Strength and stiffness of post-heated columns repaired with ferrocement and fibre reinforced polymer jackets

This paper presents the results of an experimental study carried out to compare the effectiveness of ferrocement and fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) jackets for the repair of post-heated square and circular reinforced concrete columns. The suite of test specimens comprised (a) non-heated and non-repaired; (b) post-heated and non-repaired and (c) post-heated and repaired, columns. Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and ferrocement jackets were used to repair the heated columns. All the columns were tested under axial compression. The test results covering the axial compressive strength, stiffness (secant stiffness), ductility, deformation and energy dissipation for the non-heated and non-repaired, and post-heated and non-repaired columns, were explored and compared with those of the post-heated columns repaired with FRP and ferrocement jackets. The test results showed that the FRP jackets increased the compressive strength, ductility, deformation ability and energy dissipation capacity of post-heated columns but did not increase the stiffness. However, the ferrocement jackets enhanced both the strength and stiffness of the post-heated columns. It is concluded that a possible combination of ferrocement and FRP jackets is the optimum solution to restore the required strength, stiffness and ductility following structural damage from a fire.     

Cross sectional shape effects on the performance of post-heated reinforced concrete columns wrapped with FRP composites

An experimental study was conducted to examine how the cross sectional shape affects the strength and ductility of post-heated reinforced concrete columns wrapped with unidirectional fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Seventeen columns were tested under axial compression. The main variables investigated were the cross sectional shape of the columns, the presence of heat damage and the type of FRP used for repair. The columns were placed into three groups defined by columns without being subjected to heat, post-heated columns and post-heated and repaired columns. The test results showed that the load carrying capacity of post-heated FRP wrapped columns was significantly affected by the column’s original cross sectional shape. For circular sections the strength of post-heated columns was restored up to, or greater than, its original pre-heated strength. However, the strength of post-heated GFRP or CFRP wrapped square columns was recovered to some extent but not to the level of its original pre-heated strength. It was also found that the increase in the ductility of circular columns was more pronounced compared to square columns after wrapping with FRP. For all damaged columns the use of FRP did not restore the column’s stiffness which was lost due to damage caused by heating.     

Structural behaviour of RC beams with external flexural and flexural–shear strengthening by FRP sheets

This paper presents experimental research on reinforced concrete (RC) beams with external flexural and flexural–shear strengthening by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets consisting of carbon FRP (CFRP) and glass FRP (GFRP). The work carried out has examined both the flexural and flexural–shear strengthening capacities of retrofitted RC beams and has indicated how different strengthening arrangements of CFRP and GFRP sheets affect behaviour of the RC beams strengthened. Research output shows that the flexural–shear strengthening arrangement is much more effective than the flexural one in enhancing the stiffness, the ultimate strength and hardening behaviour of the RC beam. In addition theoretical calculations are developed to estimate the bending and shear capacities of the beams tested, which are compared with the corresponding experimental results.     

Flexural retrofitting of RC buildings using GFRP/CFRP – A comparative study

The effectiveness of fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) in retrofitting/repairing of the reinforced concrete (RC) components has been studied in the past to great detail. However, the seismic performance of RC structures retrofitted using FRP composites is yet to be scrutinised in terms of lateral resistance, ductility, and failure mechanism. This is of high importance if the retrofitted structures are to withstand higher seismic ground motions than they were designed for and/or pulse-type ground motions. In a comparative study, this paper reports on the results of an investigation into the flexural strengthening of RC buildings using glass/carbon fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP/CFRP). An 8-storey code-compliant RC building was considered as the case study to represent the medium-rise structures. With a slight intervention in the lateral displacement ductility and provision of the weak-beam strong-column design philosophy, the strengthening design strategy is aimed at increasing the lateral resistance. For this purpose, composite sheets are designed to be applied at the two end regions of all beams and columns on a practical flange-bonded scheme. The nonlinear pushover analysis with lumped plasticity approach was implemented in order to compare the seismic response of the original structure with the GFRP/CFRP retrofitted structures. Following validation of the adopted models, the force–deformation curves of the nonlinear plastic hinges are determined in a rigorous approach considering the material inelastic behaviour, reinforcement details, and dimensions of the members. While the nonlinear results confirm a significant increase in the lateral load carrying capacity using both composite materials, the CFRP improvement was as much as twice of the GFRP. However, the latter provides higher ductility.     

An experimental study on the effect of environmental exposures and corrosion on RC columns with FRP composite jackets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various environmental conditions on the long-term behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) columns strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Small-scale RC columns were manufactured in the laboratory and conditioned under accelerated environmental cycling and accelerated corrosion process of reinforcing bars. Then, uni-axial compressive failure tests were conducted in order to evaluate the change of mechanical properties of the test columns due to the environmental effects. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of RC column system (RC + FRP) were altered due to the environmental conditioning and the corrosion of steel reinforcement, and each type of environmental conditions had its unique effects and features.     

新型碳纤维增强复合材料-钢复合管海水海砂混凝土圆柱轴压试验

为研究原状海水海砂混凝土在复合管混凝土中的应用可行性,提出一种新型由内外壁纤维增强复合材料(FRP)和夹心钢管复合的碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)-钢复合管海水海砂混凝土柱结构。对12个新型CFRP-钢复合管海水海砂混凝土圆柱试件进行了轴压试验,研究了CFRP层数和核心混凝土强度等级变化对其轴压性能的影响。试验结果表明,内外壁CFRP的包裹能够有效地提高结构承载力和变形能力;CFRP-钢复合管海水海砂普通混凝土圆柱破坏形态为混凝土压溃,而CFRP-钢复合管海水海砂高强混凝土圆柱破坏形态为剪切破坏;结构的极限应力与CFRP层数、混凝土强度呈正相关,而极限应变随着CFRP层数增加而提高,却随着混凝土强度提高而减小;核心混凝土和钢管对极限应力的贡献随着CFRP层数增加基本不变,且当包裹两层及以上CFRP时,CFRP对试件极限应力的贡献占主导地位。      

组合FRP技术加固混凝土矩形柱的抗震性能试验研究

研究了一种利用植筋及纤维增强复合材料(FRP)布横向包裹钢筋混凝土柱来改善其抗震性能的新型加固技术.通过5个钢筋混凝土方柱的模型试验,分别研究了植玻璃纤维(GFRP)筋、横向包裹碳纤维(CFRP)布及两者组合的加固技术对提高混凝土柱抗震性能的作用,分析讨论了不同加固方法对混凝土柱位移延性系数的提高、刚度退化及能量耗散能力的影响.试验结果表明,采用植GFRP筋和包裹CFRP布的组合加固技术较前两种加固方法能更加有效地改善钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能.     

Mechanical behaviour of glass and carbon fibre reinforced composites at varying strain rates

The choice of composite materials as a substitute for metallic materials in technological applications is becoming more pronounced especially due to the great weight savings these materials offer. In many of these practical situations, the structures are prone to high impact loads. Material and structural response vary significantly under impact loading conditions as compared to quasi-static loading. The strain rate sensitivity of both carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) are studied by testing a single laminate configuration, viz. cross-ply [0°/90°] polymer matrix composites (PMC) at strain rates of 10⁻³ and 450 s⁻¹. The compressive material properties are determined by testing both laminate systems, viz. CFRP and GFRP at low to high strain rates. The laminates were fabricated from 48 layers of cross-ply carbon fibre and glass fibre epoxy. Dynamic test results were compared with static compression test carried out on specimens with the same dimensions. Preliminary compressive stress–strain vs. strain rates data obtained show that the dynamic material strength for GFRP increases with increasing strain rates. The strain to failure for both CFRP and GFRP is seen to decrease with increasing strain rate.     

Compressive behavior of large-scale square reinforced concrete columns confined with carbon fiber reinforced polymer jackets

Several experimental and analytical studies on the confinement effect and failure mechanisms of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapped columns have been conducted over recent years. Although typical axial members are large-scale square/rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns in practice, the majority of such studies have concentrated on the behavior of small-scale circular concrete specimens. The data available for square/rectangular columns are still limited. This paper reports the results of an experimental research program on the performance of large-scale square RC columns wrapped with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Attention is focused on the investigation of the total effect of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement and FRP jackets on the behavior of concentrically loaded columns. A total of 20 large-scale RC columns were fabricated and tested to failure under axial loading in the structural laboratory. Three types of columns were primarily considered: unwrapped; fully wrapped; and partially wrapped. Based on the test results of RC columns, existing experimental data and procedures in the literature are also evaluated. Furthermore, stress–strain curves of the columns are successfully predicted by the analytical approach previously proposed for FRP-confined concrete.     

CFRP筋-高强钢筋/高强混凝土柱的抗震性能

为了研究高强钢筋和碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)混合配筋/高强混凝土柱的抗震性能,对CFRP筋-高强钢筋混合配筋的高强混凝土柱进行了低周反复荷载试验和有限元分析,研究了CFRP筋的粘结条件、不同轴压比以及高强混凝土种类等参数对其抗震性能的影响。结果表明:所有的高强混合配筋高强混凝土柱均发生延性破坏;在相同条件下,高强混合配筋混凝土中分别添加了钢纤维活性粉末和钢纤维后,表现出更好的耗能能力和延性;有粘结CFRP筋混合配筋高强混凝土柱比无粘结CFRP筋混合配筋柱的变形能力和承载力分别提高了9.6%和17.1%,但是延性系数降低了22.5%;在延性破坏的条件下,随着轴压比的增加,CFRP筋-高强钢筋混合配筋柱的屈服强度和极限强度明显增大,极限位移和耗能能力也逐渐减小;高强钢筋和CFRP筋配筋率越高,高强混合配筋柱的极限承载力和变形能力越大。      

Tests of continuous concrete slabs reinforced with carbon fibre reinforced polymer bars

Although several research studies have been conducted on simply supported concrete elements reinforced with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars, there is little reported work on the behaviour of continuous elements. This paper reports the testing of four continuously supported concrete slabs reinforced with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars. Different arrangements of CFRP reinforcement at mid-span and over the middle support were considered. Two simply supported concrete slabs reinforced with under and over CFRP reinforcement and a continuous concrete slab reinforced with steel bars were also tested for comparison purposes. All continuous CFRP reinforced concrete slabs exhibited a combined shear–flexure failure mode. It was also shown that increasing the bottom mid-span CFRP reinforcement of continuous slabs is more effective than the top over middle support CFRP reinforcement in improving the load capacity and reducing mid-span deflections. The ACI 440.1R–06 formulas overestimated the experimental moment at failure but better predicted the load capacity of continuous CFRP reinforced concrete slabs tested. The ACI 440.1R–06, ISIS–M03–07 and CSA S806-06 design code equations reasonably predicted the deflections of the CFRP continuously supported slabs having under reinforcement at the bottom layer but underestimated deflections of continuous slabs with over-reinforcement at the bottom layer.     

Seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete short columns by CFRP materials

Nowadays, reinforcing buildings or bridges against earthquake damage is a real technico-economic challenge. Composite materials applied by the wet lay-up method have been the main reinforcement technology for civil engineering structures since the 1990s. The research developed in this paper concerns seismic reinforcement. The main objectives are to evaluate CFRP’s contribution to mechanical and energetic performance and to the modification of the cracking pattern on short columns. During earthquakes, short columns undergo shear stress due to their low resistance to high imposed horizontal displacements.

Eight short columns were tested; their longitudinal reinforcement was higher than the Eurocode 8 upper limit whereas transverse reinforcement was insufficient, in order to ensure shear failure. Seven were continuously or discontinuously reinforced by CFRP or GFRP. They were tested under a constant compression load combined with a horizontal quasi-static cyclic load. It was therefore possible to evaluate the efficiency of such reinforcement by measuring the gain in terms of load and ductility.     

侵蚀环境下FRP条带加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱轴心受压试验

通过侵蚀环境下碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)复合材料条带和玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)复合材料条带加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱试验,分析了侵蚀环境对混凝土强度、纤维增强聚合物基复合材料加固锈蚀柱的极限荷载和荷载-轴向位移曲线的影响。结果表明,混凝土强度受冻融环境影响较大,受干湿环境影响较小;纤维增强聚合物(FRP)复合材料加固锈蚀柱的轴向极限荷载与冻融循环次数、钢筋锈蚀率及FRP复合材料种类有关,随冻融循环次数分别增加到25次、50次、75次,GFRP复合材料条带和CFRP复合材料条带加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱的轴向极限荷载分别降低了10.97%、13.37%、16.04%和5.95%、4.66%、4.33%;FRP复合材料加固锈蚀柱的刚度和耗能受侵蚀环境种类、侵蚀环境作用次数、锈蚀率及FRP复合材料种类的影响。在试验研究的基础上,通过理论分析侵蚀环境下混凝土强度损伤系数和锈蚀钢筋强度退化方程,提出了侵蚀环境下FRP复合材料条带加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱轴心受压承载力计算方法。      

Geometry effect on the behaviour of single and glue-laminated glass fibre reinforced polymer composite sandwich beams loaded in four-point bending

The research investigated the behaviour of single and glue laminated glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite sandwich beams considering different spans and beam cross sections. The composite sandwich beams with different thicknesses (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 sandwich layers) have been tested in four-point static flexural test with different shear span to depth ratio (a/d). The a/d ratios showed a direct effect on the flexural and shear behaviour. The capacity of the beam decreased with increasing a/d. Various failure modes were observed including core crushing, core shear, and top skin compression failure. The failure mode map developed based on the experimental finding and analytical prediction indicated that the failure mode is affected by the a/d with the number of glue laminated panels.     

纤维增强聚合物基复合材料加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱轴心受压性能

为了给纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（FRP）加固腐蚀环境下钢筋混凝土圆柱的设计和施工提供参考,促进FRP加固钢筋混凝土圆柱的应用,本文通过加速腐蚀得到类似实际环境中已锈损钢筋混凝土圆柱,采用碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（CFRP）条带和玻璃纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（GFRP）条带分别对锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱进行加固,最后对加固后圆柱进行轴心受压试验,重点研究钢筋锈蚀率、FRP层数和种类对钢筋混凝土圆柱受压承载力的影响;基于对FRP条带间隔约束效应、钢筋锈蚀对混凝土截面及钢筋力学性能影响的研究与分析,提出FRP条带间隔约束锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱轴心受压承载力计算模型。试验实测值与模型计算值之比的平均值为1.020,变异系数为0.063,二者符合较好。     

CFRP筋增强ECC梁弯曲性能试验研究

为研究碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)筋/超高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composite,ECC)梁的抗弯性能,对3根CFRP筋/ECC梁、1根玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(Glass fiber reinforced polymer,GFRP)筋/梁和1根CFRP筋混凝土梁进行了四点弯曲试验,分析了配筋率、纤维增强树脂复合材料(Fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)筋类型和基体类型对梁抗弯性能的影响。试验结果表明:CFRP筋/ECC梁与GFRP筋/ECC梁和CFRP筋混凝土梁类似,均经历了弹性阶段、带裂缝工作阶段和破坏阶段;配筋率对CFRP筋/ECC梁的受弯性能影响较大。随着配筋率的增加,CFRP筋/ECC梁的承载能力不断提高,延性性能逐渐减弱;ECC材料优异的应变硬化能力和受压延性,使得CFRP筋/ECC梁的极限承载能力和变形能力均优于CFRP筋混凝土梁;由于ECC材料多裂缝开裂能力,CFRP筋/ECC梁开裂后,纵筋表面应变分布比CFRP筋混凝土梁更均匀; 由于聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)纤维的桥联作用,CFRP筋/ECC梁破坏时,其表面出现了大量的细密裂缝,且能保持较好的完整性和自复位能力;正常使用阶段,CFRP筋/ECC梁的最大弯曲裂缝宽度均小于CFRP筋混凝土梁。最后,根据试验结果,建立了基于等效应力图的CFRP筋/ECC梁弯曲承载力简化计算模型,确定模型中的相关系数。由简化模型计算的极限承载力与试验结果具有较好的相关性。      

碳纤维增强树脂复合材料加固钢筋混凝土柱抗震性能的尺寸效应试验

研究了低周循环荷载下碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)加固钢筋混凝土(RC)柱的抗震性能的尺寸效应,并以边长为150~450 mm、剪跨比均为3的三组几何相似的钢筋混凝土柱为试验研究对象,考虑了CFRP层数、构件尺寸和轴压比等变量的影响。研究结果表明:在相同的截面尺寸和轴压比下,CFRP加固RC柱的水平承载能力、耗能能力、延性和水平位移相对于未加固柱均得到了不同程度的改善,并且存在尺寸效应;CFRP加固RC柱的无量纲水平承载力会随着构件尺寸的增加而减小,尺寸效应明显;随着CFRP加固RC柱的尺寸增加,构件的安全储备系数明显减小。      

Structural capacitor materials made from carbon fibre epoxy composites

In this paper, an approach towards realising novel multifunctional polymer composites is presented. A series of structural capacitor materials made from carbon fibre reinforced polymers have been developed, manufactured and tested. The structural capacitor materials were made from carbon fibre epoxy pre-preg woven laminae separated by a paper or polymer film dielectric separator. The structural capacitor multifunctional performance was characterised measuring capacitance, dielectric strength and interlaminar shear strength. The developed structural CFRP capacitor designs employing polymer film dielectrics (PA, PC and PET) offer remarkable multifunctional potential.     

Size effect in uncracked and pre-cracked reinforced concrete beams shear-strengthened with composite jackets

The paper deals with the size effect on shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer jackets. Continuous U-jackets were made of glass or carbon fiber fabrics and epoxy composite materials. Twelve uncracked or pre-cracked strengthened reinforced concrete beams and six beams without strengthening, all of them in 6 different sizes, were tested. The results indicate that fabric-epoxy continuous U-jackets have reduced the brittleness of the shear failure of beams, tensile strains in stirrups, and, in a significant way, also the width of shear cracks at the failure state. Although similar strengthening was used for both, uncracked and pre-cracked beams, activation of jackets significantly differed. While jacket strains and their strengthening effectiveness were affected by the sizes of uncracked, retrofitted beams, they remained almost constant in pre-cracked, repaired beams of varying sizes. In contrast to repaired beams, stirrups in retrofitted beams did not yield at failure. Degree of strengthening, defined as the ratio of strengthened-to-unstrengthened beam shear capacities, was studied. It was found out that consideration of the degree of strengthening would provide relations reflecting real behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer U-jackets or U-jacketed strips.     

End compression of sandwich columns

Sandwich columns, comprising woven glass fibre reinforced epoxy face sheets and PVC polymer foam cores, have been tested under edgewise compressive loading. Failure is by Euler macrobuckling, shear macrobuckling or by face sheet microbuckling, depending upon the material combination and geometry of column. Simple analytical models are developed for the axial strength, and these are in good agreement with the experimental values for each failure mode. Collapse mechanism maps are constructed to illustrate the dependence of failure mode upon the geometry and relative density of the core; and minimum weight designs are determined as a function of the appropriate structural load index.