二维材料与导电聚合物复合材料在柔性超级电容器中的研究进展

可穿戴电子设备的快速发展推动了人们对柔性超级电容器的研究。导电聚合物由于其高导电性、快速可逆的氧化还原反应及类似传统聚合物材料的柔韧性，在柔性超级电容器中具有巨大的应用潜力。纯导电聚合物电极电化学性能有限(低循环寿命和实际容量)，与新兴的二维材料组成复合材料能改善其电化学性能。本文首先介绍了二维材料与导电聚合物复合材料从一维到三维的制备与组装策略，随后综述了它们在不同结构(纤维结构、三明治结构和平面叉指结构)柔性超级电容器中的最新研究进展，最后指出了导电聚合物基复合材料在柔性超级电容器中面临的挑战以及未来的发展趋势。     

高性能超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

超级电容器即电化学电容器,是近年来发展起来的一种新型储能元件,通过离子吸附（双电层电容）或氧化还原法拉第反应（赝电容）导致电荷在电极中的储存,电荷储存机理和纳米材料的快速发展使得超级电容器的性能得到显著提高。介绍了近些年超级电容器电极材料的研究进展,从炭素材料、过渡金属氧化物和导电聚合物这3类基础材料出发,结合纳米技术并由此制得的纳米材料,综合分析了高性能超级电容器及其电极材料的发展趋势。     

金属硫化物及其复合材料在超级电容器领域的研究进展

随着人们对于清洁能源要求的不断提高，超级电容器以具有超高比电容、高功率密度和长循环等特点引起人们的研究兴趣。超级电容器已经被应用在许多工业领域中。电极材料是决定超级电容器性能的重要因素之一。过渡金属硫化物因其具有独特的电子结构和多型性的特征被广泛用作为电极材料，但其在电化学循环过程中，容易产生穿梭效应和体积变化破坏电极材料的结构，导致倍率性能差、稳定性降低。本文综述金属硫化物的概况及其与石墨烯、碳纳米管、导电聚合物构建复合材料的最新发展，利用水热法、湿化学法，或者电化学法制备金属硫化物与不同组分的复合材料，可改善金属硫化物的电导率与倍率性能。在后续研究中，需要探索更简便、成本较低的方法制备具有分级纳米结构的高性能金属硫化物复合材料。     

金属硫化物及其复合材料在超级电容器领域的研究进展

随着人们对于清洁能源要求的不断提高,超级电容器以具有超高比电容、高功率密度和长循环等特点引起人们的研究兴趣.超级电容器已经被应用在许多工业领域中.电极材料是决定超级电容器性能的重要因素之一.过渡金属硫化物因其具有独特的电子结构和多型性的特征被广泛用作为电极材料,但其在电化学循环过程中,容易产生穿梭效应和体积变化破坏电极...     

聚吡咯/二氧化锰复合材料的合成与性能

聚吡咯制备简便、电导率可控,且比电容高、稳定性好、易于跟其他材料复合,是导电聚合物中一种颇具前景的超级电容器的电极材料.结合二氧化锰成本低、比表面积大、可逆性高、电化学性能稳定、环境友好等优点,采用一步法成功制备了聚吡咯/二氧化锰纳米复合材料.通过傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能量色散谱等测试,对聚吡咯/二氧化锰复合材料的结构和形貌进行表征;并且通过循环伏安法和计时电位法对其进行电化学性能测试.结果表明在电流密度为1A/g时,所合成的聚吡咯/二氧化锰复合材料的电容比聚吡咯大几十倍,达到559F/g,并且保持率达到98.64%,表明聚吡咯/二氧化锰复合材料具有优良的电化学性、良好的可逆性和优秀的稳定性,与其他同类超级电容器电极材料对比具有一定的优势.     

柔性自支撑石墨烯基复合超级电容器电极材料研究进展

随着电子器件逐步向功能化设计发展,兼具多储能机制的柔性自支撑石墨烯基复合超级电容器电极材料是目前的研究热点之一。本文大量参考了近期研究成果,从储能机制的结合方面综述了近年来以石墨烯为基础材料的两相或三相材料复合柔性自支撑超级电容器电极材料的研究进展和目前研究存在的问题,以期以更深入的理论研究为指导,以复合方式综合各主要材料的优点,实现柔性自支撑石墨烯超级电容器电极材料性能的进一步提升。     

钛基材料在超级电容器中的研究进展

超级电容器具有功率密度高、充放电速度快、使用寿命长等优点,被认为是最有前途的储能装置之一.电极材料是影响超级电容器性能的决定性因素,其中,钛基材料以其天然丰度、低毒、低成本和易制备等优点被作为超级电容器的候选电极材料,并得到广泛研究.研究人员通过对其形貌结构的调控,从而达到提高电极材料电化学性能的目的,使其在众多能源功...     

石墨烯量子点在超级电容器导电剂中的应用

为研究石墨烯在超级电容器中的导电效果,将石墨烯量子点(GQDs)代替商品化导电炭黑(CB)用作新型纳米尺寸(~10 nm)的导电剂,分别采用直接液相复合和热还原复合方式制备具有良好导电网络的AC-G和AC-HG系列电极,并考察两种复合方式对活性炭电极结构特性与双电层电容性能的影响.结果表明:添加1%GQDs的AC电极呈现出优异的比电容和倍率性能,当电流密度从0.1 A/g增加到10 A/g,其比电容由110 F/g降到85 F/g,明显优于添加10%CB的AC电极(100 F/g降为65 F/g);热处理过程大幅去除了GQDs所带含氧官能团,AC-HG电极的电子电导率提高而离子电导率降低,因此其倍率性能略有下降,但循环稳定性大幅提高.     

新材料与新工艺

一种新型多孔炭材料研制成功中国科学院金属所沈阳材料科学国家(联合)实验室先进炭材料研究部与澳大利亚昆士兰大学合作,在国家自然科学基金委的支持下,研制成功一种局域石墨化三维层次多孔结构的新型多孔炭材料。该材料在高倍率条件下具有很高的能量密度和功率密度,可用作超级电容器的电极材料。     

一种新型多孔炭材料研制成功

中周科学院金属所沈阳材料科学国家（联合）实验室先进炭材料研究部与澳大利亚昆士兰大学合作,在国家自然科学基金委的支持下,研制成功一种局域石墨化三维层次多孔结构的新型多孔炭材料。该材料在高倍率条件下具有很高的能量密度和功率密度,可用作超级电容器的电极材料。     

Performance and Stability of Supercapacitor Modules based on Porous Carbon Electrodes in Hybrid Powertrain

Hybrid power sources have attracted much attention in the electric vehicle area. Particularly, electric-electric hybrid powertrain system consisting of supercapacitor modules and lithium-ion batteries has been widely applied because of the high power density of supercapacitors. In this study, we design a hybrid powertrain system containing two porous carbon electrode-based supercapacitor modules in parallel and one lithium ion battery pack. With the construction of the testing station, the performance and stability of the used supercapacitor modules are investigated in correlation with the structure of the supercapacitor and the nature of the electrode materials applied. It has been shown that the responding time for voltage vibration from 20 V to 48.5 V during charging or discharging process decreases from about 490 s to 94 s with the increase in applied current from 20 A to 100 A. The capacitance of the capacitor modules is nearly independent on the applied current. With the designed setup, the energy efficiency can reach as high as 0.99. The results described here provide a guidance for material selection of supercapacitors and optimized controlling strategy for hybrid power system applied in electric vehicles.     

NiAl-LDHs 电极材料的水热合成及其超级电容器电化学性能

超级电容器具有大充放电速率、良好的循环稳定性及高功率密度等优点, 是一种新兴的绿色环保储能器件。采用简单的水热合成法制备镍铝层状双金属氢氧化物(NiAl-LDHs) 超级电容器电极材料, 探究不同镍铝比对其形貌组成及电化学性能的影响。所制备的Ni₁Al₁-LDHs 电极材料在电流密度为1 A/g 时表现出378 F/g 的高比电容。以活性炭(AC) 为负极组成的Ni₁Al₁-LDHs//AC 非对称超级电容器在能量密度为27.5 Wh/kg 时, 具有1.4 kW/kg 的高功率密度, 表现出优异的电化学性能。     

Exploration and progress of high-energy supercapacitors and related electrode materials

As one of new electrical energy storage systems, supercapacitors possess higher energy density than conventional capacitors and larger power density than batteries, integrating substantial merits with high energy, large power delivery, long cycle life, obvious safety, and low cost. However, the unsatisfying energy density is the inhabiting issue for the wide commercial applications. As the energy density(E, W h kg?1) is directly proportional to specific capacitance(C, F g?1) and the square of operating voltage(V, V), in this review, we summarize the recent progress in two sections: the exploration of high-performance electrode materials to achieve high specific capacitance and the construction of high-voltage supercapacitor systems for high working voltage. The progressive explorations and developments in supercapacitors could guide the future research towards high-performance, low-cost, and safe energy storage devices.     

Towards unlocking high-performance of supercapacitors: From layered transition-metal hydroxide electrode to redox electrolyte.

Both energy density and power density are crucial for a supercapacitor device, where the trade-off must be made between the two factors towards a practical application. Herein we focus on pseudocapacitance produced from the electrode and the electrolyte of supercapacitors to simultaneously achieve high energy density and power density. On the one hand, layered transition metal hydroxides(Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2) are introduced as electrodes, followed with exploration of the effect of the active materials and the substrate on the electrochemical behavior. On the other hand, various redox electrolytes are utilized to improve the specific capacitance of an electrolyte. The roadmap is to select an appropriate electrode and a dedicated electrolyte in order to achieve high electrochemical performance of the supercapacitors.     

聚苯胺/氮掺杂碳纳米管复合材料的制备及其超级电容性能

采用化学氧化聚合法以不同浓度的苯胺单体制备聚苯胺(PANI-1和PANI-2),采用相同方法在氮掺杂碳纳米管(NCNTs)悬浮液中制备聚苯胺/氮掺杂碳纳米管复合材料(PANI/NCNTs-1和PANI/NCNTs-2)。利用循环伏安法、恒电流充放电和电化学交流阻抗技术对合成材料的超级电容器性能进行研究分析。在0.2 A/g电流密度下进行恒电流充放电, PANI/NCNTs-1和PANI/NCNTs-2复合材料可以获得较高的比电容。同时, PANI/NCNTs复合材料也具有优异的倍率性能和充放电稳定性,这都表明该复合材料在电化学储能器件领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

Rare earth and transitional metal colloidal supercapacitors

The search of electrode materials with high electrochemical activity is one of key solutions to actualize both high energy density and high power density in a supercapacitor. Recently, we have developed one novel kind of rare earth and transitional metal colloidal supercapacitors, which can deliver higher specific capacitance than electrical double-layer capacitors(EDLC) and traditional pseudocapacitors. The electrode materials in colloidal supercapacitors are in-situ formed electroactive colloids, which were transformed from commercial rare earth and transitional metal salts in alkaline electrolyte by chemical and electrochemical assisted coprecipitation. In these colloidal supercapacitors, multiple-electron Faradaic redox reactions can be utilized, which can deliver ultrahigh specific capacitance often larger than one-electron capacitance. Multiple-valence metal cations used in our designed colloidal supercapacitors mainly include Ce3+, Yb3+, Er3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Sn2+ and Sn4+. The colloidal supercapacitors can be served as the promising next-generation high performance supercapacitors.     

微电网混合储能系统研究

针对微电网中传统蓄电池储能系统循环寿命短、电压波动大、功率密度低等问题,提出了一种由蓄电池和超级电容器构成的混合储能系统及其控制方法。充分利用两种储能元件的优势,通过设计均压控制策略、功率控制、V/f控制等手段,实现了各蓄电池和超级电容器单体的均压控制;最后建立Matlab/Simulink模型对系统进行仿真。结果表明,该方法减缓了电网负载波动时蓄电池的电流波动,减小了直流母线的电压波动,验证了该方法的可行性。     

微波活化甘蔗渣合成活性炭及其电化学电容特性

以甘蔗渣为原料,ZnCl2为活化剂,分别采用微波加热活化和管式炉加热活化制备了一系列活性炭材料,并研究了微波活化法制备的活性炭在水或离子液体电解液体系中的电容特性.氮气吸附测试表明:活化剂的浓度与活性炭的孔结构密切相关,加热方式对孔径结构的影响不大,但微波活化法在加热效率和均匀性方面具有明显的优势.当活化剂的浓度从20wt%增大到60wt%时,活性炭的平均孔径从2.5nm逐渐增大到7.0nm.电化学测试表明:在离子液体中炭材料的电容性能与其孔径大小密切相关,孔径尺寸越大,其电容性能越好.离子液体电容器能提供远高于水相电容器的能量密度.AC60在功率密度为2.5kW/kg时,仍能提供9.2Wh/kg的能量密度.     

Preparation and properties of pitch carbon based supercapacitor

Using the mesophase pitch as precursor, KOH and CO2 as activated agents, the activated carbon electrode material was fabricated by physical-chemical combined activated technique for supercapacitor. The influence of activated process on the pore structure of activated carbon was analyzed and 14 F supercapacitor with working voltage of 2.5 V was prepared. The charge and discharge behaviors, the properties of cyclic voltammetry, specific capacitance, equivalent serials resistance (ESR), cycle properties, and temperature properties of prepared supercapacitor were examined. The cyclic voltammetry curve results indicate that the carbon based supercapacitor using the self-made activated carbon as electrode materials shows the desired capacitance properties. In 1 mol/L Et4NBF4/AN electrolyte, the capacitance and ESR of the supercapacitor are 14.7 F and 60 m?, respectively. The specific capacitance of activated carbon electrode materials is 99.6 F/g; its energy density can reach 2.96 W·h/kg under the large current discharge condition. There is no obvious capacitance decay that can be observed after 5000 cycles. The leakage current is below 0.2 mA after keeping the voltage at 2.5 V for 1 h. Meanwhile, the supercapacitor shows desired temperature property; it can be operated normally in the temperature ranging from -40 ℃ to 70 ℃.     

超大容量双电层电容器的研制

双电层电容器是一种功率密度高和能量密度大的新型储能元件。研究以活性炭为材料的双电层电容器的制作，对制作压力、活性物质涂载量及电解液浓度进行了研究，摸索出电容器的制作工艺。实验过程中采用循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒电流充放电方法对电极和电容器进行性能测试。结论是活性炭电极在制作压力为20MPa，活性物质涂载量为30mg／cm^2，电解液为7moL／L的KOH水溶液时性能最优。实验单体小电容器的比容量可达54．01F／g，并研制出容量高达1247．32F的超大容量电容器。