Galvanic skin response as a measure of patient's reaction to therapist's permissiveness.

"Frequency of a patient's galvanic skin response is shown to be inversely related to the judged permissiveness of the therapist during a series of 42 hours of psychotherapy. The GSR is interpreted as a measure of the anxiety of the patient, or his 'mobilization' against any cue threatening punishment by the therapist, such as any cue which the patient has learned to perceive as evidence of low esteem. This anxiety presumably motivates varying subtle forms of resistance and defense against the feared punishment. Several alternative interpretations of the relation between permissiveness and GSR are rejected by various findings." GSR is related to the emotional significance of the patient's speech, as well as to the permissiveness of the therapist. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mechanism and measurement of the galvanic skin response.

The measurement of the GSR is subject to error from many sources. Recent work has elucidated the peripheral mechanism of the response and has provided an appropriate electrical model. This review considers the measurement and analysis of the GSR in the light of this recent work. The relative merits of constant current (resistance) and constant voltage (conductance) measurements are discussed; the optimal electrode systems are defined, and dc and ac methods are compared. A brief survey of the organismic and environmental variables which influence the response is included. (2 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conditioning and generalization of GSR as a function of awareness.

"This study was essentially a replication of… (an) experiment on the unconscious conditioning of autonomic responses. When… (the previous) methods of data analysis were used, their results in general were confirmed." Limitations and critique of the previous methodology is offered, and its effect on the results obtained is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The SPSSI and racial differences.

At the September 1961 meeting of the American Psychological Association, the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) adopted a brief resolution in which they took exception to a paper of mine published in the summer of 1961 (Garrett, "The equalitarian dogma," Perspect. Biol. Med. 1961, 4, pp. 480-484). In my paper, I listed five sources which I believe have contributed to the equalitarian view of race differences and showed (I thought convincingly) that Negro-White differences in mental tests are so regular and persistent as strongly to suggest a genetic basis. SPSSI questions this conclusion. Contrary to the SPSSI statement, the evidence for Negro-White equality in intelligence under comparable conditions--far from being overwhelming--is not even moderately convincing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RESPONSES OF SUBJECTS TO THEIR OWN GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSES.

"It is concluded that data have been obtained which are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that suggestion and stress can influence the extent of an individual's overreaction to information about his own autonomic responses. More specific identification of the crucial independent variables awaits improvement of procedure such as by mechanical standardization of the suggestions or by utilizing conditioning instead of suggestion." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Galvanic skin response and reported anxiety during systematic desensitization.

Preselected 3 groups of 8 females each for high snake fear. 1 group received systematic desensitization with relaxation, another desensitization without relaxation (essentially exposure to phobic visualizations), and the 3rd relaxation and visualization of neutral scenes. Outcome measures indicate that the desensitization group reduced phobic behavior most, followed by the relaxation group, and then the exposure group. Total amplitude of GSR responsivity during a visualization showed a more rapid habituation for the desensitization group than either exposure or relaxation group. Results confirm the initial hypotheses and provide support for a counterconditioning explanation of systematic desensitization with relaxation as the mediator or counterconditioner. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Studies in efficiency: Muscle-action patterns in reaction time as related to GSR conditioning.

A significant interaction between degree of efficiency in reaction time and in meeting task requirements in the GSR conditioning situation was found, such that efficient Ss tended to take longer to reach criterion under instructions to relax, while there was no difference between the groups when the requirement was to solve a problem. Under the relax instructions the correlation of right- to left-arm tension with trials to successive CRs was .60; under problem instructions it was -.04. Taken together with the previous studies, these results are interpreted as support for the method of analysis implied by the concept of efficiency. They prepare the way for further tests of the hypothesis that efficiency will be related to degrees of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Incubation effect: Role of awareness in an immediate versus delayed test of conditioned emotionality.

"The purpose of the study was to test the view that conditioned emotionality, as measured by the GSR, increases after a delay and that this increase is greater when the subject is aware of the relation between the CS and UCS. Certain words were associated with shock. The subject was aware of the relation between one word and shock but was unaware of the relation between a second word and shock. The GSR to these words was compared to the GSR to a word not associated with shock." The results confirmed the hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conditioned diminution of the unconditioned skin conductance response.

During Pavlovian conditioning the expression of a conditioned response typically serves as evidence that an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) has been learned. However, learning-related changes in the unconditioned response (UCR) produced by a predictable UCS can also develop. In the present study, we investigated learning-related reductions in the magnitude of the unconditioned skin conductance response (SCR). Healthy volunteers participated in a differential conditioning study in which one tone (CS+) was paired with a loud white-noise UCS and a second tone (CS?) was presented alone. In addition, probe trials that consisted of UCS presentations paired with the CS+ (CS + UCS) and CS? (CS ? UCS), as well as presentations of the UCS alone were included to assess UCR diminution. SCR and participants' expectations of UCS presentation were monitored during conditioning. Greater diminution of the UCR was observed to the UCS when it followed the CS+ compared to when it followed the CS? or was presented alone. Further, UCR amplitude showed an inverse relationship with the participants' ratings of UCS expectancy. However, conditioned UCR diminution was also observed independent of differential UCS expectancies. Our findings demonstrate conditioned diminution of the unconditioned SCR. Further, these findings suggest that although UCR amplitude is modified by conscious expectations of the UCS, conditioned diminution of the UCR can be expressed independent of learning-related changes in these expectations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of chlorpromazine on GSR conditioning.

Research had suggested that chlorpromazine reduces anxiety and, from another line of research, that there is a positive relationship between degree of anxiety and ease of conditioning. The present research aimed at an assessment of the combination of these findings, viz., if chlorpromazine reduces anxiety, and lowered anxiety (reduced drive) decreases the ease of obtaining a conditioned response, then GSR conditioning should decrease with patients taking chlorpromazine. The results were in the hypothesized direction. Dosage of chlorpromazine was related to decrease in conditioning ability, with a moderate dosage (275-410 mg. per day) most effective in making conditioning difficult. 15 refs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparative psychological studies of Negroes and whites in the United States: A clarification.

Dreger and Miller (see 35: 4875) criticize a paper by Pasamanick (see 21: 948) in terms of sampling and skin color estimates. This paper is an answer to these criticisms and a general discussion of the issues involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Color-blind racial attitudes and white racial identity attitudes in psychology trainees.

Is it really important to talk about race in therapy? Does discussion of societal racism have any place in the consulting room? The American Psychological Association's (2003) recent multicultural guidelines highlight the limitations of a racially "color-blind" perspective for clinical practice. This study explored the relationships between color-blind racial attitudes and White racial identity. In a sample of 177 White counseling and clinical psychology trainees, we found that higher levels of attitudes that minimized or distorted the existence of contemporary racism (i.e., color-blind attitudes) were positively related to attitudes associated with less integrated forms of racial identity. Conversely, the results indicated that greater awareness of racism was related to more integrated White racial identity statuses. Implications for assessment, treatment, training, and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mechanisms of palmar skin resistance and skin potential.

Attempts to analyze peripheral and central factors responsible for 4 electrical properties of palmar skin: (1) skin-resistance level (SRL), (2) skin-resistance responses (SRRs), (3) skin-potential level (SPL), and (4) skin-potential responses (SPRs), the latter being often diphasic—an initial negative change in potential followed by a positive wave. SRL and SRRs are closely linked with sweat-gland activity, with a possible contribution from epidermal factors. Available data suggest that SPL is largely independent of sweat-gland activity and may relate to certain membrane characteristics of the epidermis. In SPR, the latency of the negative wave seems to correlate closely with the latency of the SRR; both are probably functions of the presecretory activity of sweat glands. The mechanism of the positive wave is in doubt; it is regarded by some as a secondary aspect of sweat-gland activity and by others as being of independent epidermal origin. (2 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

钛合金与NiAl封严涂层的电偶腐蚀行为研究

钛合金材料与不同材料相互连接,并处于富含氯离子的电解质溶液中,有可能使得材料发生电偶腐蚀而遭到破坏。采用极化曲线的方法分别研究了NiAl涂层、TA15的电化学行为。结果表明NiAl涂层的腐蚀电位较TA15的低,二者相差约30 mV,NiAl涂层腐蚀电流为1.718×10-4A,TA15腐蚀电流为1.170×10-5A。研究了NiAl封严涂层和TA15钛合金之间在5%NaCl水溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为。测试了NiAl-TA15电偶对的电偶电流-时间曲线,并通过计算出的平均电偶电流密度,评价了钛合金和NiAl封严涂层的电偶腐蚀敏感性。结果表明,TA15钛合金和NiAl封严涂层之间的电位差很小,电偶腐蚀倾向很小,电偶电流密度为0.0253μA.cm-2。电偶腐蚀过程中,腐蚀电位较低的NiAl涂层作为电偶对的阳极发生腐蚀,钛合金作为阴极得到保护。电偶腐蚀后电偶对的阳极、阴极的自腐蚀电位均升高,阳极电位从-347 mV正移到-242 mV,阴极电位从-323 mV正移到-210 mV;电偶电位为-300 mV。NiAl涂层含有较多孔洞,可以作为腐蚀介质的渗透通道,在含有Cl-并且有溶解氧存在的腐蚀性介质中,容易导致腐蚀的发生与发展。     

Need for achievement in Negro and white children.

2 studies were done comparing the scores of Negro and white children on need for achievement (n Ach), defined as concern with achieving high standards of excellence. All Ss were from rural, central North Carolina. In the 1st study, 5th and 7th graders wrote stories in response to 6 line drawings of people. In the 2nd study, 3rd-, 5th-, and 7th-grade Ss and high-school Ss wrote or told stories to 12 other line drawings. In both studies, white Ss scored significantly higher than Negro Ss, and n Ach scores increased significantly with age. In the 2nd study, Negro girls scored significantly higher than Negro boys. Negro Ss had more hostile non-n-Ach themes in the 1st study, but there was no meaningful pattern of the non-n-Ach themes in the 2nd study. (21 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

高温抗渗碳耐腐蚀红外辐射釉料的研制

高温抗渗碳红外釉料是一种非晶态结构的高温、抗渗碳、耐腐蚀的新型红外辐射材料。阐述了它的研制与制备工艺，试验了各种因素对其性能的影响。试验表明，红外釉层抗渗碳、耐腐蚀及机械强度等性能大大优于一般红外辐射涂层。     

Reactions to diversity in recruitment advertising--are differences black and white?

The portrayal of racial diversity in corporate recruitment advertisements has become increasingly common. Despite widespread sentiment that ad diversity attracts a broader scope of applicants, empirical research on this topic is sparse. Consequently, the present study manipulated ad diversity at 2 hierarchical levels to assess its impact on organizational attractiveness for 273 Black and White university students. In contrast to the predictions of relational demography, White viewers exhibited no effect for ad diversity. Black viewers were attracted by ad diversity but only when it extended to supervisory level positions. More importantly, the effect of race on reactions to ad diversity was contingent on the viewer's openness to racial diversity (other-group orientation). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The skin conductance response, anticipation, and decision-making.

This paper is concerned with the effective use of the skin conductance response (SCR) in studies involving decision-making. General guidelines for the measurement and quantification of the SCR are briefly described. Cortical and subcortical mechanisms involved in the expression of the SCR are identified in relation to decision-making and related cognitive processes. Finally, literature related to decision-making that utilizes the SCR is reviewed. Specifically, studies involving the Iowa Gambling Task and aversive classical conditioning are drawn upon to determine how the anticipatory SCR relates to the process of decision-making. The roles of conscious and nonconscious cognitive processes in the gambling task and the conditioning paradigm are examined. It is concluded that the SCR is an easily recordable, nonverbal, nonvoluntary, unobtrusive measure of anticipation of significant outcomes, particularly aversive ones, that is related to decision-making. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

A factor analytic study of Negro and white responses to advertising stimuli.

In order to develop a method for determining group reaction to advertising and mass media concepts, 93 white (W) and 88 Negro (N) Ss judged 10 advertising-type stimuli on a 22-scale semantic differential. Factor analyses yielded a scale structure and a concept structure. Ns and Ws had a similar scale structure. The concept structure revealed that Ws distinguished between "typical" advertising stimuli and those with racial overtones; while Ns, on the other hand, treated all concepts similarly on the first factor. The present approach determining the semantic and "conceptual" structure in separate factor analyses may be applicable to other problems involving the semantic differential. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Affectivity of Task, Rehearsal Time, and Physiological Response: Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Walter M. Baker, Curt A. Sandman, and Harold B. Pepinsky (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1975, Vol. 84, No. 5, 539-544). On page 542 Figures 2 and 3 should be reversed in order to appear with their correct captions. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1975-31101-001.) 20 undergraduates discussed a neutral topic and an affect-arousing topic. 10 Ss were allotted a 5-min rehearsal, whereas the remainder were given only 30 sec of rehearsal time prior to their verbal presentations. The endosomatic galvanic skin potential and heart rate were recorded for all Ss during the periods of rehearsal, speech, and immediately following the speech period. Results indicate (a) significant differences between responses to an affective topic and a neutral topic, (b) a significantly different number of words elicited by an affective topic vs a neutral topic, and (c) definite physiological patterns associated with the length of the Ss' speech. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)