酶在谷物食品加工中应用

该文综述谷物食品加工中广泛使用淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、木聚糖酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、转谷氨酰胺酶特性及其应用进展,并展望其发展前景。     

Membrane Processing Technology in the Food Industry: Food Processing,Wastewater Treatment,and Effects on Physical,Microbiological, Organoleptic,and Nutritional Properties of Foods

Membrane processing technology (MPT) is increasingly used nowadays in a wide range of applications (demineralization, desalination, stabilization, separation, deacidification, reduction of microbial load, purification, etc.) in food industries. The most frequently applied techniques are electrodialysis (ED), reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and microfiltration (MF). Several membrane characteristics, such as pore size, flow properties, and the applied hydraulic pressure mainly determine membranes’ potential uses. In this review paper the basic membrane techniques, their potential applications in a large number of fields and products towards the food industry, the main advantages and disadvantages of these methods, fouling phenomena as well as their effects on the organoleptic, qualitative, and nutritional value of foods are synoptically described. Some representative examples of traditional and modern membrane applications both in tabular and figural form are also provided.     

谷物食品蒸煮挤压加工技术

阐述了蒸煮挤压技术的特点、蒸煮挤压的种类及工作过程,并较全面地介绍了应用蒸煮挤压技术加工谷物食品的生产工艺。     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Tropical Tuber Starches: A Review

The tropical tuber crops contain starch as the major component and thus act as important source of starch. Except cassava and to a smaller extent sweet potato, starch from other tuber crops has not been exploited for industrial applications partly because of difficulty in the extraction of the pure starches and partly because of non‐availability of information about the properties of these lesser known starches. This review attempts at collating data available on the physicochemical and functional characteristics of the tropical tuber starches, highlighting their unique properties and potential field of applications. The physicochemical properties like granule shape and size, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, amylose content, or content of non‐starchy components, show considerable variation among the tuber starches. In addition, factors like genetic origin, environmental conditions and age of the plant also influence the properties. The starch granules of Colocasia esculenta and Dioscorea esculenta tubers are very small whereas those of Canna edulis are very large. XRD patterns of yam starches are generally ‘B’, while the aroid starches possess ‘A’ patterns. DSC gelatinisation temperatures are low for cassava starch and high for the aroid starches. The functional characteristics like viscosity, swelling power and solubility also depend on a number of factors such as varietal variation, method of extraction, processing conditions and instruments used for analysis. Viscosity is high for cassava and C. edulis starches, but low for most aroid starches. Clarity is good for cassava and yam starches compared to the others. Digestibility also varies among the starches. The diversity available in the tuber starches shows that some of the starches can be used in place of chemically modified starches available on the market. The realisation of their importance can help in value addition of these neglected crops and also provide starch with special properties for specific applications.     

Chemical Characteristics and Physicochemical Properties of the Extruded Mixtures of Cereal Starches

The results suggest that starch quality significantly determined the expansion coefficient, density, and physico-chemical properties of the extruded starch mixtures. Unique properties of buckwheat starch were most important in this case. Attention should also be given to the effect of the extrusion conditions on chemical composition of the product, and especially to the decrease of starch and dietary fiber content.     

元宝枫籽蛋白的营养性及理化性质

以元宝枫籽为原料,分别采用碱溶酸沉法和盐提法提取元宝枫籽分离蛋白（Acer truncatum Bunge. protein isolate,ABPI）和盐提蛋白（A. truncatum Bunge. salt extractable protein,ABSPI）,并对其营养性及理化性质进行对比研究。结果表明,ABPI和ABSPI中均含人体所需的8 种氨必需基酸,其中谷氨酸是主要的氨基酸,且ABPI和ABSPI必需氨基酸含量分别占总氨基酸含量的37.86%和38.45%。ABPI的表面疏水性（664.86）、总巯基（35.79 μmol/g）与二硫键（11.50 μmol/g）含量显著高于ABSPI（P＜0.05）,且热变性温度（128.05 ℃）也高于ABSPI（118.33 ℃）。而ABSPI持水性（4.64 mL/g）显著高于ABPI（2.46 mL/g）（P＜0.05）,持油性（3.58 mL/g）低于ABPI（4.82 mL/g）。ABPI和ABSPI的起泡性、起泡稳定性及乳化性随pH值的变化趋势均相似。傅里叶红外光谱显示ABPI与ABSPI均有典型的蛋白吸收峰,但ABSPI可能不具有三螺旋结构。扫描电子显微镜结果表明,2 种蛋白的微观结构明显不同,ABSPI呈有序簇状球形蛋白,而ABPI结构紧密,表面呈不规则山脊状。相比ABSPI,ABPI具有更好的理化性质和功能特性。     

Processing, Functional, and Nutritional Properties of Okra Seed Products

Okra full-fat flour, defatted flour, protein concentrate, and protein isolate were prepared from whole okra seeds (Spineless Green Velvet variety). Results of proximate analysis, amino acid profiles, in vitro protein digestibility, and calculated protein efficiency ratios (C-PER) indicated that okra products have significant potential as a viable new protein source. C-PER of okra products ranged from 2.16–2.22. Protein solubility indicated that these okra products were generally more soluble than commercial soy products. Emulsion capacity and viscosity of okra products were significantly lower than those for soy products. Overall, foam stability of soy products was consistently higher than that for okra products.     

Amylograph Pasting Behaviour of Cereal and Tuber Starches

The pasting characteristics in terms of peak viscosity (P), hot paste viscosity (H), cold paste viscosity (C) and at the selected fixed peak viscosities, the various ratios i.e., breakdown (H/P), setback (C/P), total setback (C/H) and relative breakdown, BD_r, (P-H)/(C-H) to distinguish the starches from different species, are reported. Important differences in these characteristics among various starches have been observed. The amount of soluble amylose present in a starch, significantly affected its tendency for retrogradation. The breakdown (H/P), setback (C/P), total setback (C/H) ratios and especially the relative breakdown (BD_r) can be made use of in distinguishing the starches from different species of wheat.     

亚麻籽蛋白特性及营养价值分析

以脱壳亚麻仁为原料,除油后使用碱溶酸沉法提取蛋白质,并对其物理特性与营养价值进行分析.结果表明,该方法所得提取物中蛋白质质量分数高达98.86％,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示位于21?kDa和33?kDa处的谱带最为强烈,高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析结果显示该混合蛋白含有11种已报道的亚麻籽源蛋白成分,其等...     

符离集烧鸡加工过程中的营养和理化品质变化

通过对符离集烧鸡在5个不同加工阶段下主要成分、pH、嫩度、食盐、总糖、氨基酸含量等的测定,探究其在加工过程中营养和理化品质的变化。结果表明,在加工过程中,鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉的水分含量、剪切力显著下降(P<0.05),灰分、蛋白质、脂肪以及食盐含量显著增加(P<0.05);卤制后鸡胸肉(pH=6.45)和鸡腿肉(pH=6.65)的pH达到最大,杀菌后有所下降;油炸时鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉总糖含量分别增加了75.34%和72.62%(P<0.05),卤制和杀菌后鸡肉的总糖含量下降。烧鸡加工过程中共检出17种氨基酸,其中谷氨酸(16.31%~17.11%)、天冬氨酸(9.53%~10.42%)、亮氨酸(8.16%~8.53%)、赖氨酸(8.48%~9.10%)是烧鸡中最主要的氨基酸,谷氨酸的含量最高。除苯丙氨酸外,成品烧鸡中必需氨基酸均高于FAO/WHO/UNU推荐含量,可见烧鸡具有较高的营养价值。卤制对烧鸡其营养品质影响较大,杀菌保证了产品安全性的同时,对其营养及理化品质无不良影响。     

Physicochemical Characterization of Pure Persimmon Juice: Nutritional Quality and Food Acceptability

Technological process for production of non‐astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. “Rojo Brillante”) juice was described. The degree of fruit ripening expressed as color index (CI) varied between 12.37 and 16.33. Persimmon juice was characterized by determining physicochemical quality parameters as yield, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), organic acids, and main sugars. A thermal treatment of 90 ºC for 10 s was effective in controlling naturally occurring microorganisms for at least 105 d of storage without significantly affecting production of soluble brown pigments (BPs) and 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (5‐HMF), total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity and acceptability of juice by panelists. Storage time affected all and each of the above parameters, reducing BPs, TPC and antioxidant capacity but increasing 5‐HMF content. Refrigerated storage enhanced the acceptability of the juices. This information may be used by the juice industry as a starting point for production of pure persimmon juices.     

不同加工方式对米糠粉食品配料理化特性的影响

为了改善米糠的理化特性,开发新型米糠食品配料,本文研究了挤压膨化、微波蒸煮和高温焙炒三种整体加工方式对脱脂米糠理化特性的影响。结果表明,脱脂米糠经过三种整体加工方式处理后,理化特性均得到改善,其中挤压膨化米糠具有最高的水溶性指数、吸水性指数、糊化度及分散稳定性。与未处理组相比,挤压膨化米糠水溶性指数、吸水性指数和糊化度分别提高了4.82%、18.92%和96.04%。同时,三种整体加工方式显著减少了米糠中还原糖和植酸的含量,而分析米糠的酚类物质和抗氧化活性时,发现高温焙炒显著增加了脱脂米糠中总酚含量及抗氧化能力,但挤压膨化降低了脱脂米糠中总酚含量和抗氧化能力。本研究可以为脱脂米糠作为糊粉类营养代餐食品配料的加工提供指导。     

Physicochemical Characteristics,Functional Properties,and Nutritional Benefits of Peanut Oil: A Review

The legume Arachis hypogaea, commonly known as peanut or groundnut, is a very important food crop throughout the tropics and subtropics. Peanut is one of the most widely used legumes due to its nutrition and taste, and it occupies a rank of major oilseed crop in the world. It has been recognized as a functional food due to its role in a health promoting effect. Peanut oil contains a well-balanced fatty acid and antioxidant profile that provide protection against harmful substances especially free radicals. This paper gives an overview of scientific literature available on phytochemical and functional properties of peanut oil. Owing to its unique organoleptic properties associated with its cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, peanut oil has found, recently, its place on the highly competitive international edible oil market.     

Physicochemical Characteristics,Nutritional Properties,and Health Benefits of Argan Oil: A Review

The argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels), an endemic tree in Morocco, is the most remarkable species in North Africa, due to its botanical and bioecologic interest as well as its social value. Argan oil is traditionally well known for its cardioprotective properties and it is also used in the treatment of skin infections. This paper gives an overview of scientific literature available on nutritional and pharmacologic properties of argan oil. Owing to its unique organoleptic properties associated with its cardioprotective properties, argan oil has found, recently, its place in the highly competitive international edible oil market. This success is a very positive sign for the preservation of the argan tree, the argan forests and, therefore, in general, the biodiversity.     

Physical, Chemical, Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Corn-Based Fortified Food Products

Product formulations and processing methods were developed using seven corn-based flours. They were fortified with various levels of sesame, chickpea, soybeans, powdered egg, nonfat dry milk, lysine, and methionine. Products were formulated to provide as closely as possible the FAO requirements for essential amino acids and to have acceptable physical, chemical, nutritional, sensory properties and cost. The overall nutritional value was increased at least by 92% as compared to similar existing products. There were no obvious differences in physical properties of the fortified flours and products as compared to commercial counterparts. The protein cost of the fortified products was less than that of food from animal sources; the PER values being the same or higher.     

壳聚糖/普鲁兰多糖/聚乙烯醇/胶原蛋白食品膜的理化性质及结构特征

为了研究壳聚糖（Chitosan,CS）/普鲁兰多糖（Pullulan,LP）/聚乙烯醇（Polyvinyl Alcohol,PVA）/胶原蛋白（Collagen,GL）食品包装膜理化性质及结构特征,该研究以CS、LP、PVA和GL为原料,按一定比例混合,采用流延成膜法制备多元复合膜,测定复合膜的机械性能、水溶性、溶胀率、色度和透光率等指标,并利用红外光谱、X衍射光谱和扫描电镜表征膜的结构。结果表明：CS、LP和CS-LP膜材分别添加到PVA-GL中,复合膜厚度逐渐增加,拉伸强度逐渐降低,而断裂伸长率呈递增的趋势,其中四元膜厚度为142.50 μm,抗拉强度为11.21 MPa,断裂伸长率为169.24%;提高复合膜的膨胀率,降低了复合膜的溶解度,四元膜的膨胀率最高,溶解度最低,分别为368.16%,58.64%;色度及不透明度的测量发现,四元膜亮度较亮和色差小的特点,且该膜不透明度最小,为2.28 UA/mm;测量其波长在200~800 nm范围内紫外可见光的透光率发现,该膜具有良好的紫外线阻隔能力;红外光谱、X衍射光谱及扫描电镜分析结果显示,CS和LP能与PVA-GL相互作用,降低CS和LP的结晶度,形成结构致密的均相体系。研究结果为CS/PL/PVA/GL食品包装膜的进一步研究提供了可以借鉴的科学依据。     

菊粉的性质、功能及在食品中的应用进展

菊粉作为一种天然的功能性果聚糖,因其具有突出的肠道健康效应和优异的加工特性,在食品行业中日益受到重视.菊粉可作为益生元、脂肪替代品、糖替代品、质构与口感改良剂等而被广泛应用于乳制品、面制品、肉制品和饮料等领域.本文全面综述了菊粉的来源、结构、理化性质和生产方法,详细介绍了其生理功能、安全性和分析方法,系统回顾了近年来国...