葛根素的基础研究与临床应用新进展

葛根素是中药葛根的主要有效成分之一。实验证明有清除氧自由基，抗氧化性损伤，扩张心脑血管和降低心肌氧耗等多种作用，临床主要用于防治心脑血管疾病。本文就近年来葛根素的药理学及其临床应用的最新进展进行了综述。     

环糊精在医药学应用研究中的新进展

综述了近几年来环糊精与药物分子形成包合物在医药应用上的新进展,即①超声波法合成药用环糊精包合物;②新型药用环糊精包合物的制备;③环糊精及其衍生物对药物的增溶作用。     

Exploring the pharmacology and action spectra of photochromic open-channel blockers

Light control of voltage-gated ion channels: We have developed red-shifted derivatives of QAQ, a powerful doubly charged photochromic blocker. These derivatives allow for remote control of K(v) and Na(v) channel conductance with light and offer the opportunity to silence neuronal activity reversibly.     

Explorations in cell biology and pharmacology using synthetic polymers

We have used synthetic polymers as tools to probe endocytosis and lysosome function. Their particular value lies in their well-defined chemical constitution and in the possibility to custom-synthesize molecules with desired characteristics. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Percoll and polystyrene beads have been ¹²⁵I-labelled and used to explore the borderland of pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Derivatized poly(aspartamide), poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) and a polylysine-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer have been used to investigate the effects of hydrophobic moieties and sugar residues on substrate-selection in pinocytosis. The effect of cationic moieties has been studied using vinylpyrrolidone-vinylamine copolymers. Poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) with certain oligopeptide side---chains have been shown to be susceptible to lysosomal peptidases. Ethylene glycol oligomers are being used to study the basal permeability of the lysosome membrane. Soluble macromolecules have considerable potential in targeted drug-delivery. Drugs attached to appropriate polymers by covalent links that are susceptible to lysosomal enzymes can deliver drug to target cells and avoid unwanted sideeffects. Synthetic macromolecules have several advantages over their natural counterparts: they are chemically more robust, less immunogenic, and easier and cheaper to prepare in bulk.     

An overview of the biochemical pharmacology of probucol

Probucol was effective in lowering serum total cholesterol in mice at dietary levels as low as 0.0075%. It was also effective after a single 100 mg/kg I.V. dose in mice. The incorporation of acetate-¹⁴C into liver lipids of rats and mice was not significantly affected by probucol, although the results, especially in mice, make it impossible to rule out such an effect. Cholesterol absorption was estimated in rats using a dual isotope technique. The observed reductions were not statistically significant. Several liver enzyme activities were determined after probucol treatment in rats, and a significant elevation (32%) was observed in only one, glutamic dehydrogenase. Serum cholesterol was lowered markedly in cholesterol-fed cynomolgus monkeys by probucol. There was no effect on the excretion of neutral steroids and the observed increase in fecal bile acids after drug treatment could not be confirmed statistically.     

Chemistry and pharmacology of β-adrenoceptor antagonists

The development of β-adrenoceptor antagonists from the β-stimulant isoprenaline is discussed. Routes of synthesis for the two series of agents that have emerged, the arylethanolamines and the aryloxypropanolamines, are outlined. The various biological screens that are used to define the pharmacological indices of the β-adrenoceptor antagonists are described and the relevance of these is discussed. The structural requirements for a given pharmacological profile are outlined briefly and this is then related to the drugs clinically available. The clinical indications in which β-blockers are currently used and the future directions of β-adrenoceptor research are indicated.     

目标导向合成及差异导向合成在药物合成中的应用

介绍了目标导向合成和差异导向合成的基本概念,扼要阐述了目标导向合成在药物合成上的应用,着重综述了差异导向合成的固相有机合成法和液相有机合成法在合成有机小分子库以备药物筛选中的应用。认为差异导向合成在药物研究领域的作用必将变得更加重要。     

Discovery and preliminary pharmacology of Sch 37370, a dual antagonist of PAF and histamine

From a series of amide analogs of the histamine H₁ antagonist, azatadine, a potent, orally active, dual platelet-activating factor (PAF) and histamine antagonist, Sch 37370, namely 1-acetyl-4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo-[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidine)piperidine, was discovered. Sch 37370 selectively inhibits PAF-induced aggregation of human plateletsin vitro (IC₅₀=0.6 μM), andin vivo inhibits PAF- and histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs with ED₅₀ values of 6.0 and 2.4 mg/kg p.o., respectively. Sch 37370 is expected to be more efficacious than single mediator antagonists in allergic diseases, such as asthma. Based on papers presented at the Third International Conference on Platelet-Activating Factor and Structurally Related Alkyl Ether Lipids, Tokyo, Japan, May 1989.     

Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a target in pharmacology and toxicology

Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) is an important part of the cholinergic nerve system in the brain. Moreover, it is associated with a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the termination of the parasympathetic nervous system. Antagonists of α7 nAChR are a wide group represented by conotoxin and bungarotoxin. Even Alzheimer's disease drug memantine acting as an antagonist in its side pathway belongs in this group. Agonists of α7 nAChR are suitable for treatment of multiple cognitive dysfunctions such as Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. Inflammation or even sepsis can be ameliorated by the agonistic acting compounds. Preparations RG3487, SEN34625/WYE-103914, SEN12333, ABT-107, Clozapine, GTS-21, CNI-1493, and AR-R17779 are representative examples of the novel compounds with affinity toward the α7 nAChR. Pharmacological, toxicological, and medicinal significance of α7 nAChR are discussed throughout this paper.     

Analysis of pharmacology data and the prediction of adverse drug reactions and off-target effects from chemical structure

Preclinical Safety Pharmacology (PSP) attempts to anticipate adverse drug reactions (ADRs) during early phases of drug discovery by testing compounds in simple, in vitro binding assays (that is, preclinical profiling). The selection of PSP targets is based largely on circumstantial evidence of their contribution to known clinical ADRs, inferred from findings in clinical trials, animal experiments, and molecular studies going back more than forty years. In this work we explore PSP chemical space and its relevance for the prediction of adverse drug reactions. Firstly, in silico (computational) Bayesian models for 70 PSP-related targets were built, which are able to detect 93% of the ligands binding at IC(50) < or = 10 microM at an overall correct classification rate of about 94%. Secondly, employing the World Drug Index (WDI), a model for adverse drug reactions was built directly based on normalized side-effect annotations in the WDI, which does not require any underlying functional knowledge. This is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to predict adverse drug reactions across hundreds of categories from chemical structure alone. On average 90% of the adverse drug reactions observed with known, clinically used compounds were detected, an overall correct classification rate of 92%. Drugs withdrawn from the market (Rapacuronium, Suprofen) were tested in the model and their predicted ADRs align well with known ADRs. The analysis was repeated for acetylsalicylic acid and Benperidol which are still on the market. Importantly, features of the models are interpretable and back-projectable to chemical structure, raising the possibility of rationally engineering out adverse effects. By combining PSP and ADR models new hypotheses linking targets and adverse effects can be proposed and examples for the opioid mu and the muscarinic M2 receptors, as well as for cyclooxygenase-1 are presented. It is hoped that the generation of predictive models for adverse drug reactions is able to help support early SAR to accelerate drug discovery and decrease late stage attrition in drug discovery projects. In addition, models such as the ones presented here can be used for compound profiling in all development stages.     

Modeling promiscuity based on in vitro safety pharmacology profiling data

This study describes a method for mining and modeling binding data obtained from a large panel of targets (in vitro safety pharmacology) to distinguish differences between promiscuous and selective compounds. Two naïve Bayes models for promiscuity and selectivity were generated and validated on a test set as well as publicly available drug databases. The model shows a higher score (lower promiscuity) for marketed drugs than for compounds in early development or compounds that failed during clinical development. Such models can be used in triaging high‐throughput screening data or for lead optimization.     

Update on the pharmacology of Spirulina (Arthrospira), an unconventional food

Spirulina (Arthrospira), a filamentous, unicellular alga, is a cyanobacterium grown in certain countries as food for human and animal consumption. It is also used to derive additives in pharmaceuticals and foods. This alga is a rich source of proteins, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and other nutrients. Its main use, therefore, is as a food supplement. Over the last few years, however, it has been found to have many additional pharmacological properties. Thus, it has been experimentally proven, in vivo and in vitro that it is effective to treat certain allergies, anemia, cancer, hepatotoxicity, viral and cardiovascular diseases, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, immunodeficiency, and inflammatory processes, among others. Several of these activities are attributed to Spirulina itself or to some of its components including fatty acids omega-3 or omega-6, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, phycocyanin, phenol compounds, and a recently isolated complex, Ca-Spirulan (Ca-SP). This paper aims to update and critically review the results published over the last few years with regards to these properties. The conclusion is that even if this cyanobacterium has been one of the most extensively studied from the chemical, pharmacological and toxicological points of view, it is still necessary to expand the research in order to have more consistent data for its possible use in human beings.     

卤代噁唑的合成及其在Siphonazole合成中的应用

以二氯乙腈为起始原料,与苏氨酸甲酯在甲醇钠催化下形成噁唑啉中间体,经过消除、酸催化得到含有噁唑环的氯化物,碘化钾取代后与三苯基磷形成Wittg盐,后者与丁特基二甲基氯硅烷(TBS)保护的香兰素进行Wittig反应,得到只有潜在抗病毒活性的天然产物Siphonazole中的重要片段,总收率为44%。     

4-溴-4,4-二硝基丁酸乙酯的合成及表征

以溴代二硝基甲烷钾盐和丙烯酸乙酯为原料,在相转移催化剂四丁基溴化铵的作用下通过Michael加成反应得到4-溴-4,4-二硝基丁酸乙酯。通过单因素实验,探讨了反应物料摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂用量对产物产率的影响,得到的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度30℃,n(丙烯酸乙酯)∶n(溴代二硝基甲烷钾盐)=2∶1,反应时间30 min,四丁基溴化铵用量为溴代二硝基甲烷钾盐物质的量的20%,在该条件下产物产率可达52%;并用UV-vis、FTIR、1HNMR、MS以及元素分析等方法表征了产物的结构。     

3-溴噻吩的合成及其在有机合成中的应用

3 -溴噻吩是一种重要的有机化工中间体 ,它的合成主要通过还原和异构化这两个方面的作用来实现。它的用途主要用于噻吩聚合物的合成。以 3 -溴噻吩为原料可合成 3 -( 6-溴己基 )噻吩 ,也可合成 3 -己基噻吩 ,再以后者为原料 ,合成不同的噻吩聚合物。它的用途将更加广阔。