基于雨水水质的径流污染控制设计雨量计算方法

径流雨水污染控制设计雨量的合理确定需针对具体汇水面的径流雨水水质特性。基于径流污染物的累积、冲刷及其与降雨量、径流量之间的关系提出了基于雨水水质的径流污染控制设计雨量计算方法。以北京城区屋面为例,针对其径流雨水水质状况,分析了污染累积与控制规律;基于近30年的降雨资料,利用该方法计算得出了其合理径流污染控制对应的设计雨量,可为其他城市或其他汇水面径流污染控制设计雨量的计算提供参考。     

城市道路雨水口设计分析

雨水口位置设置不当、数量不足及堵塞是造成暴雨时道路路面积水的主要原因.而雨水口设计中往往凭经验确定布设距离等参数,针对于此,笔者对汇水面积划分不明确、径流系数不准确、设计降雨强度的确定及泄水量计算等问题进行了探讨,并结合具体实例进行了分析,对雨水口的设计提出了建议.     

地下停车场“海绵化”改进设想

正改进方案设想1.改进想法的来源目前的海绵城市实施措施中,主要以路面透水铺装为主,包括车行道的透水路面和人行道的透水砖铺设,劲量使雨水能够下渗进土壤中去,实现就地解决,下沉式绿地、雨水湿地等也是通过土壤存水和积蓄的方式分担市区内的雨水量。这种措施在北方干旱地区效果会比较显著,但对于雨量充沛的南方城市,由于其常年降雨的原因,地下水位较高而且降雨频繁,土壤含水量经常处于半饱和状态,渗水的     

城市道路雨水口设计浅析

在城市雨水排水设计中,设计人员侧重于对雨水管径的计算,而对雨水口的设置很少深入考虑,凭借经验确定布设距离和雨水箅数量。雨水口位置设置不当、雨水箅数量不足都是造成暴雨时道路路面积水的主要原因。对此,对道路雨水口位置设置易忽视的问题、雨水口汇水面积的划分、雨水口接纳雨水量的计算等问题进行了探讨,并结合具体实例进行了分析,对雨水口的设计提出建议。     

拟自然水景的水均衡分析及水量设计研究

低影响设计和开发(LID)雨水资源,有助于水资源的保护和水景减量设计,形成具有自我调节能力的水景海绵体。将水均衡法运用于水景参数化设计中,构建拟自然水景水量平衡方程式,探寻汇水区雨水汇水量最佳值,进而为水景水量设计提供参考。由水均衡法核心思想质量守恒原理,即区域总输入水量等于总输出水量,提出拟自然水景水均衡分析方法,并以习水箐山森林公园主入口景观区为例,探讨水均衡分析在水景参数化设计中的应用。     

彩色OGFC沥青混凝土在透水路面铺装中的应用

透水路面铺装能通过较大的空隙迅速排除路表降水,减小路表水膜厚度,使行车时车轮与路面有足够的接触面积,从而避免高速行车时产生的水漂现象,并能大大减少因飞溅产生的水雾,提高路面抗滑性及行车安全性,此外,彩色OGFC沥青混凝土具有丰富的色彩,能够满足城市道路功能化建设的要求。通过彩色透水沥青混合料组成设计、施工工艺控制两方面,对彩色透水路面铺装技术在实际工程中的应用进行了介绍,为其他工程提供经验。     

现行暴雨强度公式在道路路面汇水计算中的问题

对上海市城市道路的路面汇水时间进行分析，发现路面汇水时间一般都＜3 min，而传统暴雨强度公式是在降雨时间间隔5 min的基础上推导。因此，对于道路路面排水的精确性不够。通过对降雨资料统计计算，并与传统暴雨强度公式计算比较发现：现行暴雨强度公式在计算降雨强度及路面汇水时，计算结果偏小，不利于城市道路的排水安全。     

非防车撞用的小型混凝土路缘块——爱尔兰Kilsaran集团公司的小型混凝土路缘块介绍

<正>铺装混凝土路面砖(板)地坪的整体效果好坏,除路面砖(板)本身和路面图案设计因素外,实际上地坪四周路缘石的选择也起到很重要作用。就像人们着装同时要考虑配合适的鞋袜一样。在城市公园的步道和花坛、家庭住宅庭院内地坪和台阶上铺设混凝土路面砖(板),虽然单块地坪的面积不大,却非常要体现出"品味"。而且与城市道路两侧人行道、城市广场相比,这些铺设区域每平米地坪所需使用的路缘石(延米)量,明显要大得多。因此,欧     

金属屋面不锈钢排水天沟设计问题解析

针对金属屋面的排水系统,重点对不锈钢排水天沟的功能设计、虹吸排水的使用、防治积尘积沙的方法以及天沟溢流口、阻水挡板、水平落水斗等的设计作了介绍,同时也对金属屋面汇水区域的划分、汇水量的分析计算、除雪融冰系统的设计进行了解析。     

墙面汇水面积计算分析

当墙面雨水途经屋面排出时,能否精确计算汇水面积,直接影响到屋面排水设计的合理性。文章对国标的计算原则进行了分析,提出了以正八角形屋面作为简化计算模型的分析方法,并根据不同排列组合下的墙面汇水面积计算结果,得出用投影法计算合理可行,且比乘积法更适合复杂屋面环境下墙面汇水计算的结论,最后介绍了投影法的应用。     

小样本流域降雨强度公式和设计降雨分布的推求方法

以挪威中部瑞斯沃伦(RISVOLLAN)流域1991年-2000年的降雨观测资料为基础,采用中国国家标准(GBJ 14-87)推荐的适用于观测期较短、观测雨量数据较少的年多次取样方法,在进行经验和理论频率分析的基础上,确定了设计降雨的重现期(T)及其对应的频率(P)、降雨强度(i)和降雨历时(t)的关系(即P-i-t曲线),以及降雨强度公式和设计降雨分布,从而为该流域现有管网的排水能力校核提供了参考依据.     

基于IHACRES和GLUE的降雨径流过程模拟

根据降雨径流过程的特征,修正了IHACRES水文模型,并将其与GLUE方法结合,提出了资料缺乏区域降雨径流的分析方法,该方法包括模型参数范围的确定、参数组的筛选与权重的计算、验证与不确定性评价、预测等。利用该方法对深圳石岩河流域两场降雨径流过程的分析表明:模型校准和验证的Nash效率系数R2分别为0.917和0.59,验证时实测径流量基本位于90%置信度预测区间内。该方法对研究流域降雨径流过程的模拟效果较好,径流预测及其不确定性分析可靠,其结果可为资料缺乏区域初期雨水截留规模的设计和方案优化提供依据。     

Experimental study on the hydrological performance of a permeable pavement

Permeable pavements play an essential role in urban drainage systems, making them the subject of great interest to both researchers and practitioners. However, previous studies have demonstrated a significant degree of uncertainty regarding both the hydrological performance and the maintenance requirements of this type of pavement. Within this context, the presented research involved the construction of a one metre square surface area of permeable pavement and a laboratory rainfall simulator to investigate the influence of rainfall intensity on the hydrologic response of permeable pavements. The design of the permeable pavement complied with the SuDS Manual guidance and British Standards (BS 7533-13:2009). The laboratory test programme was designed to investigate the influence of rainfall intensity on the hydrologic response of permeable pavements. The results demonstrate that the hydrologic performance varied according to rainfall intensity. The total volume of discharge from the permeable pavement ranged between 8% to 60% of the inflow. More than 40% of the total rainfall from all rain events was temporarily detained within the structure. Permeable pavement design optimisation has therefore been tested in the study. The SuDS Manual guidance has been found to meet current optimisation requirements.     

FLOOD ESTIMATION BY CONTINUOUS SIMULATION IN THE DON CATCHMENT, SOUTH YORKSHIRE, UK

An innovative technique has been used for flood estimation in a catchment study which was carried out for the Environment Agency. The River Don drains a large part of South Yorkshire. On its major tributaries (the Rivers Rother and Dearne), flow regulators and artificial washlands are used during extreme floods to delay and attenuate peak flows, allowing the peak on the Don to pass by first.
The flood hydrology of the Don catchment is therefore unusual and cannot be adequately represented by conventional methods such as those in the Flood Estimation Handbook. Instead, a 1000 year series of hourly rainfall was generated using a stochastic rainfall model. This was converted to flow data using a set of probability distributed moisture rainfall-runoff models; therefore, inflows for a hydraulic model were created. This eliminated the need to make assumptions about a design flood event, leading to more robust flood estimates throughout the Don catchment. This approach could prove to be applicable to other UK or overseas studies, particularly on large or complex catchments, or in solving joint probability problems.     

Temporal variations in dissolved organic carbon concentrations in upland and lowland lakes in North Wales

Over a period of 18 months, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a series of four lakes in North Wales was measured monthly. The lake catchment profiles consisted of an upland thin peat/soil (Llyn Cwellyn), an upland thin peat/soil associated with an adjacent area of small bog (Llyn Teyrn), an upland blanket bog (Llyn Conwy), and large lowland fen and fertile agricultural area (Llyn Cefni). The results examine the indirect effect of temperature and precipitation on the DOC concentrations found in the lakes fed by the catchments. The lowest DOC of the four sites was observed for Llyn Teyrn, varying from 1.2 to 3.30 mg/L, and with the highest being recorded for Llyn Cefni (5.45–10.83 mg/L). Temperature and rainfall data were both collected. Correlations with the DOC exhibited significant relationships with temperature for three of the sampled lakes Cwellyn (r 0.490), Teyrn (r 0.640) and Cefni (r 0.472). Recomputation versus 30‐ and 60‐day temperature lag times improved the correlation coefficients. The data showed weak and insignificant correlations for DOC versus rainfall for the three lakes, but the upland lake, Llyn Conwy, with its blanket bog catchment, did not demonstrate any statistical correlation with temperature, although it did show a significant correlation for DOC versus rainfall (r 0.553, P < 0.05). Over the sampling period, although tentative relationships were found among temperature, rainfall and DOC levels, an indirect association tempered by site hydrology is suggested.     

济南雨情GIS的设计与实现

雨情GIS作为防汛决策支持系统的重要组成部分,将分布在控制区域的雨情数据采集网所采集的数据进行存储、显示和分析,并将分析结果为防汛决策提供辅助决策。本文介绍了雨情GIS雨情数据库设计和功能模块划分,并详细阐述了实时雨情数据的解密、日月年雨情信息的自动生成、图表互动控件和等雨量线自动提取等系统实现的几个关键技术,并应用于济南城市防汛决策支持系统中,运行效果良好。     

Experimental study on the effects of LID measures on the control of rainfall runoff

ABSTRACT

Low impact development (LID) measures are important for controlling pollution and reducing the rainfall runoff volume, but they need lots of experiments to determine optimal characteristics. This study established low-elevation greenbelts, permeable pavements, and green roofs to determine the effect of LID measures on the control of rainfall runoff in a lateritic red soils region by simulating rainfall or runoff, and the variables were mainly of grass type, pavement type, substrate thicknesses, and rainfall intensity. The results (43.54–94.00% volume reduction and 40.59–97.48% pollutant removal effectiveness of low-elevation greenbelt with 10 cm depth and 5 cm height gullies, 13.19–74.20% volume reduction and 64.04–99.90% pollutant removal effectiveness of permeable pavement with 36.4 cm thick graded gravel layer, and 8.63–24.40%, 19.22–37.26%, and 30.14–48.44% volume reduction respectively of green roofs with 30, 50, and 70 mm substrate thicknesses) implied that LID measures can effectively reduce rainfall runoff volume and pollutants in lateritic red soils regions.     

降雨条件下两种机耕路面损坏情况比较

对泥结石和石屑两种常用的机耕路面进行了试验研究，比较了两种路面在降雨条件下的损坏情况，通过试验发现，石屑路面受雨水冲击后的泥土流失量远大于泥结石路面，泥结石路面抵抗雨水破坏的性能较强。     

Monitoring a flood event in a densely instrumented catchment, the Upper Eden, Cumbria, UK

Multi‐day rainfall events appear to be an important cause of recent flooding in the UK. Hydrological data from an extensive, nested hydrometric network in the unregulated, predominantly rural Upper Eden catchment in northern England are presented for one such flood event. These highlight antecedent catchment conditions and the propagation of the multi‐day flood event during February 2004. An assessment of flood response is provided over varying scales and land use between the upland Gais Gill catchment (1.1 km²) and the larger Upper Eden catchment (616 km²). Large spatial variations in rainfall totals are identified from a dense raingauge network during the flood event and are principally related to catchment elevation. High cumulative rainfall totals for the 6‐day event, particularly at upland sites appear to be the exceptional feature of the flood event with return periods in the order of 100 years at some upland gauges. Resultant patterns of flood attenuation and translation are quantified in different areas of the catchment, highlighting the flashy response of the headwater catchments and the attenuated downstream response in the lowland environment. The study forms part of the national Catchment Hydrology And Sustainable Management (CHASM) programme.     

城市化效应对上海短历时设计暴雨强度的影响

了解城市化对短历时设计暴雨强度的影响，对改善市政基础设施的设计、管理有重要意义。利用上海徐汇区40年完整的降雨资料和市郊站点25年的短历时降雨年最大值资料，分别推求了上海市中心城区和市郊区县的暴雨强度公式。通过同一时期中心城区和区县设计雨量的对比，结合气候和地理因素的影响分析，揭示了上海中心城区与市郊短历时设计暴雨强度的差异及其与重现期的关系。在国内目前的设计重现期下，城市化效应对上海城区排水系统的设计标准并无实质性影响；重现期〉1a，则中心城区的设计雨量反而小于郊县，其暴雨强度公式应用于多数区县排水系统的设计不甚安全；南汇区的短历时设计暴雨强度明显大于中心城区，其排水系统设计宜考虑采用当地的暴雨强度公式。