我国鲜食玉米标准体系及营养标准研究

近年来我国鲜食玉米产业发展迅猛, 但同时也暴露出诸多产业乱象。梳理现有鲜食玉米标准体系是促进产业标准化、规范化的重要举措。本文通过对我国现行鲜食玉米标准进行梳理, 总结出目前我国鲜食玉米标准体系中抽样及一般性检测标准较完善、技术规程体系成熟、标准体系框架已建立的特点; 同时提出我国鲜食玉米标准体系存在技术规程标准内容重复、品质分级标准混乱、缺乏营养评价指标相关标准、感官评价标准混乱、缺乏甜糯玉米和笋玉米的相关标准、标准体系结构不合理等的问题; 并针对上述问题提出对应应统一技术规程标准, 建立营养评价体系, 统一品质分级标准, 统一感官评价指标, 完善甜糯玉米和笋玉米相关标准的解决办法。为鲜食玉米标准体系的建设及规范化提供参考和建议。     

Smoking behavior, knowledge, attitudes and practice among health care providers in Changsha city, China.

With the smoking epidemic in China, the role that health care providers (HCPs) could play in tobacco control will be critical. As a preliminary step, this study identified smoking behavior, knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) regarding smoking and smoking control among HCPs in Changsha city, China. The study design was cross-sectional. The instruments - Demographic Information Scale and KAP Scale - were distributed to 420 physicians and 400 nurses in four hospitals in Changsha city. The effective response rate was 77.56% (636/820). Among the respondents, 20.8% were current smokers, which represented 35.7% of the physicians and 1.4% of the nurses, and 43.0% of the males and 1.2% of the females. The mean knowledge score was 22.3+/-4.4 (n = 30). Knowledge regarding smoking's harmful effects and smoking-related respiratory system diseases was high. Nonetheless, tobacco addiction was underestimated. The mean attitudes and practice score was 17.7+/-2.3, 15.1+/-3.4 (n = 20). Eighty-seven percent approved their role in smoking control, but only 45% HCPs practically informed patients about methods of smoking cessation. Smoking behavior was negatively associated with KAP, and 59.7% of the HCPs thought that inadequate knowledge affected their practice. In conclusion, HCPs had some knowledge and positive attitudes regarding the cessation of smoking, but were relatively unoptimistic regarding putting smoking control into practice. The high smoking rate among male HCPs and knowledge insufficiency about smoking may pose barriers in tobacco control efforts for HCPs. As such, interventions for the cessation of smoking, and continual education on smoking control for HCPs, are indicated in China.     

巧克力及标准问题的探讨

探讨了巧克力及标准存在的若干问题,对巧克力营养与功能特性,巧克力定义、分类及指标等进行了详细讨论,并给出了改进建议.     

食品添加剂食品安全国家标准体系的构成及特点分析

本文介绍了我国食品添加剂食品安全国家标准体系的构成,主要分为食品添加剂使用标准、食品添加剂质量规格标准、食品添加剂的标签标识标准三部分;介绍了每部分现行有效的食品安全国家标准的状况及主要内容;在与CAC、欧盟、日本、美国、澳新等国际组织、国家、地区相关标准体系对比的基础上,分析了我国食品添加剂食品安全国家标准体系的特点及存在的问题,并针对存在的问题提出了相关解决建议。     

我国葡萄质量安全标准体系现状、问题分析与对策

近年来, 我国的葡萄产业快速发展, 规模化和标准化葡萄生产程度越来越高, 但在葡萄单产、品质、贸易等方面均不具备优势, 果品品质在国际市场缺乏竞争力。因此, 健全完善我国葡萄生产全程质量管控标准体系并行之有效, 成为提高我国葡萄产品国际竞争力的重要环节。本文系统梳理了我国现行的有关葡萄质量安全全程管控的相关标准, 针对我国葡萄果品产前、产中、产后各环节质量安全相关标准进行了归纳总结和分类研究, 重点分析了我国目前葡萄质量标准体系建设的现状, 以及存在的主要问题, 并对我国葡萄质量安全全程管控标准体系的建设提出了建议。     

Smoking in Ecuador: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of, attitudes towards, and knowledge about cigarette smoking in Ecuador in 1991. DESIGN: Survey using in-person interviews; stratified and multiple regression analyses. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Eight hundred people (> or = 18 years old) representative of the adult populations in the cities of Quito and Guayaquil, Ecuador. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Smoking prevalence, daily cigarette consumption, reasons for smoking, desire to quit smoking, knowledge about the health effects of smoking. RESULTS: About a third of the population in the two major cities of Ecuador are cigarette smokers. Men are not only more likely to be smokers than women (45% vs 17%, respectively), but when they do smoke, they also smoke significantly more cigarettes per day (60% more) than women. Cigarette smoking appears to be more common among younger populations, and among more educated people. Housekeepers are significantly less likely to be smokers compared with people in other occupations. About 80% of smokers consume fewer than 10 cigarettes per day. In Quito, a 40% increase in the number of cigarettes smoked per day on weekdays compared with weekends suggests an effect of the environment on smoking patterns. About 60% of smokers stated their desire to quit smoking, and there was almost universal knowledge about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking on the health of active and passive smokers. CONCLUSIONS: About a third of the population in the two major cities of Ecuador reported smoking cigarettes. Smoking is more common among men, those of younger age, and the more educated. The findings in this study should help the development of antismoking policies in Ecuador and other countries in the region.




     

我国小麦标准体系现状及发展方向

对我国小麦标准体系现状进行了分析,总结了现有标准的概况,重点对其优质、安全和检测技术方面存在的问题进行了探讨,借鉴国外的先进经验,提出了今后我国小麦标准体系建设的发展方向,以标准引导和促进小麦产业的健康发展。     

我国生态纺织品标准体系的完善

例举了目前国际贸易中各国制定的法律、法规,介绍我国纺织品健康安全以及纺织品标准的现状,说明了建设、发展我国生态纺织品标准体系的必要性和目前存在的问题,并提出完善我国生态纺织品标准体系的对策.     

中国果蔬汁加工技术与标准

从市场需求空间、丰富的原料保障来阐述了我国果蔬汁加工业的前景，从水果浓缩汁和果蔬汁饮料加工的设备，技术方面介绍了我国果蔬汁加工的现状及与国际间的差距，从标准对比方面阐述了我国果蔬汁加工业急需统一，完善的产品标准。     

Perfluorinated compounds in the environment and the blood of residents living near fluorochemical plants in Fuxin, China

A fluorochemical industrial park was built in 2004 in Fuxin, China, for the production of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). Yet little is known about the distribution of fluorochemicals in the environment and in people living in and around the park. In this study, environmental samples were collected from 22 sites in Fuxin to investigate the extent of perfluorinated compound (PFC) contamination in the environment around the park, and in drinking water from the public water supply system and groundwater in shallow aquifers from private wells near the park. Serum samples were also collected from nonoccupationally exposed residents living in Fuxin to determine the PFC load of local residents. As the dominant contaminant of eight target PFCs, the maximum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in sediment and river water of the River Xi along the industrial park were 48 ng/g dry weight and 668 ng/L, respectively; the highest PFOA concentration in groundwater beneath the park was 524 ng/L; and the PFOA levels in drinking water from the public water supply system ranged between 1.3 and 2.7 ng/L. In human serum, PFOA had the geometric mean at 4.3 ng/mL, ranging from 0.02 to 93 ng/mL. This study serves to document what should be the beginning of a long-term surveillance effort to minimize potential exposure of residents living in Fuxin.     

我国米粉安全标准问题的现状

本文阐述了米粉的安全标准现状.从完善我国米粉标准体系的角度,对米粉现有的三个标准在重要安全限量、食品添加剂等方面存在的问题进行了分析.     

我国调味品安全标准存在的主要问题分析

概述我国调味品标准的基本现状。从完善我国调味品标准体系的角度,分析了我国当前调味品安全标准在体系构建、重要安全标准和检测标准等方面存在的问题。     

我国梨质量安全全程管控标准体系研究

从梨苗木、建园、检验检疫、产地环境要求、栽培技术、病虫害防治、贮藏包装运输、相关产品、检验检测和农药残留限量等方面,针对我国梨果产前、产中、产后各环节质量安全全程管理标准进行了归纳总结和分类研究。梳理了梨质量安全全程管控标准体系存在的问题,提出了扩大提高标准普及率、健全标准体系、提高标准体系系统性、缩短有关标准制修订周期和加强农业投入品检测方法相关标准的制定等建议。