceramic plate by changing its shape

Characteristics of thickness vibrations of a round piezoceramic plate can be improved (the distribution of the normal displacement component on the plate surface can be smoothed, and the dynamic coefficient of electromechanical coupling can be increased) by changing the shape of its side surface. With this end in view, the paper suggests replacing conventional plates of constant radii, which are commonly used, with plates whose radii are variable. Acoustic modes of two types of symmetric piezoelectric plates have been investigated. The paper considers correction of thickness vibrations in round piezoelectric plates with variable radii from piezoceramics of different compositions.     

一种改进的遗传算法在车间调度中的应用

研究现代生产先进制造车间调度问题 ,对于发挥先进制造车间的高效性和灵活性具有十分重要的意义。生产过程的计划调度问题 ,是实现制造系统运筹技术、管理技术与优化技术的核心。因此 ,优化调度算法的性能直接影响到FMS的生产效率和应变能力。本文在传统的遗传算法的基础上 ,对车间调度算法进行了深入的研究。基于机床负荷平衡的思想 ,提出了面向先进制造车间的平衡遗传算法 ,并与传统的遗传调度算法进行了对比。实验表明 ,该调度方法具有较高的可行性、有效性和稳定性。保证了各个机床的负荷平衡 ,满足了交付期的要求     

空间光电跟踪系统动量平衡设计与试验

研制了空间光电跟踪系统的输出力矩(角动量)和动量自补偿的平衡轮,用于降低光电跟踪系统运动对卫星平台姿态的影响。根据光电跟踪系统对目标捕获和跟踪成像的指标要求,针对其频繁启动、速度和加速度变化范围大、速度频繁过零等区别于卫星姿态控制用平衡轮的特点,基于角动量平衡原理设计了一种平衡轮。通过有限元法完成了平衡轮的模态分析和结构优化,建立了包含平衡轮的光电跟踪系统的机电动力学数学模型,利用Matlab/Simulink对光电跟踪系统的方位轴系进行了模型的仿真计算。为验证其可行性,研制了一套平衡轮原理样机,提出了基于单轴气浮平台的平衡轮性能测试方法,并完成了模拟方位轴系的残余角动量检测。仿真和试验结果显示,平衡轮的使用将光电跟踪系统对平台的残余角动量输出减小了96%,表明所设计的平衡轮结构和控制系统合理可行,能够满足空间应用的需求。     

浅谈煤矿机电设备的管理

近年来煤矿事故的产生越来越多,而且有很大危害性。煤矿安全事故的产生大部分是因为对机电设备的管理不到位,在机电设备管理上出现问题所导致的。文章针对煤矿机电设备管理中出现的问题进行研究分析,提出解决问题的措施,进而提升煤矿机电设备管理水平,减少煤矿事故的发生。     

介电型电活性聚合物圆柱形驱动器的驱动效率

研究了介电型电活性聚合物(DEAP)驱动器的机电能量转换机理、能量损耗和驱动效率。建立了驱动器机电能量转换模型,并通过试验测算了驱动器等效电路的模型参数,分析了电极材料等因素对DEAP相对介电常数的影响。深入研究了驱动器漏电流损耗,试验验证了漏电流对驱动器性能的影响。最后,设计了驱动器驱动试验台,完成了不同行程的准静态驱动试验,数值计算了驱动器的驱动效率。结果表明:由于等效电路电容未参与能量转换,驱动器机电转换效率分别为17.6%和25.6%。低电压、小行程驱动时,试验误差与理论分析误差不超过15%;而高电压、大行程驱动时,DEAP膜的漏电流等非线性因素使其驱动效率变化明显。该结果可为DEAP圆柱形驱动器的优化设计及合理使用提供指导。     

Calibration uncertainty estimation of a strain-gage external balance

Aerodynamic balances are employed in wind tunnels to estimate the forces and moments acting on the model under test. This paper proposes a method for the evaluation of uncertainty in the calibration of an external multi-component aerodynamic balance. In order to obtain a numerical relationship between aerodynamic loads and the balance sensor responses, a calibration is performed prior to the tests by applying known weights to the balance. A multivariate polynomial fitting using the least squares method is used to interpolate the calibration data points. The uncertainties of both the applied loads and the readings of the sensors are considered in the regression. The data reduction includes the estimation of the calibration coefficients, the fitted values of the aerodynamic load components and their corresponding uncertainties, as well as the goodness of fit.