Are public makerspaces a means to empowering citizens? The case of Ateneus de Fabricació in Barcelona

Since the beginning of the 2010s, the existence of widespread shared workshops has enabled access to digital manufacturing tools. Mainly located in urban areas, these facilities seek to make means of production, to design, prototype and repair all kinds of objects available to the citizens. These practices have been supported by activists of the “democratization” of digital manufacturing spearheaded by the maker movement. Urban authorities have gradually been won over by the these activits’ promises to encourage entrepreneurship, generate new knowledge, mobilize citizens and even transform the perceptions of and the way in which manufacturing is conducted in the city. However, these activists’ attractive discourse overly mechanically equates the accessibility of these digital tools to the idea of empowerment. Under what conditions can these practices of making lead to an increase in citizens’ individual and collective power to act, or even to social change? This article aims to answer this question by firstly constructing an analytical framework of makerspaces empowerment, and secondly by analysing the case of the public network of makerspaces in Barcelona: the Ateneus de Fabricació. To do so, our qualitative research will be based on the documentary analysis of official publications, direct observations carried out at the aforementioned workshops, and in-depth interviews with key players Barcelona makerspaces’ scene. Our results will demonstrate that in the context of smart cities, the public acceptance of these places leads to the transformation of administrative practices. Free access to public makerspaces is accompanied by a change in the relationship between public organizations and users in order to promote the empowerment of the inhabitants of Barcelona thanks to these fabrication practices.     

关于我国推进智慧城市的思考与建议——从我国社会经济发展及转型的视角

首先阐述了我国特色的城市化进程以及"智慧城市"产生的背景,其次重点分析了智慧城市区别于数字城市的主要特点以及对传统城市运行管理的影响,并提出了智慧城市的总体架构。基于我国智慧城市的发展现状,结合我国基本国情,探讨了对于我国推进智慧城市的策略思考。最后提出了相关的政策建议。     

From smart cities to smart social urbanism: A framework for shaping the socio-technological ecosystems in cities

Advocated mostly by technology companies, the smart city concept promises participation, democratization and innovative urbanism. Tracking these promises and ideas, this paper explores “smart urbanism” in ten cities from all over Israel. Based on interviews with leading figures in municipalities, smart city consultants and key figures in technological companies (n = 40), the aims of this paper are to assess the efforts of cities to become smart by responding to the following questions: 1. What is guiding the decision-making process in developing technological initiatives? 2. Does context play a role in implementing technological initiatives? 3. How are the residents perceived, and what tools are being used to address residents' digital differences? The key argument of this paper is threefold: first, in the process of becoming a smart city, the roles of public and private actors are blurred, influencing the process of decision making. Second, despite contextual differences, cities adopt similar digital initiatives. Third, technological initiatives that focus on social needs and address inequality in the digital age are still at the margins. The final discussion suggests that most municipalities are still at an early stage of digitization implementation and have the ability to shape and form a vision for the cities as socio-technological ecosystems in a way that will serve their publics as a whole. The paper ends with a call for shifting the focus from the city to society in developing digital initiatives and cultivating smart social urbanism.     

国外智慧城市研究综述

在发达国家",智慧城市"作为一种应对城市人口增长和破解城市化问题的战略手段于20世纪90年代被提出。经过10多年的发展,智慧城市取得了一定研究成果,并在实践环节有所突破。在国内,学者对智慧城市的关注开始于2009年IBM公司提出的"智慧地球"概念,目前对智慧城市的研究尚处于起步阶段。本文从智慧城市的起源、内涵、构成要素、评价等4个方面,全面介绍国外智慧城市的主要研究成果,并对智慧城市未来研究方向进行了展望,以期对我国智慧城市和新型城镇化建设有所借鉴。     

Evaluation of the smart city: Applying the dematel technique

The smart city is a growing multi-dimensional and systematic urban model that offers smart, technological, and sustainable solutions for urban challenges and is separated into various conceptual main and sub-dimensions. In this paper, the smart city concept is addressed by developing a hybrid methodology consisting of two phases. In the first phase, a qualitative analysis is established to determine the smart city concept. In the second phase, the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) technique is used to examine smart city focusing on the dimensions derived from the literature in the form of six main and 33 sub-dimensions. Data is collected by contacting ten academia experts through a questionnaire specifically designed; open-ended questions and DEMATEL technique assessments. Results indicated that both phases had different outputs. While technology was highlighted and possible managerial issues emerged in the qualitative section, on the contrary, in the quantitative section, ‘smart people’ has emerged as the most important predictor of the smart city while ‘smart governance’ was the least. By the DEMATEL, not only the most and the least important dimensions within each group revealed but also the causer and receiver effects of each dimension. Further, the results and implications of the study are discussed.     

基于CIM智慧城市的规划

文章对基于CIM智慧城市的规划领域进行研究,指出目前CIM仍停留在BIM和GIS阶段。通过对CIM应用场景的调研,阐述在基于CIM的智慧城市业态下,如何能够更好的开展“智慧城市”规划,以提升城市规划水平。文章指出,把智能化手段融入到传统城市规划的过程中,应把CIM相关内容(BIM、GIS和IOT)与AI、大数据和云计算等技术相结合,在多场景下对规划方案优选,实现规划精准、要素全面、场景真实的规划效果。还提出CIM不仅应用在智慧城市的规划建筑行业,还覆盖政务服务、城市治理、公共服务、产业经济等多个智慧城市的其他领域,通过基于CIM的智慧城市相关规划手段,可加快智慧城市向前演进的速度。     

物联网标识服务支撑智慧城市发展

分析了智慧城市建设现状,提出了物联网标识服务是智慧城市建设基础,并对物联网标识服务、智慧城市对物联网标识管理的需求进行了分析,提出了满足智慧城市需求的"物联网标识公共服务平台"建设方案,此方案能够支撑智慧城市快速、大规模建设。     

智慧城市体系框架浅析

从智慧城市现状入手,提炼智慧城市的"智慧"要素,结合实际问题,描绘智慧城市的"智慧"愿景。由于智慧城市是系统之系统,因此在智慧城市规划、建设时,需要做好顶层设计,遵循系统设计原则,以"共享协同"的智慧城市体系框架为参考,围绕城市运行,构建"集成、融合、开放、协同"的智慧城市公共服务支撑平台,解决信息孤岛,并实现创新的流程再造。     

What Makes Indian Cities Smart? A Policy Analysis of Smart Cities Mission

Despite widespread practices worldwide and increasing research centred on smart urbanism, there is no universal definition for ‘smart cities’. More importantly, a growing line of research warns about the north-centric notion of smart city research which underestimates the fast rate of uptake in the global South. In a search for a contextually informed definition of smart cities, the paper focuses on India: Home to one-third of the global South population, and the cradle of the ambitious Smart City Mission to develop 100 smart cities nationwide. It investigates the Smart City Proposals (SCPs) prepared for the first 20 smart cities prioritised, as part of the Mission. Findings offer a typology of smart city approaches; and shed light on the smart dimensions prioritised (e.g. smart governance, smart citizen and smart infrastructure) versus those overlooked (e.g. smart environment and smart economy) at the smart city policymaking level in India. The paper calls for further empirical research to investigate how the typologies pan out at the implementation of smart cities across the nation.     

城镇化进程中的智慧城市建设

我国正处于城镇化高速发展时期,随着我国城镇化进程的不断推进,给人民生活和经济发展带来了一系列的问题,主要表现在资源匮乏、环境污染、基础设施薄弱等方面,为了缓解生态社会与人类的矛盾,使我国城镇化建设的发展与可持续发展的矛盾得到协调,城镇化进程中的智慧城市建设成为一个必然选择。本文分析了我国城镇化进程中智慧城市建设的问题及其需求,认为建设智慧城市是我国城镇化进程的必然选择,然后总结了现有智慧城市建设中存在的相关问题,最后对城镇化进程中智慧城市发展提出建设性意见。     

智慧城市信息安全体系构建

在智慧城市建设与发展过程中,如何应对与之伴随的信息安全挑战,保证城市的可持续健康发展是一个重要的问题.基于智慧城市的主要组成部分,分别分析了智慧城市各部分面临的信息安全风险,从组织、制度、管理、技术、应急与灾备几个维度出发构筑智慧城市信息安全保障体系.     

Historicizing the smart cities: Genealogy as a method of critique for smart urbanism

This study explores the utility of genealogy as a method of critiquing the history of the present in the smart cities. Taking a South Korean smart city of Songdo as a point of departure, this paper offers a genealogical understanding of a smart city that situates the current technics and technologies of data-driven urban governance within the broader context of South Korean history. Given the scarcity of a historically informed understanding of a smart city in the existing literatures on smart urbanism, this paper argues that a genealogical method helps us to counter the sweeping binarism that obscures the complexity and diversity of actually existing smart cities today. Through genealogy, this study underscores the multifaceted nature of the smart city, which consists of a combination of multiple urban diagrams that grows out of distinct problems and objectives of urban management – mobility, security, environment, and futurity. This paper illustrates how a smart city emerged out of multiple strings of history and problematizations that are contingently interweaved at a given time and space in multiple and diffused forms.     

智慧城市跨系统信息交互方法研究

信息交互是城市管理中的一项重要要求。当前,城市中的信息系统间壁垒严重,难以实现信息共享与协同,这种情况严重阻碍了智慧城市的发展。本文研究了智慧城市跨系统信息交互的方法,将信息交互划分为三类基本场景,给出信息交互过程中数据接口、流程的相关要求。     

现阶段智慧城市推进中面临的不确定性研究与对策

现阶段,各地积极贯彻国家大数据战略,加快建设数字中国,借力万物互联、大数据、AI等信息技术提高城市管理与治理能力,推动我国智慧城市建设迅猛发展.智慧城市作为城市发展的新形态,本质上就蕴藏着不确定基因,无论对于智慧城市的理解,还是智慧城市建设本身,都面临着诸多挑战.文章基于智慧城市顶层设计与实践,着重研究如何厘清现阶段智...     

智慧城市体系结构:实现技术和设计挑战(英文)

Urban development is becoming increasingly reliant on effective use of intelligent services.In the process of providing better services to all citizens and improving the efficiency of administration processes,the concept of a smart city has been lauded as a promising solution for the coming challenge of global urbanization.However,due to the broad scope of smart cities their definition has not been standardized,thus proposed architectures are diverse.This work proposes a new architecture from the perspective of the data that underpins all the functionality of smart cities.The proposed architecture is discussed,outlining design challenges and offering insight into the development of smart cities.     

智慧城市内涵与智慧城市建设

智慧城市是信息化发展到一定阶段的必然产物,是城市发展的高级阶段。从理论研究的角度,对智慧城市的概念和内涵进行了探讨,阐明智慧城市建设的重要意义,梳理了智慧城市在国内外的发展现状,对智慧城市建设的原则和框架进行了初步的研究。     

新型智慧城市关键使能技术与标准研究

新型智慧城市是实现数字中国的重要载体,已经获得了社会各界的广泛关注.新型智慧城市高质量发展依赖于国家的统筹规划、各类新兴技术的创新融合以及标准化工作的支撑引导,同时也对技术创新和标准推进提出了更高要求,带来诸多挑战.现有研究缺少对新型智慧城市关键使能技术以及当前标准化工作的全面梳理与分析.文章在介绍新型智慧城市发展态势...     

智慧城市将成为新型城镇化的先导

通过总结多年来中国智慧城市与新型城镇化建设的实践,并对二者的指导思想、建设目标、原则和内容、技术方案等进行分析和论证,得出智慧城市将成为新型城镇化的先导的论断;认为智慧城市(中心城市)必然以它的核心力和支撑力,把城市智慧的理念、规划、设计和实施方案外延至城市郊区、乡镇乃至村;给出了一张未来网络技术的全景图,以实现城乡一体的信息网络全覆盖。     

物联网技术对智慧城市建设影响研究

以物联网技术为代表的新一代技术革命的爆发,为智慧城市建设带来了新契机.物联网技术是智慧城市建设的核心途径与手段,与智慧城市建设相辅相成.在对智慧城市的概念与特点,以及物联网的定义和结构进行阐述的基础上,分析了物联网技术与智慧城市建设的关系,从城市核心系统角度阐释了物联网技术对智慧城市建设各个方面的影响.     

DORS: A data overhead reduction scheme for hybrid networks in smart cities

Today, smart cities represent an effective digital platform for facilitating our lives by shifting all stakeholders toward more sustainable behavior. Consequently, the field of smart cities has become an increasingly important research area. The smart city comprises a huge number of hybrid networks, with each network containing an enormous number of nodes that transmit massive amounts of data, thus giving rise to many network problems, such as delay and loss of connectivity. Decreasing the amount of such transmitted data is a great challenge. This paper presents a data overhead reduction scheme (DORS) for heterogeneous networks in smart city environments that comprise five different methods: median, nonlinear least squares, compression, data merging, and prioritization. Each method is applied according to the current status of quality of service. To measure the performance of the proposed model, a simulation environment is constructed for a smart city using network simulation package, NS2. The obtained results indicate that DORS has the capability to decrease the size of transmitted data in the simulated smart city environment while attaining a notable performance enhancement in terms of data reduction rate, end‐to‐end delay, packet loss ratio, throughput, and energy consumption ratio.