Dyeability improvement of polyester pretreated with some alkoxides

The influence of some alkoxides in alcoholic media, having various dielectric constants, on the physical and mechanical properties was thoroughly studied in a previous work to attain silk‐like polyester fibers. In this investigation, the dyeability behavior of this silk‐like polyester is tried. Both immersion and padding techniques are applied in the treatment. The dyeability of the pretreated polyester fabric with disperse dyes shows some progressive improvements with lowering the dyeing temperature and/or decreasing the time of dyeing attained. Ethoxide is found to be more effective in enhancing the dyeability of polyester fabric than either methoxide or propoxide. Dyeing of the pretreated polyester fabric at the boil without using carriers or conducting high temperature/high pressure dyeing is also possible. Washing and crocking fastness are relatively enhanced. Physicochemical investigations of the dyeing process and a mathematical analysis for evenness are given. A decrease in the half dyeing time and an increase in the rate of dyeing of the pretreated polyester as compared with the untreated one are noticed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Basic dyeable polyester: a new approach using a VUV excimer lamp

Surface treatment of polyester fabric was carried out using a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excimer lamp. The hydrophilicity of the polyester fabric was significantly improved by surface modification, as indicated by the decrease in wetting time and wicking time. This approach can be used to create added value for polyester fabric, which otherwise suffers from low hydrophilicity. Further changes on irradiation were characterised by atomic force microscopy and the crystallinity and tensile strength of the samples were also tested. Basic dyeability of the microdenier polyester fabric was seen to improve greatly on exposure to the excimer lamp, followed by grafting with acrylic acid. The effects were observed to increase with an increase in irradiation time. The best effect was obtained for irradiation time of 10 min. These enhanced properties were accompanied by an insignificant loss in crystallinity and tensile strength of treated fabrics.     

改进亚麻纤维轧染染色性能的研究

通过高温条件下尿素对亚麻纤维进行改性,提高了其轧染时的染色性能和染色深度。对改性工艺条件包括尿素溶液的浓度、高温处理温度及时间进行了详细的研究和优化。通过对改性前后对亚麻纤维进行的电子显微镜观察,探讨了改性后的亚麻纤维染色性能提高的原因,并测定了改性前后亚麻纤维力学强度的变化。     

Use of lipoprotein lipase in the improvement of some properties of wool fabrics

Wool fabrics were pretreated with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of different stabilisers; namely, sodium silicate, magnesium sulphate and imino disuccinic acid sodium salt. The effect of stabiliser type and concentration on the properties of the treated wool were studied. Imino disuccinic acid sodium salt was found to be the most effective stabiliser for hydrogen peroxide when added to the bleaching bath of wool fabric. The effect of after‐treatment of the pre‐oxidised wool fabric with commercially produced lipoprotein lipase enzyme on its dyeability with acid and reactive dyes, as well as on some of its physico‐mechanical properties, was assessed. Chemical and microscopic analyses were conducted to assess changes in the chemical composition of wool treated with this system. Wool fabrics treated with hydrogen peroxide/imino disuccinic acid sodium salt/lipoprotein lipase enzyme exhibit improved wettability and, hence, dyeability with both acid and reactive dyes, as well as enhanced resistance to felting shrinkage and pilling, without severe deterioration in the fabric’s inherent properties.     

Multi-functional Polyester Hollow Fiber Nonwoven Fabric with Using Nano Clay/Nano TiO2/Polysiloxane Composites

Surface modification and property improvement of hollow polyester fiber nonwoven fabric is very important due to the application of substrate in the various fields. Here, nano clay, nano TiO₂ and polysiloxane softener as been applied on the hollow polyester fiber nonwoven fabric through conventional impregnation-dry-cure method in order to enhance the fabric properties. The alkaline hydrolysis of polyester was performed on the nonwoven surface to functionalize the fabric and increase the nanoparticles uptake. The nano clay was first dispersed by using nonionic dispersing agent, and then nano titanium dioxide dispersion was added dropwise to the prepared nano clay dispersion. Also, other dispersions were prepared with adding polysiloxane softener and polyurethane resin under sonication. The SEM images and EDX/XRD patterns indicated the presence of various applied particles on the surface of the fabric. Thermal gravimetric analysis was employed to investigate the thermal decomposition behavior of the treated samples. Self-cleaning properties of polyester nonwoven treated by TiO₂/nano clay/polysiloxane composite was followed by degradation of methylene blue under daylight irradiation at ambient temperature. It was found that nano clay/TiO₂/polysiloxane composite on the fabric surfaces improved self-cleaning property, thermal stability above 400 °C, and water absorption properties of the fabric.     

Flame retardant finishing of the polyester/cotton blend fabric using a cross‐linkable hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer

Blend fabrics of cotton and polyester are widely used in apparel, but high flammability becomes a major obstacle for applications of those fabrics in fire protective clothing. The objective of this research was to investigate the flame retardant finishing of a 50/50 polyester/cotton blend fabric. It was discovered previously that N,N′‐dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) was able to bond a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer (HFPO) onto 50/50 nylon/cotton blend fabrics. In this research, the HFPO/DMDHEU system was applied to a 50/50 polyester/cotton twill fabric. The polyester/cotton fabric treated with 36% HFPO and 10% DMDHEU achieved char length of 165 mm after 20 laundering cycles. The laundering durability of the treated fabric was attributed to the formation of polymeric cross‐linked networks. The HFPO/DMDHEU system significantly reduced peak heat release rate (PHRR) of cotton on the treated polyester/cotton blend fabric, but its effects on polyester were marginal. HFPO/DMDHEU reduced PHRR of both nylon and cotton on the treated nylon/cotton fabric. It was also discovered that the nitrogen of DMDHEU was synergistic to enhance the flame retardant performance of HFPO on the polyester/cotton fabric.     

石墨烯微胶囊/海藻酸钙对涤纶织物的阻燃处理

为提高涤纶织物的阻燃性能,并解决涤纶织物的熔滴现象,本文采用石墨烯微胶囊与海藻酸钠共混制备出阻燃涂覆液,采用浸轧法制备阻燃涂覆涤纶织物。考察涂覆涤纶织物的阻燃性能,力学性能以及热学性能,结果表明：25g/L的海藻酸钠和1g的石墨烯微胶囊阻燃涂覆处理后的涤纶织物的极限氧指数由19.7%,上升到28.34%,达到难燃织物的标准。整理后的涤纶织物达到了V-0标准,涤纶织物燃烧后产生的熔滴的现象消失。织物的断裂强力由135.21N降低到了106.77N。涂覆处理前后,织物达到最大热分解速率的温度未产生明显变化,残炭率由12.07%上升到了26.98%,最大质量损失速率由1.79%/℃降低到了0.96%/℃。同时整理前后涤纶织物的热焓值由58.4J/g上升至68.4J/g。织物的导热系数由0.587 W/cm.℃×10_-4^提高到0.842W/cm.℃×10_-4^{,热学性能得到了充分的提高。}织物燃烧后所形成的残炭由无到连续且致密。     

Optimization of the hot alkali treatment of polyester/cotton fabric with sodium hydrosulfite

The treatment of cotton or polyester fabric in alkali media is a common modification process for producing a fabric with desirable qualities. Alkali treatment of polyester/cotton fabric could produce a fabric with better performance. In this research, polyester/cotton fabric was treated with NaOH at different temperatures and times. The results show that alkali treatment at the optimum temperature and time with NaOH could hydrolyze the polyester fiber surface and remove some of the impurities from the cotton fiber at the same time and may also improve some of the fabric properties, such as fabric regain, water drop absorbency, and fabric pilling. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100:5049–5055, 2006     

Improving the dyeability of polyimide by pretreatment with alkali

Polyimide fabric, as a high‐performance fabric, possesses advantageous properties, such as outstanding thermal stability and chemical resistance, but has poor dyeability. In this paper, polyimide fabric was dyed successfully with disperse dyes by high‐temperature and high‐pressure dyeing in the presence of a swelling agent and auxiliaries. Under optimal dyeing conditions, it is pretreated with NaOH 6 g l^?1 and dyed with disperse dyes 5% o.w.f., NaCl 1 m , benzyl alcohol 60 ml l^?1 at 135 °C for 45 min to obtain a satisfactory colour yield with good washing fastness and dry rubbing fastness with 93.3% strength retention. The experimental results demonstrate that the Nernst adsorption isotherm is a favourable model for polyimide fabric dyeing with disperse dyes.     

Thermomechanical properties of alkali treated jute‐polyester/nanoclay biocomposites fabricated by VARTM process

A systematic study was carried out to investigate the effect of alkali treatment and nanoclay on thermomechanical properties of jute fabric reinforced polyester composites (JPC) fabricated by the vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. Using mechanical mixing and sonication process, 1% and 2% by weight montmorillonite K10 nanoclay were dispersed into B‐440 premium polyester resin to fabricate jute fabric reinforced polyester nanocomposites. The average fiber volume was determined to be around 40% and void fraction was reduced due to the surface treatment as well as nanoclay infusion in these biocomposites. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed enhancement of dynamic elastic/plastic responses and glass transition temperature (T_g) in treated jute polyester composites (TJPC) and nanoclay infused TJPC compared with those of untreated jute polyester composites (UTJPC). Alkali treatment and nanoclay infusion also resulted in enhancement of mechanical properties of JPC. The maximum flexural, compression, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) properties were found in the 1 wt % nanoclay infused TJPC. Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) revealed strong interaction between the organoclay and polyester that resulted in enhanced thermomechanical properties in the composites. Lower water absorption was also observed due to surface treatment and nanoclay infusion in the TJPC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Synthesis and properties of novel aziridinyl azo dyes from 2-aminothiophenes—Part 2: Application of some disperse dyes to polyester fibres

A series of yellow to greenish-blue aziridinyl azo dyes and their azo precursors containing a thienyl coupling moiety has been applied to conventional polyester fibre as well as microdenier polyester by high temperature exhaust dyeing. Heat transferability of these dyes onto polyester fibre has also been examined, using conventional heat-transfer printing techniques. The relevant dyeing characteristics, heat transferability, build-up, dyeability on microfibre polyester, washfastness and lightfastness are given. These aziridinyl dyes are reactive to polyester fibres under HT dyeing conditions. Fabrics dyed with aziridinyl dyes are more resistant to solvent extraction than those dyed with conventional dyes. Residual liquors showed only a pale colour when fabric dyed with aziridinyl dyes was dissolved and then precipitated, whereas a coloured polyester precipitate was obtained.     

Preparation and characterisation of novel phospholipid cationic liposomes to improve the alkaline hydrolysis and dyeability of polyester fabric

Three novel cationic liposomes were prepared from commercial soybean lecithin (neutral liposome) and stearylamine (cationic liposome) as a catalyst or accelerating agent for the alkaline hydrolysis of polyester fabric. The formation of 1:1, 1:6 and 1:12 cationic liposomes was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen content and Fourier Transform‐infrared spectroscopy. Factors affecting the alkaline hydrolysis performance of polyester fabric in the presence and absence of cationic liposomes were investigated. Size measurements of the three cationic liposomes showed that the vesicle size was 27.88 nm for the 1:1 cationic liposome, 15.57 nm for 1:6 and 10 nm for 1:12, in comparison with 50 nm for neutral liposome. The results showed that alkaline hydrolysis in the presence of cationic liposomes improves the hydrophilicity and dyeability of polyester fabric and creates more carboxylic groups on the fabric. The silky polyester fabric was characterised by scanning electron microscopy, tensile strength, elongation at break, crease recovery angle and surface roughness to prove the success of the cationic liposomes as accelerating agents in the alkaline hydrolysis process. The results also indicate that the colour strength of hydrolysed polyester fabric in the presence of cationic liposomes dyed with disperse dye was slightly higher than that obtained in the absence of cationic liposomes and with unhydrolysed fabric. Furthermore, the fastness properties of hydrolysed polyester in the absence and presence of cationic liposomes do not vary.     

碱胺同浴碱处理对改性涤纶性能的影响

主要讨论了在一定的碱胺同浴碱处理条件下 ,不同减量率对改性涤纶的力学性能、热性能、吸湿性能以及染色性能的影响。结果表明 :经碱胺同浴碱处理后的改性涤纶具有良好的吸湿性及染色性 ,其力学性及热稳定性变化不大     

Application of sodium benzoyl thiosulphate from aqueous solution to wool and its effect on substantivity of disperse dyes. Part 1: synthesis and characterisation of sodium benzoyl thiosulphate

The introduction of bulky aryl residues into wool fibres not only enhances their disperse dyeability but also improves their settability, shrink resistance and imparts easy‐care properties. It would be highly desirable for colourists to achieve such effects when dyeing or printing wool from an aqueous solution as wool/polyester blend fabrics could be dyed and printed with the same dye; furthermore, in the case of an all‐wool fabric pretreated with such arylating systems, following dyeing or printing with disperse dyes, dye fixation can be achieved by dry heat procedures. A water‐soluble, fibre‐reactive arylating agent, sodium benzoyl thiosulphate, was therefore synthesised, characterised and its stability to hydrolysis in aqueous media was examined.     

Improving transfer printing and ultraviolet‐blocking properties of polyester‐based textiles using MCT‐β‐CD,chitosan and ethylenediamine

This study demonstrates the possibility of improving the transfer printability and fastness properties, as well as the ultraviolet‐protecting functionality, of polyester, polyester/wool, polyester/cotton and polyester/viscose woven fabrics via pretreatment with monochlorotriazinyl β‐cyclodextrin (MCT‐β‐CD), chitosan or ethylenediamine, followed by subsequent transfer printing with sublimable disperse dyes. The modification variables as well as the transfer printing conditions were optimised. The experimental results reveal that generating hydrophobic cavities (via grafting of β‐CD) at the fabric surface, fixing of chitosan, with its amino groups, onto the finish/fabric matrix, or introducing amine functional groups, via aminolysis of the polyester component, results in obtaining transfer printed fabric samples with darker depth of shades and better fastness properties, as well as with higher ultraviolet‐protecting functions. It was further noted that, in all cases, the enhancement in the imparted properties is governed by type of substrate, kind and extent of chemical modification, affinity for the sublimable disperse dyes, accessibility of generated hosting and fixing sites, as well as the ultraviolet‐blocking capacities of the modified/post‐printed substrates against damaging ultraviolet rays. The mode of interaction, as well as the surface morphology of some non‐treated and treated fabric samples, was also investigated.     

Exhaust dyeing of polyester‐based textiles using high‐temperature–alkaline conditions

The factors affecting the dyeability of polyester‐based textiles with disperse dyes in an alkaline medium were studied. It was found, for a given set of dyeing conditions, that (a) the appropriate conditions for attaining a higher color yield were 45 min at 130°C with pH 9 using a material‐to‐liquor ratio of 1/10; (b) increasing the Diaserver® AD‐95 concentration to 2% ows (based on weight of substrate) as well as including triethanolamine to 2% ows in the dyeing formulations bring about a significant improvement in the dye uptake; (c) both a preheat setting from 160 to 200°C/30 s and an alkaline weight reduction have a positive impact on postdyeing with the used disperse dye; (d) the extent of dye uptake as well as the color strength are governed by the type of substrate, that is, knitted fabric > spun yarn > woven fabric, nature of the dye stabilizer, that is, EDTA > Diaserver® AD‐95 > Tinoclorite® CBB > citric acid > none, as well as kind of the disperse dye; (e) direct reuse of the disperse dyebaths, without reconstitution, in the dyeing of the used substrates was shown to be feasible in a single shade and in the reverse‐order dyeings (dark → light); (f) one‐bath, one‐step exhaust dyeing of polyester/cotton‐knitted fabric using selected disperse reactive dyes combinations under high‐temperature alkaline conditions is feasible; and (g) the color and fastness properties of the resultant dyeings depend on the type of the used auxiliaries, in addition to the nature of disperse/reactive dyes combinations as well as compatibility with other ingredients. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3563–3573, 2003     

Thermo gravimetric analysis and morphological behavior of castor oil based polyurethane–polyester nonwoven fabric composites

Castor oil (CO) based polyurethane (PU)– polyester nonwoven fabric composites were fabricated by impregnating the polyester nonwoven fabric in a reactive composition containing CO and diisocyanate. Composites were fabricated with two different isocyanates such as toluene‐2, 4‐diisocyanate (TDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies of the composites were performed to establish the thermal stability and their mode of thermal degradation. It was found that degradation of neat PU takes place in two steps and that of polyester nonwoven fabric reinforced PU composites takes place in three steps. From the TGA thermograms, a little improvement in thermal stability incase of polyester nonwoven fabric reinforced PU composites were noticed compared to unreinforced PUs. Degradation kinetic parameters were obtained for the composites using Broido, Coats and Redfern, and Horowitz and Metzger methods. Tensile fractured composite specimens were used to analyze the morphology of the composites by scanning electron microscopic technique. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Evaluation of some of the properties of plasma treated wool fabric

Low temperature plasma (LTP) treatment was applied to wool fabric with the use of a nonpolymerizing gas, namely oxygen. Properties of the LTP‐treated samples including low stress mechanical behavior, air permeability, and thermal characteristics were evaluated in this study. Kawabata evaluation system fabric (KES‐F) was employed to determine the tensile, shearing, bending, and compression strength properties and surface roughness of the specimens. The changes in these properties are believed to be closely related to the interfiber and interyarn frictional force induced by the LTP. The decrease in the air permeability of the LTP‐treated wool fabric was found to be probably because of the plasma action effect on increasing the fabric thickness and a change in fabric surface morphology, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The change in the thermal properties of the LTP‐treated wool fabric was in good agreement with the earlier findings and can be attributed to the amount of air trapped between the yarns and fibers. This study suggested that the LTP treatment can influence the final properties of the wool fabric, and also provide information for developing LTP‐treated wool fabric for industrial use. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5958–5964, 2006     

Pretreatment of wool/polyester blended fabrics to enhance titanium dioxide nanoparticle adsorption and self‐cleaning properties

This research aims to enhance the self‐cleaning properties of fibre‐blended fabric using surface pretreatment prior to the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. To this end, the polyester/wool fabric was modified, in that the wool fibres were oxidised with potassium permanganate and the polyester fibres were hydrolysed with lipase before nano processing. Butane tetracarboxylic acid was also used to enhance the adsorption of the nanoparticles and also to stabilise them on the fabric surface. The self‐cleaning properties of the fabric were examined through staining of the fabric with CI Basic Blue 9 and then discolouring by exposing to ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Some other properties of the treated fabrics, such as water drop absorption, crease recovery angle and bending were investigated and are discussed in detail. The colour changes of different samples indicated an appropriate discoloration on the titanium dioxide‐treated fabrics after ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Overall, the surface pretreatment of the wool and polyester fibres improved the self‐cleaning properties of the fabric significantly.     

Studying smoldering to flaming transition in polyurethane furniture subassemblies: Effects of fabrics,flame retardants,and material type

The transition from smoldering to flaming was studied on fabric, batting, and foam assemblies via an electric spot ignition source of similar intensity to a cigarette. The materials studied included four different fabrics (cotton, polyester, cotton/polyester blend, flame retardant cotton/polyester blend), two types of batting (cotton, polyester), and three types of polyurethane foam (nonflame retardant, flame retardant by FMVSS 302 testing, flame retardant by BS5852 testing). The results from testing found that materials highly prone to smoldering could propagate smoldering into foams and lead to ignition, whereas materials that tended to melt back from the ignition source did not. Flame retardant fabrics or foam can and do prevent the transition from smoldering to flaming provided sufficient levels of flame retardants are incorporated in the upholstery fabric or foam. The transition from smoldering to flaming of cotton fabric/nonflame retardant foam assembly was also studied using temperature measurements and evolved gas analysis. It was determined that the transition takes place when the oxygen consumption by accelerating smoldering front exceeds the oxygen supply. At this point, the solid fuel gasification becomes driven by thermal decomposition rather than by surface oxidation which leads to high enough concentrations of fuel for flaming combustion to occur.