纳米铜粒子表面氧化层在苯气氛中的形貌和结构变化

用惰性气体蒸发法制备的纳米铜粒子,在收集和存放时表面易被氧化为CuO和Cu2O.在330℃时纳米铜表面的CuO对苯有较强的裂解作用,纳米铜和表面的Cu2O对苯没有裂解作用.使用TEM、SEM、XRD、DSC-TG研究处理12h后的纳米铜的表面,发现纳米铜表面生长出厚度为15nm左右层状结构的Cu2O,与在真空中处理的结果明显不同.     

乙醇对纳米CuO晶型及脱硫性能的影响

分别以硝酸铜水溶液和乙醇溶液为原料、氢氧化钠为沉淀剂,采用直接沉淀法制备了纳米CuO.通过TEM、XRD和XPS技术对比分析了乙醇对纳米CuO粒径及晶型的影响,并对比测试了制得的两种纳米CuO室温脱硫性能.实验结果表明:乙醇为分散剂制得的纳米CuO主要是球形,其平均粒径约为7nm,水为分散剂制得的样品中出现了大量棒形纳米CuO,尺寸约为8 nm×36 nm,说明溶剂极性影响纳米材料的粒径和晶型的形成;球形纳米CuO室温脱除H2S的活性时间是棒形纳米CuO的近两倍,表明纳米粒子的结构是影响脱硫性能的重要因素.     

纳米Y2O3:Eu3+粉体的表面包膜处理

本文采用高分子网络凝胶法制备了粒径约为20nm的纳米Y2O3:Eu3+粉体,并采用KAl(SO4)2及Na2SiO3溶液进行表面包膜处理,在纳米Y2O3:Eu3+粉体表面获得了约2nm厚的复合氧化物膜,发现包膜处理对纳米Y2O3:Eu3+粉体分散性能及表面结构有明显的影响.     

纳米结构钛673K氧化后的拉伸与摩擦性能

考察了强烈塑性变形制备的纳米结构钛经大气环境下673K、48h处理后的拉伸和摩擦性能，并对其表面生成膜的结构进行了表征。结果表明：处理后的纳米结构钛具有良好的拉伸性能，其屈服强度约为700MPa，延伸率约为32％；在球盘式干摩擦条件下与Si3N4球对摩时，上述处理显著降低了纳米结构钛的摩擦系数（从0．95降到0．3）并明显提高了其抗磨性能；纳米结构钛经上述处理后其表面生成金红石结构的二氧化钛氧化膜．摩擦性能的提高系该氧化膜所致。     

电爆法制备纳米铜颗粒的微结构特征及其氧化行为研究

本文利用扫描电镜（SEM）、高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）、X-射线衍射（XRD）和热分析技术等,对电爆法制备的纳米铜（Cu）颗粒的微观形貌、晶体结构特征,以及高温氧化性能进行了较为详细的表征和测试。实验发现,1）纳米铜（Cu）颗粒具有完整的晶体结构,有轻微的软团聚,粒径分布在60～80nm之间,平均粒径约为78nr／l;颗粒表面有一层钝化的非晶态膜。2）在空气气氛中,从室温加热到1200℃时,其氧化过程中的相转变为Cu→CuO2→CuO→CuO2,即,在198℃开始被氧化,在275℃后完全被氧化;低温时,主要产物为CuO;而高温时,主要为Cu2O。     

纳米CuO催化剂晶粒尺寸对Mg_2Ni基复合材料储氢性能的影响

利用沉淀法制备纳米CuO,通过不同煅烧温度控制其晶粒尺寸。XRD测试表明,所得样品为CuO单相结构,晶粒尺寸分别为7.5,14.4nm和23.4nm。利用球磨法制备Mg_2Ni-Ni-5%(摩尔分数,下同)CuO复合材料,对材料的电化学性能、动力学性能及气态放氢活化能进行测试分析。结果表明,添加纳米CuO可明显提高材料的最大放电性能,改善Mg基复合材料电极表面的电催化活性,提高材料体相内H的扩散能力。DSC测试表明,纳米CuO复合材料比无催化剂材料的放氢温度降低约50K。通过Kissinger公式计算得到Mg_2Ni-Ni和Mg_2Ni-Ni-5%CuO600复合材料的放氢活化能分别为86.9kJ/mol和89.3kJ/mol。     

超音速微粒轰击45钢表面纳米化的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击技术(SFPB)对由铁素体和珠光体组成的45钢进行表面纳米化处理,在材料表面制备了纳米结构表层,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等分析技术研究了表面纳米结构层不同深度的微观组织结构特征.研究表明:经SFPB处理后,材料表层发生了严重的塑性变形,形成了由铁素体和渗碳体组成的纳米结构层;随着处理时间的增加纳米结构层的厚度由几微米增加到15 μm(晶粒尺寸＜100 nm);在材料的最表层形成了晶粒尺寸约15 nm的具有随机取向的等轴晶,纳米晶粒尺寸随着距表面距离的增加增大;在距表面约为15 μm处,存在平均晶粒尺寸约100 nm的等轴晶和具有相近尺寸的胞状结构;在约30 μm处,大量的高密度位错墙分别将铁素体相和珠光体相分割成尺寸在200～500 nm的胞状结构.分析表明45钢表面纳米化主要是位错运动的结果.     

阳极氧化法制备TiO2纳米管阵列及其光电性能研究

采用阳极氧化法在钛片上制备了TiO2纳米管阵列光电极，利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪（xRD）对TiO2纳米管的形貌和结构进行了表征，详细考察了氧化工艺参数对纳米管阵列形貌的影响，并通过稳态光电响应技术对TiO2纳米管电极的光电化学性能进行了研究．结果表明，在1wt％HF电解液中，控制氧化电压为20V，反应30min后，在Ti表面获得了垂直导向的TiO2纳米管阵列，孔径约为90nm，管壁厚度约为10nm．经600℃退火处理后，TiO2纳米管阵列为锐钛矿型与金红石型的混晶结构，此时电极的光电性能最佳，与TiO2纳米多孔膜电极相比，光电性能大幅提高．     

用水解法制备水铁矿纳米团簇

提出了使用CuO增强Fe(NO_3)_3溶液水解制备水铁矿(Fe_5O_7(OH)·4H_2O)纳米团簇的方法。将适量的CuO粉末加入到沸腾的Fe(NO_3)_3溶液中,将发生沉淀反应生成纳米尺寸的铁氧化物。用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、振动样品磁强计、X射线能谱仪、X射线光电子能谱分别对沉淀生成的产物的形态和大小、磁化强度、晶体结构和化学组成进行表征。产物是由大小约6.13nm的微粒聚集形成的弱磁水铁矿纳米团簇。纳米团簇表面吸附有少量Fe(NO_3)_3,大小约为40nm。本文提出了一种通过增强水解制备纳米尺寸氧化物的新方法。     

SOI基上制备CuO纳米线

在SOI基上制备光电纳米器件具有良好的光电集成应用前景,通过铜膜生长法在SOI基上制备了形貌为类针状的Cu(OH)2前驱体纳米线,并采用热处理法600℃条件下成功制备了CuO纳米线。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射测试(XRD)对样品结构、形貌进行了表征。SEM、TEM测试结果表明,Cu(OH)2前驱体纳米线结构一致,尺寸均匀,表面光滑。在Cu(OH)2前驱体纳米线上二次生长的CuO纳米线具有类蒲草状细长光滑的结构,CuO纳米线直径约为80~100nm,长度约为10μm,CuO纳米线结晶性良好。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from