Uniaxial compression behavior of geotextile encased stone columns

The bearing capacity and failure mechanism of encased stone columns are affected by many factors such as encasement length, relative density, strength and stiffness of the encasement material. In soft soils where surrounding soil pressure is low, especially in the top section, the stone columns may be close to a uniaxial compression state, where the uniaxial compression strength controls the bearing capacity of the stone columns. A series of large-scale triaxial tests on ordinary stone columns and uniaxial tests on geotextile encased stone columns have been performed. The stone columns were 300?mm in diameter and 600?mm in height. Samples of four different relative densities, and five types of geotextiles were used in the tests to study the effect of initial void ratio and encasing materials on the uniaxial compression behavior of the stone columns. The results show the uniaxial compressive strength of the encased stone columns is not affected by the initial void ratio but mainly by the tensile strength of the encasing geotextiles. The stress strain curves of the encased stone columns under uniaxial loading condition are nearly liner before failure, which is similar to the tensile behavior of the geotextiles.     

Investigation of geotextile–soil interaction under a cyclic vertical load using the discrete element method

Geotextiles are often used in roadway construction as separation, filtration, and reinforcement. Their performance as reinforcement in geotextile-reinforced bases depends on geotextile–soil interaction. This paper investigates the geotextile–soil interaction under a cyclic wheel load using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). In this study, soil was modeled as unbonded particles using the linear contact stiffness model, and the geotextile was modeled as bonded particles. The micro-parameters of the soil and the geotextile were determined using biaxial tests and a tensile test, respectively. The influence of the placement depth and the stiffness of the geotextile on the performance of the reinforced base was investigated. The DEM results show that the depth of the geotextile significantly affected the degree of interaction between the geotextile and the soil. Under the applied cyclic vertical load, the geotextile developed a low tensile strain. The effect of the stiffness of the geotextile on the deformation was more significant when the geotextile was placed at a shallower location than when placed at a deeper location.     

粗粒土在平面应变条件下的强度特性研究

使用河海大学新型真三轴仪,对粗粒土分别进行σ₃ 保持不变的等σ₃平面应变试验和 b =0 （即常规三轴压缩）、 b =0.25 的等σ₃等b[b=(σ₂ -σ₃)/(σ₁ -σ₃)]试验,研究了粗粒土在平面应变条件下的应力路径、破坏时的中主应力系数、内摩擦角及破坏应力比的特点。试验结果表明,等 σ₃平面应变试验的应力路径介于 b =0 与 b =0.25 的等σ₃ 等b[b=(σ₂ -σ₃)/(σ₁ -σ₃)] 试验之间 ; 粗粒土在 平面应变条件下 破坏时的中主应力系数 b 介于 0.15 ～ 0.2 之间;粗粒土在平面应变条件下的内摩擦角比常 规三轴压缩条件下的大 5% ～ 7% ,而破坏应力比则比常规三轴压缩条件下的小 13% ～ 18% 。最后提出一个 由粗粒土常规三轴压缩试验测得的内摩擦角 φ _tc 求平面应变条件下的破坏应力比 M _fp 的计算公式 M _fp =2.3sin φ _tc ,可较好地模拟试验结果。     

三轴应力下塑性混凝土应力应变关系试验研究

通过4组塑性混凝土的单轴和常规三轴压缩应力应变全曲线试验,研究了三轴应力下塑性混凝土应力应变关系.结果表明：在围压作用下,塑性混凝土轴向应力应变曲线与单轴压缩下的曲线差别明显,主要表现为直线上升段很短,曲线上升段较长,无明显峰值点,下降段较平缓.利用割线模量表征塑性混凝土三轴应力下应力应变曲线上升段的主要变形特征,分析了影响割线模量的主要因素,建立了割线模量与围压、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量之间的关系式.研究了塑性混凝土三轴应力下峰值应变随围压、单轴应力下抗压强度及峰值应变的变化规律,并建立了相应的关系式.全面分析了塑性混凝土单轴及三轴作用下应力应变曲线特征,通过归一化处理后,拟合出常规三轴应力下塑性混凝土轴向应力应变关系式.     

Coupled numerical and experimental analyses of load transfer mechanisms in granular-reinforced platform overlying cavities

A numerical model based on Finite Element Method (FEM) - Discrete Element Method (DEM) coupling is used to reproduce well controlled laboratory experiments that simulate circular cavity openings under granular embankments reinforced by a geotextile. The numerical deflection of the geotextile, the surface settlement and the soil expansion factor were investigated for various embankment heights, diameter ratios, cavity-opening modes, soil properties, and geotextile stiffnesses, and then compared to the results of laboratory tests. The load transfer mechanisms were also investigated. Good agreement between numerical and experimental results is shown, thus demonstrating the relevance of the numerical model. Complementary to the experiments, a numerical sensitivity analysis, that allows highlighting the influence of the main parameters and improving experimental observation, was also performed.     

结构性砂土力学特性三维离散元分析

利用离散元法对结构性砂土的三轴试验进行了三维数值模拟并对其宏观特性进行了分析。首先将考虑胶结尺寸(宽度和厚度)的三维胶结接触模型导入离散元软件PFC3D中,对结构性砂土数值试样进行三轴试验数值模拟;然后对比分析离散元模拟与室内试验结果;最后从宏观力学角度对试验结果进行了分析。离散元模拟结果表明:结构性砂土与无胶结松散砂土表现不同,其在低围压时表现出应变软化和体积剪胀特征,并随胶结含量的增加或围压的减少而愈发显著,在高围压时则呈应变硬化和体积剪缩现象;低平均应力时,随胶结含量的增加,试样峰值内摩擦角、黏聚力以及内摩擦角均增加,其中黏聚力增加较为明显,随着平均应力的增加,峰值强度包线逐渐趋向于无胶结土。     

Effect of geotextile reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of sand

Laboratory triaxial compression tests were carried out in order to determine the stress–strain and dilation characteristics of geotextile-reinforced dry beach sand. The mechanical behavior of the composite material was investigated through varying the number of geotextile layers, type of geotextile, confining pressure, and geotextile arrangement. In order to study the effect of sample-size on the results, tests were performed on samples with two different diameters. The results demonstrated that geotextile inclusion increases the peak strength, axial strain at failure, and ductility. However, it reduces dilation. Such improvements in the behavior of reinforced sand are more pronounced for small-size samples. Failure envelopes for reinforced sand were observed as bilinear or curved. Bulging between layers was detected in reinforced samples which failed.     

双轴拉压混凝土在冻融循环后的力学性能及破坏准则

北方寒冷地区的大多数混凝土结构物和水坝等处于复杂应力状态,冻融循环对混凝土的力学性能产生不利影响。利用大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点试验室的大型混凝土静、动三轴试验系统,对经过0,25,50,75次冻融循环的混凝土,进行了0,-0.05,-0.15,-0.25共4种比例加载路径的双轴拉压试验,测得了混凝土的抗压强度和抗拉强度,及2个加载方向的应变,并根据试验结果,系统地探讨了冻融循环后,混凝土在不同拉压比下的双轴拉压强度和变形特性,发现随冻融循环次数的增加,混凝土的抗压强度、抗拉强度明显降低,拉压比对冻融循环后混凝土强度和变形性能有明显的影响。在主应力空间和八面体应力空间建立了同时考虑冻融循环次数和拉压比的冻融循环后混凝土双轴拉压的破坏准则,与试验值符合较好。经分析得出结论,实际工程中,处于双轴拉压应力状态的混凝土结构的抗冻融循环能力低于单轴应力状态的混凝土结构,因此,设计时要引起足够的重视。     

三峡花岗岩起裂机制研究

从三峡花岗岩常规三轴实验出发,通过研究裂纹应变的变化规律,得到不同围压下花岗岩的起裂应力。结果表明,起裂应力与围压变化幅度一致,与峰值强度相比,起裂应力一般保持在峰值应力的25%～50%。进一步的实验与理论分析认为,三峡花岗岩在单轴、三轴压缩条件下的微观破裂机制主要是拉伸破裂,从起裂至裂纹稳定扩展阶段,其内部裂纹属I型裂纹,由此通过对压应力下椭圆裂纹的拉伸破坏分析,研究起裂应力、起裂角与围压的关系。比较基于裂纹应变分析得到的结论发现,二者在一定围压区间是比较接近的。     

含孔洞硬岩破坏过程的离散元分析

基于颗粒离散元理论,采用数值试验模拟含孔洞凝灰质砂岩在单轴、双轴和三轴压缩条件下的破坏过程,并从峰值强度、微裂纹数目和能量等角度分析不同加载方式的影响。研究结果表明：无论采用何种加载方式,试样破坏均是从孔洞周边开始的;单轴压缩的孔洞变形与双轴及三轴压缩不同,且在试样侧面中间形成一条明显的贯通拉裂缝;三轴压缩对试样承载能力的提高明显大于双轴压缩,且围压越大,两者对试样承载能力的提高幅度之差越大;双轴压缩条件下试样的起裂应力随着围压的增大而减小,而三轴压缩条件下试样的起裂应力随着围压的增大而增大;应变能的变化过程可以反映试样的破坏过程,其峰值主要受围压影响;耗散能的变化过程可以体现试样破坏过程中细观颗粒的滑移、摩擦程度,其变化规律与加载方式和围压均有关。     

Modified Broms’ method for formation of working platform on very soft soil

Construction over soft soil is a challenge as the ground can be too soft to work on it. To overcome this, a working platform has to be formed before any soil improvement work can be carried out. One of such methods was proposed by Broms (1987) which uses geotextile and sand berms. In this paper, a modified Broms' method is proposed to use geotextile tubes to confine the sand berms. A new analytical solution is also proposed to calculate the tensile strain and the profile of geotextile under the sand berms/tubes. Design charts for different design conditions are also developed. Parametric studies were conducted to identify the key parameters affecting the design. Finite element analyses (FEA) and a field trial were also carried out to verify the modified Broms' method and the proposed solution. The monitoring data agree reasonably well with the results obtained from proposed solution and FEA. A design procedure for modified Broms' method and Broms’ method is proposed using the analytical solution.     

单向拉伸对土工织物反滤性能影响的试验研究

为研究单向拉伸对土工织物反滤性能的影响，选取两种条膜机织有纺织物和两种短纤针刺无纺织物，将不同拉应变下的织物与非连续级配土组成反滤系统，利用梯度比渗透仪测试系统反滤参数随拉应变的变化。根据反滤设计的透水、保土和防淤堵3个准则，分析拉应变对透水率、漏土量、梯度比等各参数的影响。试验结果表明：随着拉应变增加，有纺织物透水及防淤堵性能增强，保土性能减弱；无纺织物则相反，透水及防淤堵性能减弱，保土性能增强；同种土工织物厚度越大，拉应变对其反滤性能影响越大。     

聚苯乙烯轻质混合土应力-应变特性分析

根据聚苯乙烯轻质混合土单轴应力-应变曲线和三轴应力-应变曲线的形态 ,得出水泥掺入比、密度、含水率、龄期等对聚苯乙烯轻质混合土变形特性有不同程度的影响 ;在围压作用下 ,曲线类型为应变硬化型 ,围压不同 ,主应力差大小不同。基于试验结果 ,得出聚苯乙烯轻质混合土单轴应力应变关系符合双曲线模型 ,三轴应力应变关系符合弹性 -线性强化模型 ,并对应力应变曲线进行拟合。     

Influence of particle shape on the shear strength and dilation of sand-woven geotextile interfaces

The influence of particle shape on the mechanical behavior of sand-woven geotextile interfaces over a wide domain of soil density and normal stress is studied. A uniformly graded angular fine sand, and a blend of well rounded glass beads with identical particle size distributions, were selected as granular material. Experiments revealed the impact of particle shape on peak and residual friction angles as well as the maximum dilation angle of interfaces between both granular media and woven geotextile. It was observed that the residual friction angles of interfaces between angular sand/glass-beads and woven geotextile are very similar to the residual friction angles of angular sand and glass-beads in soil–soil direct shear test. It is understood that the peak friction angle and maximum dilation angle of angular sand-woven geotextile were slightly lower than corresponding values for angular sand in soil–soil direct shear test. While the peak friction angle and maximum dilation angle of angular sand-woven geotextile interface decrease with the increase in normal stress, experiments showed that these factors are insensitive to normal stress for glass beads-woven geotextile interfaces, at least for the range studied herein. All interfaces with woven geotextile as the contact surface exhibit an abrupt loss of shear strength in the post-peak regime of behavior. Finally, a unified stress-dilation law for the angular sand-woven geotextile, glass beads-woven geotextile, and angular sand-roughened steel interfaces is obtained.     

灰岩强度特性的试验分析与数学模拟

以某电站所提供的灰岩岩芯为例 ,对该电站的岩芯的强度特性进行了研究 ,依据单轴压缩试验结果分别提出了风干状态下岩石的单轴抗压强度与高径比 ,自然状态、饱和状态下岩石的单轴抗压强度与横截面积之间的非线形关系式 ,该式可以很方便地在有关工程中为相似岩石估算其强度值提供参考、借鉴。天然状态下的岩石处于三向压缩状态 ,室内三轴压缩试验是岩石应力状态较为真实的反映。针对灰岩的三轴压缩试验结果 ,对其应力应变关系曲线进行了分析与比较 ,并进行了曲线拟合。结果表明 ,岩石的变形可以分为四个不同的阶段 ,围压对岩石的应力应变关系有一定影响 ,用多项式函数拟合应力应变关系曲线是比较理想的。     

大理岩加卸荷破坏过程的能量演化特征分析

 根据大理岩加荷破坏与卸荷破坏试验结果,研究大理岩不同应力路径下的破坏特征和能量演化规律。结果表明,常规三轴破坏岩样吸收总能量 高于单轴压缩吸收总能量,峰值强度后常规三轴弹性应变能释放比单轴缓慢,储能极限高于单轴压缩的储能极限。随着卸荷初始围压升高,岩样峰值强度和峰值应变增大,破坏形式由张拉–剪切破坏向剪切破坏过渡,岩样在峰值强度处吸收的总能量 和弹性能 增大,耗散能 却没有明显变化,围压对峰值强度处的 和 无明显影响。卸荷速度增大,岩样峰值强度和峰值应变减小,破坏形式由剪切破坏向张拉–剪切破坏过渡,岩样在峰值点处吸收的总能量 和弹性能 减小,耗散能 却没有明显变化,卸荷速度对 和 无明显影响。加荷与卸荷2种应力路径下,岩样在到达峰值强度时所吸收的总能量和储能极限都与峰值强度呈线性关系。     

非饱和黏性土的抗拉强度与抗剪强度关系试验研究

 通过对具有一定抗拉强度的非饱和黏性土在不同含水量状态下的重塑土样进行剪切和拉伸对比试验研究,结果表明,非饱和黏性土的抗剪强度指标c和j在一定范围内都随含水量的增大而减小;以三轴拉伸试验围压为大主应力、轴向应力为小主应力所确定的各应力圆符合莫尔–库仑准则;物理性状相同的非饱和黏性土重塑土样的抗拉强度与抗剪强度存在一定的函数关系。提出在无拉伸试验条件情况下,可通过相应物理性状的剪切试验结果计算非饱和黏性土的抗拉强度思想。     

三轴应力下再生粗骨料塑性混凝土的力学性能和破坏准则

通过单轴、侧压相等和侧压不等三轴压缩试验,研究了再生粗骨料塑性混凝土(RPC)的应力-应变-强度特征,与原生粗骨料塑性混凝土(PC)性能进行了对比,并建立了基于空间八面体的强度破坏准则.结果表明:再生粗骨料塑性混凝土强度与围压的关系符合库伦破坏准则,其黏聚力低于原生粗骨料塑性混凝土,内摩擦角相差不大;再生粗骨料塑性混凝土应力-应变曲线由单轴下应变软化转变为三轴下塑化,且侧压越大,理想塑化越明显;在3种试验下,试件均出现了最大体应变,且随着侧压的增加而增大;再生塑性混凝土抗裂性能高于原生粗骨料塑性混凝土,且随侧压增大而增强.     

基于Griffith强度理论的岩石裂纹起裂经验预测方法研究

 裂纹起裂强度是岩石破坏过程中的重要应力阈值,研究岩石起裂准则对于揭示其破坏机制及预测围岩工程性质有着重要意义。首先进行青砂岩试样的单轴及三轴压缩起裂试验,并基于多种应变响应分析其中的起裂机制及细观破坏特征,指出局部张拉应力集中是起裂破坏的主因,总结提出低围压条件下的张开型起裂模型及高围压条件下的滑动型起裂模型。然后基于Griffith强度理论分析压应力场中岩石缺陷端部的局部最大张拉应力,其大小随差应力 的升高而增大,同时在围压条件下受表面摩擦作用的影响较大。针对岩石细观起裂机制提出起裂预测经验准则,准则中引入起裂参数 作为围压影响系数以表征摩擦作用,从而适用于不同围压条件下的起裂破坏预测。利用3组起裂试验结果对经验准则进行验证,其准确性及实用性明显优于传统线性起裂准则。最后通过分析不同围压下岩石起裂强度与峰值强度之比 ,发现试样在围压60 MPa以下时其起裂破坏属于细观张拉破坏机制。