Effect of the electron beam welding conditions on the structure and mechanical properties of welded joints in an austenitic steel with bronzes in the manufacture of power engineering structures

Investigations were carried out into the production of combined welded joints in 316L(N) austenitic steel and BrKh1Tsr (CuCrZr) and CuAl10Ni5Fe4 bronzes 30 mm thick by electron beam welding (EBW). The formation of the welded joints in dissimilar materials is investigated and the EBW conditions determined. The microstructure, mechanic properties and chemical composition of the welded joints are also determined. It is shown possible to obtain the mechanical properties of welded joints similar to the properties of the parent bronze by weldbrazing. It is therefore necessary to increase the accuracy and stability of the electron beam parameters as a technological tool.     

Study of friction welding of polyethylene

The technologies of intermediate coating and diffusion welding of standard columnar laboratory specimens of the joint of the austenitic steel and titanium alloy are well-tested. Materials for the intermediate coating are chosen. Tensile tests on the welded joints are carried out at the temperature of 18–20°C. The technology of copper coating on steel and niobium coating on titanium is the most prospective.     

热处理工艺对M390/304 CMT焊接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响

基于改善M390高碳马氏体不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头的力学性能特别是提高焊接接头硬度,以达到高端刀具生产的要求,对冷金属过渡焊接M390高碳马氏体不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢获得的焊接接头进行不同工艺的热处理研究.采用拉伸、维氏显微硬度测试及扫描电镜(SEM)表征不同热处理工艺的焊接接头力学性能及微观组织演变,统计了不同热处理工艺下焊接接头中M390母材、M390细晶区和M390粗晶区等区域的碳化物分布,研究了不同热处理工艺下焊接接头的断裂机理.研究结果表明,在1 150℃水淬热处理工艺下焊接接头既满足刀具钢硬度的要求,又具有良好的力学性能,可以作为M390/304焊接接头的最佳热处理工艺,对应焊接接头的抗拉强度和断后伸长率为502 MPa和20.8%,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别是焊态的98%和95%. 1 150℃水淬热处理工艺的M390母材、细晶区和粗晶区中碳化物平均尺寸最小,碳化物形貌以细小的块状均匀分布.淬火温度升高,抗拉强度和断后伸长率均呈现出先下降后升高的趋势,随着冷却速度的减小,抗拉强度和断后伸长率均呈现出下降的趋势.不同热处理工艺下焊接接头的断裂位置在M390粗晶区...     

Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Gas Metal Arc Welded AISI 409 Grade Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

The effect of filler metals such as austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, and duplex stainless steel on fatigue crack growth behavior of the gas metal arc welded ferritic stainless steel joints was investigated. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single ‘V’ butt welded joints. Center cracked tensile specimens were prepared to evaluate fatigue crack growth behavior. Servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine with a capacity of 100 kN was used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behavior of the welded joints. From this investigation, it was found that the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal showed superior fatigue crack growth resistance compared to the joints fabricated by austenitic and ferritic stainless steel filler metals. Higher yield strength and relatively higher toughness may be the reasons for superior fatigue performance of the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal.     

高锰钢与钢轨钢二次闪光对焊接头的组织和冲击韧性

通过工艺试验,力学性能检验以及光镜、电镜、Ｘ射线衍射、电子探针等湿微分析手段,对高锰钢与钢轨钢二次闪光对焊接头的组织形态和冲击韧性进行了系统研究,确定了接头各区的组织形态和冲击韧性的变化情况,并提出了高锰钢与钢轨钢二次闪光对焊时改善钢轨钢焊接热影响区冲击韧性的工艺措施。研究表明,利用过渡材料来实现焊接性差、万分和物理性能相差悬殊的高锰钢与钢轨钢的焊接是一种行之有效的工艺措施。     

高氮奥氏体焊丝焊接超高强钢接头组织和性能

为解决超高强钢焊接冷裂纹问题,采用强度低于母材的高氮奥氏体丝材进行GMAW工艺试验,研究在不同坡口角度下超高强钢焊接接头组织性能. 结果表明,采用该焊丝获得的接头焊缝成形良好,焊缝截面未见裂纹缺陷. 熔合线附近组织主要为针状和板条状马氏体,焊缝组织主要为奥氏体及被奥氏体基体所包围的铁素体树枝晶. 熔合线附近马氏体区硬度平均值为530 HV;焊缝区硬度平均值为275 HV. 相对于60°坡口接头,90°坡口接头熔合线附近马氏体组织硬度更高. 90°坡口接头的抗拉强度平均达到850 MPa,最高达887 MPa,而60°坡口接头抗拉强度平均仅为690 MPa.     

不锈钢A-TIG焊接头的抗腐蚀性能分析

用沸腾硝酸腐蚀法和室温硫酸加硫酸铜溶液浸蚀法对奥氏体不锈钢TIG焊和自制活性剂A-TIG焊接头进行了对比腐蚀试验.结果表明,自制活性剂A-TIG焊接头在室温下具有良好的耐硫酸腐蚀能力,比TIG焊接头有更强的抗沸腾硝酸腐蚀能力.焊缝金属的化学成分分析表明,自制活性剂在焊接过程中能抑制金属中Cr、Ni等合金元素的烧损,因此提高了A-TIG焊接头的抗腐蚀性能.     

热输入对T4003/Q450NQR1异种钢焊接接头组织及性能的影响

采用奥氏体焊材ER309LSi-G焊丝对T4003铁素体不锈钢与Q450NQR1耐候钢异种钢进行两种不同焊接热输入的MAG焊接,通过显微组织和力学性能等试验,对两种焊接接头性能进行研究。结果表明:两种焊接接头均未发现缺陷,焊接接头性能较好。与0.82 kJ/mm热输入比较,0.62 kJ/mm热输入下的焊接接头冲击韧性及硬度较好,熔合线较窄,晶粒度较为细小,拉伸数值较高,更加适用于T4003铁素体不锈钢与Q450NQR1耐候钢异种钢焊接。     

Fatigue properties of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth

It has been generally recognized that the fatigue life of welded joints is little influenced by the strength of steels owing to the high-stress concentration and the tensile residual stress near the weld toe. In this paper, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth (ferrite/martensite (F/M) steel) is investigated. F/M steel has a microstructure with an elongated and banded martensite phase distributed in a ferrite matrix and a fatigue crack growth rate of about one-half to one-tenth in the thickness direction, compared with conventional steel. As a result, the fatigue life of an out-of-surface gusset-welded joint increases with the decrease of the fatigue crack growth rate. The fatigue life of welded joints using F/M steel with the highest resistance to fatigue crack growth increases to about twice that of joints using conventional steel. Whereas the fatigue crack growth rate decreases significantly, the fatigue life of welded joints increases only slightly. This can be attributed to the stress ratio independent of the fatigue crack growth rate. In other words, the fatigue crack growth rate of F/M steel increases with the increase of the stress ratio, approaching that of conventional steel. In the case of welded joints, even if a fatigue test is carried out at a low-stress ratio, the region near the weld toe is under a high-stress ratio due to tensile residual stress. Therefore, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints becomes comparatively small so that the effect of fatigue crack retardation of F/M steel decreases.     

Welding with a defocused laser beam

The results of experiments carried out to investigate the welding of austenitic stainless steels using a defocused laser beam are presented. It was assumed that the application of the defocused laser beam would increase the volume of the weld pool, which in turn would reduce the requirements on the preparation of edges and the gap between the workpieces. Microhardness was measured, 2D-computer tomography carried out, specimens were examined by metallographic techniques and the phase components of different zones of the weld pool were analysed by quantitative methods. Special features of the formation of the weld pool dependent upon the welding conditions were investigated. The results indicate that the application of the defocused beam produces high-quality welded joints and the method has also a positive effect on the stability of the vapour–gas channel and the phase composition of the weld metal.     

激光冲击对X70管线钢焊接接头H_2S应力腐蚀断口的影响

利用激光冲击波对X70管线钢焊接接头进行了改性处理,通过慢应变速率法（SSRT）研究了其在NACE（national association of corrosion engineers）标准饱和H2S溶液中应力腐蚀的敏感性,并对其断口进行SEM观察,分析了激光冲击处理对X70管线钢焊接接头抗H2S应力腐蚀开裂（SCC...     

EFFECT OF CARBON MIGRATION ON CREEP PROPERTIES OF Cr5Mo DISSIMILAR WELDED JOINTS WITH Ni-BASED AND AUSTENITIC WELD METAL

In this paper, the effect of carbon migration on creep properties of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Ni-based (Inconel 182) and Cr23Ni13 (A302) austenitic weld metal was investigated. Carbon migration near the weld metal/ferritic steel interface of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints was analyzed by aging method. Local creep deformations of the dissimilar welded joints were measured by a long-term local creep deformation measuring technique. The creep rupture testing was performed for Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Inconel 182 and A302 weld metal. The research results show that the maximum creep strain rate occurs in the decarburized zone located on heat affect zone (HAZ) of Cr5Mo ferritic steel. The creep rupture life of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with A302 weld metal decreases due to carbon migration and is about 50％ of that welded with Inconel 182 weld metal.     

Laser beam welding of steel plates using consumable inserts

The aim of this study was to identify the appropriate parameters for laser welding of steel plates. The mechanical characteristics and metallurgical microstructures of the joints were analysed experimentally. Welded joints were made using two different types of steel (Cr-Mo low-alloy steel and austenitic stainless steel). Samples were cut from the welds and examined macrographically and micrographically; tensile and microhardness tests were also performed. Observation of these samples showed the beneficial effects of narrower molten and heat-affected zones and the consequent advantageous reductions in distortions and residual stresses. On the basis of these experimental results we conclude that both ferritic and austenitic steels can be properly welded, with good mechanical and metallurgical results, using consumable inserts pre-fitted to the edges before welding, provided that suitable welding parameters are chosen.     

Use of DL-EPR Test to Assess Sensitization Resistance of AISI 409M Grade Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

The susceptibility of 409M grade ferritic stainless steels to sensitization due to welding was investigated. Joints were fabricated by gas tungsten arc welding, friction stir welding, laser beam welding, and electron beam welding processes. Double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test was carried out for determining the degree of sensitization of welded joints. The experimental result reveals that, the friction stir welded joint is less prone to sensitization, when compared to the other joints.     

Microstructure development in Nd:YAG laser welding of AISI 304 and Inconel 600

In this work, the morphology of solidification of the weld zone (WZ) was studied in a joint formed from dissimilar materials, composed of austenitic AISI 304 stainless steel and Inconel 600 nickel alloy, welded with an Nd:YAG-pulsed laser. The laser beam and optical system parameters were selected with a view to obtain a weld with total penetration and good surface finish. The microstructural characterization was carried out using an optical microscope, in which a WZ was seen with total penetration, keyhole-type, presence of small pores and absence of cracks. The welded joints were also characterized by means of an electron scan microscope. Measurements taken by X-ray spectrometry for dispersion of the energy in the WZ indicated a slightly heterogeneous distribution of nickel and iron. It was seen that the start of solidification in the WZ occurred by means of epitaxial growth. The morphology of WZ solidification was basically denditric and cellular, being influenced by the temperature gradient, solidification speed and chemical composition. The variations in chemical composition and solidification morphology do not significantly alter the Vickers microhardness values in the WZ. Results obtained in the tensile tests indicate suitably effective welding values.     

压力容器焊接接头低温韧性的改善技术

制造低温压力容器过程中,经常会出现不同钢材焊接接头低温韧性不达标的问题。为了改善工作于低温环境的压力容器用低合金低温钢、镍合金钢和铬镍奥氏体不锈钢的焊接接头低温韧性,而采取改进焊接材料、严格控制焊接工艺的措施。并指出研究工作于低温环境的压力容器用焊接材料的必要性。     

焊后热处理对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

通过钨极氩弧焊方法,对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢实施焊接,并对焊接接头整体进行焊后热处理。采用OM、SEM对2Cr13与1Cr18Ni9Ti钢热处理前后的焊接接头组织进行分析,利用显微硬度计、电子万能拉伸机测量了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti和2Cr13钢焊接接头热处理前焊缝组织为典型的柱状晶,组织为板条马氏体+残留奥氏体+碳化物;热处理后焊缝组织为回火索氏体,而且碳化物析出量也明显增多。拉伸时,热处理前后焊接接头断裂的部位都发生在奥氏体不锈钢热影响区一侧,热处理前后焊接接头的抗拉强度分别约为635.56、649.44 MPa;焊缝区的显微硬度分别约为276、222 HV0.5,热处理后焊接接头的整体显微硬度比热处理前的明显降低。     

镀锌钢一6016铝合金异种金属加入中间夹层铅的激光焊接

对1．2mm厚镀锌钢板和1．15mm厚6016铝合金平板试件进行了加入中间夹层铅的激光搭接焊试验,通过调整焊接工艺参数获得最佳焊接成形,利用卧式金相显微镜、扫描电镜、x射线衍射、微机控制电子万能试验机等手段研究了焊接接头各区域的金相组织、断口形貌、主要物相与接头力学性能．结果表明,在钢／铝激光焊中添加中间夹层铅,焊接接...     

New methods of predicting dissimilar steel weld metal microstructures by Schaeffler Diagram(Part 2)

On the base of the methods of predicting weld metal microstructures of pearlitic dissimilar steel welded joints using austenitic type filler materials by Schaeffler Diagram, the other new methods of predicting and expressing weld metal microstructures of two kinds of dissimilar steel welded joints (pearlite/pearlite and austenite/pearlite) using austenitic filler materials by Schaeffler Diagram are suggested. Those new methods resolve some difficult problems which the microstructure kinds in two heterogeneous mixture zones of weld metal neighbouring two kinds of welded base metals are difficult to be accurately ascertained and the fluctuations of weld metal microstructures across fusion line are difficult to be conveniently expressed according to the traditional predicting method. The new predicting methods are more concise and practical.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar welds between 16Mn and 304L in underwater wet welding

Dissimilar joint between 304L austenitic stainless steel and low-alloy steel 16Mn was underwater wet welded using self-shielded nickel-based tubular wire. Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of dissimilar welded joints were discussed. Ni-based weld metal was fully austenitic with well-developed columnar sub-grains. Type II boundary existed between Ni-based weld metal and ferritic base metal in underwater welds similar to that in air welds. Major alloying elements distributed non-uniformly across the austenitic weld metal/16Mn interface. Maximum hardness values in wet welding appeared in a coarse-grained heat-affected zone at the 16Mn side, which possessed very low impact toughness. Underwater Ni-based welded joints fractured at Ni-based weld metal under tensile test. Ni-based weld metal had favourable corrosion resistance similar to 304L base metal.