Drying Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Plants and Its Effects on Content, Chemical Composition, and Radical Scavenging Activity of the Essential Oil

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Salvia officinalis essential oil (EO) were studied under different drying methods of plant material. Results obtained showed that dried plant material yielded more essential oils than did the fresh one. The highest EO yields were obtained by infrared drying at 45?°C (0.39%) followed by air drying (0.30%) and oven drying at 45?°C (0.26%). The analysis of EOs by gas chromatography?Cmass spectrometry, showed in each of 55 identified compounds belonging mostly to oxygenated monoterpenes. This class of compounds was significantly affected by following drying methods: oven at 65?°C, microwave (500?W), and infrared at 45?°C. The main components of sage EO, 1,8-cineole, ?? and ??-thujone, camphor, viridiflorol, and manool showed significant variation (p?<?0.05) with drying methods. Their concentrations increased significantly, particularly when drying sage at ambient air. Finally, the screening of antioxidant activity of the different sage EOs using the di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium radical (DPPH) assay showed an appreciable reduction of the stable radical DPPH, although microwave drying was the most efficient method with an IC50 of 1.60% as compared with fresh plant (IC50?=?5.32).     

Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics in Different Genotypes of Potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.)

Antioxidant activity of potato compared with that of broccoli, onion, carrot and bell peppers was higher than all except broccoli. Patatin appeared to be the major water-soluble compound that showed antioxidant activity. The activity varied among potato cultivars, but was not related to flesh color or total phenolics. Antioxidant activity was evenly distributed within tuber parts and/or sections, except for skin tissue which had the greatest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. Total phenolics varied among cultivars, with some containing twofold higher concentrations than other cultivars. Phenolic content differences were genotype dependent and not related to flesh color.     

鼠尾草(Salvia officinalis L.)不同组织精油组分差异比较

利用甲基叔丁醚法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术比较鼠尾草花、叶片及茎精油的挥发性组分差异。结果表明:鼠尾草不同器官中共检测到4种单萜、17种倍半萜、6种单萜衍生物、2种倍半萜衍生物及2种酯类化合物共31种挥发性物质;不同器官的挥发性组分不尽相同,花器官中的挥发性组分最多为31种化合物;挥发性物质含量最高的是叶片,达到2 334.48 ng/g;吉玛烯、可巴烯、石竹烯及乙酸芳樟酯是鼠尾草不同器官中含量较高的挥发性组分,但其对不同器官挥发性精油的贡献率亦不同。     

四棱豆总黄酮抗氧化和抗肝损伤作用研究

目的：探讨四棱豆总黄酮体外和体内抗氧化能力以及对CCl4诱导小鼠肝损伤的修复效果。方法：利用超声波辅助提取四棱豆种子总黄酮,以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、2,2’-联氮-二（3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azinobis-（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate）,ABTS）自由基、羟自由基的清除率和还原力表征四棱豆总黄酮的抗氧化活性。利用CCl4诱导昆明小鼠肝损伤,以不同剂量的四棱豆总黄酮灌胃7 d,测定血清中谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶活性和总胆红素含量,测定肝、肾组织中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性及谷胱甘肽、丙二醛含量,免疫组化法观察肝细胞中肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）表达水平,苏木精-伊红染色观察肝脏组织病理学变化。结果：体外抗氧化实验表明四棱豆总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化效果,四棱豆总黄酮各剂量组均能降低CCl4致小鼠急性肝损伤血清谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷氨酰转肽酶活性和总胆红素含量升高,降低肝、肾组织中丙二醛含量,增强超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和谷胱甘肽含量,抑制肝细胞中TNF-α表达,减轻CCl4对肝组织的损伤。结论：四棱豆总黄酮对CCl4致小鼠急性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用,其保护机制可能与清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化、抑制TNF-α表达有关。     

不同品种薯尖的总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性比较

为筛选出抗氧化活性较高的薯尖品种、为薯尖的开发利用提供理论依据,本研究比较了四种不同品种薯尖(福薯7-6、福薯18、宁菜、7001)的叶、茎尖、柄、茎4个部位的总酚、总黄酮含量。并且以DPPH·清除率、总还原力、·OH清除能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力为抗氧化活性衡量指标,分析了4个品种各个部位的抗氧化活性及其与酚类物质含量的相关性。实验表明:4种薯尖的总多酚含量介于4.42~98.15 mg GAE/g DW,总黄酮含量介于0.97~36.17mg RE/g DW,DPPH·清除率介于5.13~53.1 mg trolox/g,总还原力介于5.65~115.00 mg Vc/g,·OH清除能力介于0.04~0.06(Vc mg/g),超氧阴离子清除能力介于27.11%~54.50%;在4个部位间,叶、茎尖的酚类物质含量及相关抗氧化活性总体上显著高于其他部位;4种薯尖中只有福薯7-6和福薯18在叶部位的总黄酮含量无显著差异,且各个品种在茎尖和柄部位的·OH清除能力均无显著差异;总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性均呈正相关。总而言之,不同品种、不同部位薯尖的总酚、总黄酮含量,以及其抗氧化活性均存在一定差异。经过筛选认为7001品种薯尖的酚类物质含量及其抗氧化能力最高,可作为优质抗氧化剂的资源。     

不同品种芒果总黄酮的抗氧化活性

以广西主栽金煌芒果、象牙芒果和台农芒果3个芒果品种为研究对象,测定芒果中总黄酮含量。采用羟自由基(.OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O-2.)体系、DPPH自由基体系对3个芒果品种总黄酮的抗氧化活性进行研究,并同VC的抗氧化活性进行比较。结果表明:在质量浓度40～200μg/mL范围内,芒果总黄酮和VC对.OH的清除能力从大到小依次为:台农芒果、象牙芒果、金煌芒果、VC;在质量浓度10～200μg/mL范围内,对O-2.清除能力从大到小依次为:VC、台农芒果、象牙芒果、金煌芒果;在质量浓度1～20μg/mL范围内,对DPPH自由基清除能力从大到小依次为:VC、台农芒果、金煌芒果、象牙芒果。3种芒果总黄酮均有良好的抗氧化效果,且与质量浓度呈明显的量效关系;台农芒果总黄酮抗氧化性优于其他两个品种。     

不同干燥方法对薄荷多酚、总黄酮及抗氧化性的影响

研究了3种不同干燥方法下椒样薄荷和苏格兰留兰香的多酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化性的差异,并且对椒样薄荷和苏格兰留兰香进行了HPLC色谱分析。结果表明:椒样薄荷采用微波干燥处理,苏格兰留兰香采用风干干燥处理能够最大程度地保存样品中的多酚和总黄酮。椒样薄荷和苏格兰留兰香中均含有绿原酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸及迷迭香酸4种酚酸。椒样薄荷在风干干燥处理下绿原酸、咖啡酸和对香豆酸含量最高,迷迭香酸含量在微波干燥处理下达最高。苏格兰留兰香在风干干燥处理下绿原酸、咖啡酸和迷迭香酸含量达最高,对香豆酸含量在热风干燥处理下达最高,但与其它两种干燥方法无显著性差异。椒样薄荷风干干燥处理下其DPPH、FRAP和TEAC抗氧化性达到最大。苏格兰留兰香风干干燥处理下其DPPH和FRAP抗氧化性达最大,而TEAC抗氧化性在微波干燥处理下达最大。     

Total Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Contents in Different Turkish Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) Cultivars

In this study, total water soluble antioxidant activity and phenolic content of 26 eggplant ( Solanum melongena L. ) cultivars were investigated. Total water soluble antioxidant activity of the cultivars varied from 2664 to 8247 μmolTrolox/kg, which is a 3.1-fold difference. Cultivars also showed significant variation for total phenolic contents ranging from 615 to 1376 mg/kg, a 2.2-fold difference. The two traits were significantly correlated and results of this study suggested that breeders can use the information to develop eggplant cultivars with high antioxidant activity.     

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and Sensory Quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Arils and Rind as Affected by Drying Method

The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of: (1) freeze drying, (2) convective drying (50, 60, or 70 °C), (3) vacuum–microwave drying (240, 360, or 480 W), and (4) a combined method of convective pre-drying and vacuum–microwave finish drying in the processing of pomegranate arils and rind. The quality parameters under study included sugars and organic acids, punicalagins and ellagic acid, total polyphenols, total antioxidant activity, and sensory quality. In general, drying led to a reduction in all studied parameters; however, the behavior of arils and rind was different. Vacuum–microwave drying at 240 or 360 W was the best drying treatment for arils, while rind required freeze drying or soft conditions of convective drying (50 °C). Further research is needed to obtain proper results with convective pre-drying and vacuum–microwave finish drying of arils and rind. With proper selection of the drying protocol, high-quality dried arils will be available for consumers; these arils will be characterized by high contents of fructose (25 g 100 g^?1), phytic acid (2.2 g 100 g^?1), punicalagins (0.57 mg g^?1), total polyphenols (1.6 mg eq gallic acid g^?1), high antioxidant capacity (0.6 mg eq Trolox g^?1), and high intensities of garnet color, sweetness, sourness, and fresh pomegranate aroma. Besides, dried rind with very high contents of active compounds (123 mg g^?1 of punicalagins and 108 mg eq gallic acid g^?1) and high antioxidant capacity (26 mg eq Trolox g^?1) will be also available as functional material.     

Antioxidant Activity of Nontocopherol Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) Phenolics

Hazelnuts were investigated for the presence of antioxidant compounds other than tocopherol. Hazelnuts from 2 regions were extracted with methanol:water (2:1; v/v). Extracts were subjected to either acid or alkaline hydrolysis but neither improved the separation quality during high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Nonhydrolyzed extracts of hazelnut had greater antioxidant activity in comparison to hydrolyzed extracts. The 1st 10 minute eluent in the HPLC had greater antioxidant activity relative to the later eluting fractions. Gallic acid, p-hydroxyl benzoic acid, caffeic acid and/or epicatechin, sinapic acid, and quercetin were tentatively identified using HPLC.     

不同干燥方式对脚板薯色泽及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究不同干燥方式对脚板薯品质的影响,以自然晾干的脚板薯样品为对比,研究不同热风（40、60、80 ℃）和不同微波（480、640、800 W）干燥条件对脚板薯样品的色泽和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,相对于自然晾干的脚板薯样品,热风干燥的脚板薯样品褐变程度较小,色泽较好,DPPH 自由基清除率、·OH 清除率和铁离子还原力较高,总酚和总黄酮含量较低,60 ℃和80 ℃热风干燥的样品花青苷含量较高;微波干燥的脚板薯样品褐变程度较小,DPPH自由基清除率较高,·OH 清除率和铁离子还原力基本保持一致,色泽较差,花青苷含量、总酚含量和总黄酮含量均低。以上结果表明,热风干燥和微波干燥均能降低脚板薯的褐变度,但热风干燥对脚板薯品质的影响较小,综合考虑脚板薯的色泽、抗氧化活性以及能耗要求,建议采用60 ℃热风干燥处理脚板薯。     

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities in Relation to Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Content of Selected Malaysian Wild Edible Plants by Multivariate Analysis

The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and total flavonoid content of six freeze dried wild edible plants, namely Helminthostachys zeylanica, Schismatoglottis ahmadii, Heckeria umbelatum, Lasia spinosa, Gonostegia hirta, and Aniseia martinicense from Sabah, Malaysia. All leaves had higher levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity than stems and flowers for all extracts, except the stem of Gonostegia hirta. Integrated antioxidant activity index showed the leaf of Heckeria umbellatum and Aniseia martinicense possessed the highest antioxidant activity for all extracts. Principal component analysis identified that the phenolic group present in the hot water and methanolic extracts was the main factor for higher values observed in oxygen radical absorbance capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. These wild edible plants are good natural sources of antioxidants to be incorporated as functional ingredients in the food industry.     

丹参不同部位总酚酸和总黄酮含量分析及其抗氧化活性研究

以丹参根、茎、叶为研究对象,在测定其总酚酸及总黄酮含量的基础上,以VC 为阳性对照,选用还原力、DPPH 自由基清除率和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)过氧化体系对不同部位醇提物进行抗氧化活性评价。结果表明：叶中总酚酸和总黄酮含量显著高于其他部位,其总酚酸含量分别为根和茎的1.07 倍和6.81 倍;总黄酮含量分别为根和茎的4.79 倍和14.5 倍。在预设质量浓度为20mg/mL 时,丹参叶醇提物的抗氧化活性最强,其还原力、DPPH 自由基清除率、对PUFA 过氧化体系的抑制作用分别相当于VC(1mg/mL)的1.08、1.01、5.78 倍。总酚酸的含量和抗氧化活性之间具有很高的相关性,表明抗氧化活性可能与酚酸类物质有关。