中国城市化与城市空间的再组织

市场化和全球化正在重组尺度体系。本文应用尺度理论,对改革时期中国城市的空间再组织作政治经济分析。改革时期城市化的尺度调整在中央政府、地方政府、企业和市民等不同尺度上发生,对城市发展有重大影响。尺度分析全面考虑全球因素、中央政府和城市中的地方参与者。尽管中央政府和全球因素的角色仍然重要,本文认为在权力下放和市场化之后,中国的地方政府在城市发展中变得愈来愈重要。     

The ‘Infrastructure Turn’ in Australian Metropolitan Spatial Planning

This paper argues that a recent resurgence in Australian spatial planning has been superseded by a resort to infrastructure to address urban problems. The paper uses case studies of the Melbourne and South East Queensland (Brisbane) metropolitan regions to chart the renewal of new spatial planning, after a period of neglect. This paper then shows this spatial planning renewal has given way to a new emphasis on urban infrastructure planning as the primary mode of intervention in these cities. The infrastructure turn raises important questions about the spatial planning and infrastructure of cities within a new era of global strategic challenges.     

经济转型和新型城市化背景下的城市规划应对

从城市规划的应对视角,首先分析了我国经济结构区域发展不平衡的现状,针对未来生产性服务业的高端化和基本服务的均等化提出了规划应对。其次从城乡统筹和规划协调视角指出城市群战略是新型城镇化的重点,最后从都市圈、城市群核心城市、城市群外围点状地区等不同尺度提出了区域差异化政策和规划策略。     

上海大都市圈的圈层结构与功能网络研究

全球化背景下,以全球城市为核心的城市区域成为代表国家参与世界竞争的功能承载地.以建设“卓越的全球城市”为目标的上海,需要从区域视角重新认识空间与功能组织.从宏观视角分析上海大都市圈核心、近域、郊区、外围圈层的功能布局与演化特征;从微观企业关联视角,考察大都市圈分价值区段的功能网络组织模式.在此基础上,对大都市圈的空间与功能组织模式进行探讨,以功能网络与基础设施网络完善为重点,提出都市圈圈层与功能网络优化对策,以促进区域大中小城市的合理分工与协调发展.     

An argument for metropolitan government in Australia

The federal government of Australia seeks to determine the selection and forms of financing of infrastructure projects in cities, and to prescribe how cities are planned and managed. This role is rationalised through reference to the UK City Deals model and is made possible by vertical fiscal imbalance (the tax revenue it raises considerably exceeds its expenditure responsibilities). Referring to the Constitution, this role is assigned to state governments that are responsible for planning, infrastructure investment and service delivery in the cities. The cities themselves comprise multiple local governments that are ‘creatures’ of state government legislation. State government metropolitan strategic plans and projects inevitably serve the interests of the constituencies needed to win the next state elections. There is no recognition of a metropolitan constituency. Documenting the economic and social disadvantages arising from Australia's form of metropolitan governance, and providing an example for expensive infrastructure mishaps arising from federal and state governments prioritising different transport modes and projects, the paper argues for the creation of representative, accountable and fiscally autonomous metropolitan governments.     

重塑边界：总体规划改革与地方实践

现阶段总体规划实践面临众多困境,包括编制内容过多、编制时间过长、不适应实际管理需求等,大部分学者提出“减负”是当前总体规划的改革核心。在综合研究相关案例的基础上,提出当前总体规划面临的核心问题是“边界模糊”,这些模糊的边界包括中央与地方的事权边界、政府与市场的作用边界、城市人口规模预测的边界、规划区与中心城区的范围边界、部门之间的规划权利边界,以及大城市与小城市的内容边界。针对这些问题,地方政府通过编制其它规划来替代总体规划,包括战略规划、都市区规划、县域总体规划、三规合一规划等等。这些“规划替代”其实就是地方总体规划改革的一种创新,结合这些创新实践,认为未来总体规划改革的方向是要“重塑边界”,包括放权中央与地方的事权边界,明晰政府的刚性边界与市场弹性边界,模糊城市人口规模边界,扩大规划区与中心城区范围边界,统一部门之间规划边界、区分大城市与小城市的内容边界。     

大都市圈城市创新网络及其发展特征初探

从城市网络的视角讨论创新和大都市圈发展的内在联系,基于逻辑推演提出大都市圈城市创新网络的基本概念,并从理论上分析了其"多尺度"的空间尺度特征、"多中心"的空间形态特征以及城市节点与城市创新网络整体的关系特征。在理论分析的基础上,以长三角大都市圈为例,初步从实证角度验证了大都市圈城市创新网络的三大发展特征。长三角大都市圈城市创新网络存在于区域、国家和全球三个尺度,并且空间尺度越大,城市创新网络的功能多中心程度越低。上海在长三角大都市圈内承担的创新枢纽功能主要体现在国家和全球尺度上,区域尺度的枢纽功能则被其他次中心城市所分解。     

Growth of metro cities in India: trends,patterns and determinants

Using city-level census data this paper examines the trends, patterns and determinants of metro city growth in India and finds that the post-economic reforms period has heralded a rapid pace of metropolitan development, causing a dispersed pattern of metropolitan growth in the last two decades. The empirical results show that metro cities located along a riverbank and situated in the northern, eastern and southern regions of India; cities with better quality public services and those which are state capitals are revealed to grow faster than others. A proximity to a large city also spurs on nearby urban centres to become larger, highlighting agglomeration effects. In contrast, initial city size has a negative impact on metro growth, reflecting some conditional convergence in population growth across cities. It is also found that the older cities have not grown at a rapid pace, with many of them flagging remarkably low demographic growth, suggesting a process of population drift towards the periphery from the core city areas, thereby leading to an ‘agglomerated trend’ of metropolitan development in India. Finally, we argue that diverting investment and development projects towards regressive regions as well as to secondary cities for strengthening their infrastructure and economic bases may herald sustainable and balanced metropolitan development.     

City planning and municipal airports, 1927–40

The period between 1927 and 1940 represented an important formative period in the history of the relationship between city planners and airports. During two periods of intense interest (1927–30 and 1937–40), planners expressed some of their earliest, most basic ideas concerning the relationship between airports, cities and city planning. Planners essentially viewed airports as parts of the local transportation infrastructure and envisaged the airplane as contributing to urban decentralization. Central to their thoughts during the first period of airport enthusiasm was the notion that cities would have to build elaborate systems of airports. The systems were metropolitan in nature and focused on moving planes and people within the metropolitan area. Planners did not seem to strongly view airports as part of a national system of transportation. By the latter period, planners had a greater sense of airports as parts of a national system of transportation, but still viewed them as part of the local transportation infrastructure. Throughout this formative period, planners and their ideas were rather peripheral to local airport construction and development. However, planners did introduce the concept of airport zoning, a tool cities used after World War II to shape land-use at and around their airports.     

行政区划调整导向下济南都市圈区域协调发展策略

在优化行政区划设置和培育发展现代化都市圈的新时代,南京、济南、哈尔滨等城市被国家点名"省会作用不够"。这些省会城市的都市圈协调发展普遍面临行政区划掣肘问题,行政区划调整往往也成为各地规划建设都市圈以及推动都市圈实现一体化发展、提升竞争力水平的关键抓手。基于合肥、西安、成都、南京等典型省会都市圈发展与规划案例分析,文章理清了都市圈区域协调发展面临的行政区划困境表征,以及服务都市圈区域协调发展的行政区划调整主要模式、适应性规划策略及行政区划调整导向下都市圈区域协调发展机理,并结合济南都市圈规划建设与行政区划调整的发展历程、面临问题及优势条件分析,提出行政区划调整导向下的济南都市圈区域协调发展规划策略,包括强化核心、动能转换、区位再造、文化协同、生态共治,以期为西安(西咸)、兰州(兰白)等同类都市圈区域协调发展与规划提供参考。     

试论城市发展的战略研究及战略规划的形成

在分析目前我国城市发展战略研究实践的基础上 ,指出目前战略研究具有快速、实效、创新、宏观的特点及对象多元化、方法的趋同化、视角全面化的发展趋势 ,进而提出建立制度化的战略规划的可行性及战略规划编制程序的框架设计。最后指出 ,战略研究不等同于战略规划。城市发展战略研究可以视为一种规划的工作方法 ,而战略规划应当是一个过程 ,是一个技术过程、社会过程和政治过程的结合 ,其最终的成果则必定是基于技术和社会、经济现实的政治决策 ,并有制度性的保障     

Understanding the role of centralization processes for cities – Evidence from a spatial perspective of urban Europe 1990–2010

In the 21st century, the urban systems in most countries have undergone constant change, ranging between shrinkage, growth, and non-linear trajectories. All trends have an effect on the hinterland and are discussed in the context of agglomeration effects or hinterland shrinkage due to reurbanization. Thus, cities' population trajectories are not independent but rather is reinforced or runs contrary to the hinterland development.In order to simultaneously capture trends in cities and their hinterlands, urban life-cycle models are used. Using a systematic differentiation between the trend in the core and the hinterland, it is possible to distinguish between a stronger population growth of core cities and a situation in which the hinterland is growing faster – labeled centralization and decentralization, respectively. Developed in the 1980s, the widely used model of van den Berg reveals, however, some major drawbacks.Against this background, the paper will revisit van den Berg's et al. model and test it against the urban conditions in Europe between 1990 and 2010 by asking whether cities are decentralizing or centralizing and whether there are differences between growing and shrinking cities. The paper develops a city delineation, covering large and small cities, uses data about age structure, and applies an adapted model by measuring the intensity of the trends. The rapidly changing population trends since the beginning of the global economic crisis and its effects in Europe since 2008 require that more attention be paid to changing configurations between cities and processes beyond cities' borders, which is essential for both scholars and urban planners.     

南京:如何依托都市圈发展现代服务业

现代服务业已经成为全球经济时代城市与区域竞争的核心内容，都市圈作为现代城市区域空间组织的重要形式，为现代服务业的发展提供了更大的空间。本文以南京作为主要实证，提出了市现代服务业的若干战略设想。     

Rescaling metropolitan governance: examining discourses and conflicts in two Swiss metropolitan areas

Due to their nodal position in economic and social development, metropolitan areas give impetus to globalization. In turn, they are themselves transformed by this process. However, the question of how metropolitan areas transform by participating in the process of globalization is subject to debate. Based on case studies of two Swiss metropolitan areas (Berne and Zurich) and two policy domains (public transport and urban foreign policy), we argue that the rescaling process in metropolitan areas depends on the global competitiveness pressure the cities face and on the meaning that political actors give to these global pressures.     

The anti-apartment movement in the U.S. and the role of land use regulations in creating housing segregation

In the U.S., typically, poor and minority households are concentrated in central cities, which are ringed by middle class suburbs which contain a majority of the population of the metropolitan area. The resulting segregation is largely the outcome of public policy and institutional arrangements, rather than the excesses of a free market. Land use regulations have played a central role in creating segregation among the types of housing that are affordable to different income groups. Single family only zoning is a central institution in suburban areas; often multifamily housing is limited to a very tiny portion of the land zoned for housing. Land use policies regarding housing are formulated on a municipal level, in which states have only a minimal role and the federal government has no role. Decentralization of revenue sources and fiscal support for local services, including education, provides incentives for local zoning policies which exclude groups which are viewed as more costly to service, while decentralization of zoning powers make these policies possible. This article describes 1) the basic contours of the housing stock and population distribution in metropolitan areas, 2) the evolution of the single family only policy, and 3) recent efforts to counteract housing segregation patterns, which have had little success. Kenneth K. Baar is a attorney in the Berkeley, California and has a Ph.D. in urban planning. From 1991 to 1993, he was a Fulbright professor at the Budapest University of Economic Sciences. In 1994–95 he was visiting professor in the Urban Planning Department at Columbia University in New York City.     

核心城市在大城市经济群中的带动效应初探——以上海市对长三角的带动为例

本文在对核心城市在大城市经济群发展中的聚集作用、辐射作用和示范作用进行理论分析的基础上,以上海市对长三角的带动为例,通过分析上海作为长三角核心城市在推动长三角区域交通一体化、经济一体化、旅游一体化中等城市发展建设事业中所发挥的龙头带动效应,进一步得出核心城市在大城市经济群中的带动影响效应。     

有关经济全球化与城市发展问题的若干困惑

在全世界因亚洲金融危机而遭受重大损失之后，当前我国学术界出现了一种倾向，即把注意力转移到全球化这把双刃剑的利弊关系上去研究。近几年来，在我们城市规划和建设学科的各个方面，发表了许多围绕经济全球化和知识经济而展开的全球城市的论著，虽然这些讨论才刚刚开始，却让我们看到了未来全球城市的某些特征和走向，为活跃学术活动增添了一派新的气象。全球化是当代世界经济发展的客观趋势，全球城市的产生意味着世界资源最优配置的流动和组合。按照有些学者研究，全球城市是世界信息时代出现的一种新型城市模式，它与早年提出的“世界…     

中国特色的“边缘城市”发展：解析上海与北京城市区域向多中心结构的转型

在美国及西欧．有研究认为当今城市化在性质上已步八与过去传统郊区化不同的新阶段：居住郊区化之后,大量生产性服务业就业岗位也开始向郊区扩散,形成“边缘城市”;这种“后郊区化”现象使得城市内部的多中心结构开始向城市区域扩散。本文通过对北京的新城亦庄和上海边缘的昆山的研究,旨在揭示中国一些大城市区域中“边缘城市”的形成,及其背后的动力机制。最后文章认为跟西方后郊区化某些特征相似,中国“边缘城市”的形成也已超越了所谓郊区化的传统涵义,它代表了一种中国特征的城市多中心发展政治机制。     

Secondary Yet Metropolitan? The Challenges of Metropolitan Integration for Second-Tier Cities

This paper discusses whether the areas where metropolitan integration can be beneficial for cities in general corresponds to the typical areas of disadvantage of many second-tier cities in Europe, and explores the implications of that convergence. Metropolitan integration entails functional, institutional and symbolic dimensions, whose potential advantages include exploiting the agglomeration benefits emerging from the metropolitan scale, efficiently deploying shared metropolitan resources, and acquiring political-institutional influence over higher-level policymaking. Research shows that many European second-tier cities face persistent disadvantages in comparison to first-tier cities in these areas, and this article contributes to the discussion of new strategies of second-tier city development by exploring the potential effect of metropolitan integration in overcoming these setbacks. We empirically assess the gains in demographic and functional mass experienced by second-tier cities by aggregating the metropolitan scale, and draw from various examples to illustrate their interest in increasing institutional and political capacity. Metropolitan region formation seems indeed a promising strategy for many second-tier cities, especially those embedded in large and dense urban territories, and located in countries with a dominant first-tier city. To mobilise this potential, the paper further discusses the planning and governance strategies that can best manage the opportunities and hurdles of a metropolitan integration process.