氮化处理对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷组织结构和性能的影响

介绍了Ti（C,N）基金属陶瓷材料高温高压氮化处理制备硬质梯度薄膜技术.采用金相显微分析、X衍射分析及电子探针线扫描等方法对真空烧结体及高温高压氮化处理的金属陶瓷材料做了分析和比较.结果发现：经过高温高压氮化处理后的金属陶瓷在表面形成了一层金黄色的TiN薄膜;孔隙度和密度的测试结果显示金属陶瓷材料变得更加致密,材料的致密以及缺陷的减少使得金属陶瓷的显微硬度大大提高;电子探针线分析的结果表明金属陶瓷中主要合金元素发生了重新分布,而且从表面到心部形成了浓度梯度.并从热力学角度对其形成机理做了解释.     

氮化处理温度对Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷组织和性能的影响

用热等静压设备对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷进行了氮化处理,用XRD、SEM/EDX研究了氮化处理温度对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷表面显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明,在金属陶瓷表面20 μm范围内形成了富含Ti、N的硬化层.表面区较高的N的活度成为合金元素扩散的驱动力.在1150℃氮化处理时,有TiN、WC和Mo2C相在表面区生成.随着氮化处理温度的升高,Mo2C和WC相减少,内环形相和部分外环形相被富N的碳氮化合物所取代,表面区晶粒细化,硬化层逐渐变厚,并在硬化层与基体之间形成了富Ni的过渡层,其有利于提高表面层与基体的结合强度.综合分析认为,在1250℃下氮化处理,可以获得较理想的表面硬化层,其表面显微硬度可达93.8 HRA.     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷刀具的切削性能

利用真空烧结工艺和表面氮化处理工艺制备纳米复合Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷可转位刀片和功能梯度可转位刀片,并对刀片的切削性能进行分析。结果表明:切削正火态45#钢、淬火态45#钢和奥氏体不锈钢时,与YT15、YG8、TN20相比,制备的刀具皆表现出较优的切削性能和较高的耐磨性,表面经氮化处理后,刀具的表面硬度提高了HRA2.2,大幅度提高了刀具的抗热冲击性能。具有梯度结构的金属陶瓷刀片切削正火钢、铸铁和不锈钢时的切削性能比无梯度结构金属陶瓷刀片的切削性能优良,具有更高的耐磨性。     

表面处理制备Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷功能梯度材料

用热等静压技术制备了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷功能梯度材料.对表面处理前后材料的组织结构,显微硬度,密度变化作了分析比较.并用EPMA对材料表面处理后的主要元素分布进行了分析测试,同时从热力学和孔隙度对材料性能影响的角度分析了其形成机理.     

表面处理制备Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷功能梯度材料

用热等静压技术制备了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷功能梯度材料.对表面处理前后材料的组织结构,显微硬度,密度变化作了分析比较.并用EPMA对材料表面处理后的主要元素分布进行了分析测试,同时从热力学和孔隙度对材料性能影响的角度分析了其形成机理.     

纳米改性Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的渗硼处理

真空烧结制备了纳米改性的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,并对其进行了固体粉末渗硼处理。研究了渗硼处理对不同金属相的纳米TiN改性的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷组织与性能的影响。光学显微照片表明,材料的表面形成一层渗硼层;X射线对材料的物相分析表明,试样表面的渗硼层为TiB2、MoB、Ni3B、NiB、CoB等硼化物;硬度测试结果表明,试样的表面显微硬度大大提高。试验结果表明,不同金属相含量的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷均具有可渗硼性。     

42CrMo钢等离子氮化和水射流喷丸复合处理

利用真空脉冲等离子氮化技术,探究等离子氮化处理的最佳工艺参数;而后利用高压水射流喷丸技术研究了氮化前进行水射流喷丸预处理对氮化层的组织和性能的影响。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等对氮化层的显微组织、形貌、含氮量、相成分进行检测和分析,采用XRD应力测定仪,表面粗糙度仪,显微硬度仪对渗氮层表面完整性进行了分析。结果表明:等离子氮化工艺最佳温度为530~540℃,等离子氮化后表面完整性(表面残余应力,粗糙度,表层硬度梯度,渗层形貌)得到改善。而经过复合处理使γ'相衍射强度增强,氮化层均匀,渗层厚度增加超过100μm,进一步改善了等离子渗氮层质量和性能。     

渗硼对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷刀具性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,并用固体渗硼法对其进行了渗硼处理。研究了渗硼后金属陶瓷的微观组织和力学性能以及渗硼对切削性能的影响。结果表明:Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的渗硼层组织由硼化物层、扩散层和基体区组成。渗硼使金属陶瓷的表面硬度提高,抗弯强度降低。渗硼使金属陶瓷刀具在切削速度为200 m/min时的使用寿命提高约1倍;在300 m/min切削速度下,渗硼对延长金属陶瓷刀具的使用寿命没有明显作用;切削速度增至400 m/min时,渗硼使金属陶瓷刀具的使用寿命变短。强烈的热冲击是导致高速切削条件下渗硼层耐磨性降低的主要原因。渗硼层有效地减轻了金属陶瓷刀具表面发生的粘结,并抑制了刀具的扩散磨损和氧化磨损。     

渗硼对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷抗热震性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,并对其进行了固体渗硼。研究了渗硼后金属陶瓷的显微组织和力学性能以及渗硼对抗热震性能的影响。结果表明,Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的渗硼层由硼化物层、扩散层和基体区组成;渗硼使金属陶瓷的表面硬度提高,抗弯强度降低,使导致金属陶瓷热震残留强度急剧下降的临界热震温差降低约100℃;渗硼使Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷热震后的残留强度降低,主要是分布不均和形状不规则的孔洞所致;当热震温差较小时,渗硼使金属陶瓷表面萌生热震裂纹的孕育期延长,从而推迟了主裂纹的形成;而热震温差较大时,经渗硼的金属陶瓷热震裂纹扩展较快,易形成龟裂。     

金属陶瓷多弧离子镀TiN/TiAlN涂层的结构与性能

采用多弧离子镀技术在Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷基体上沉积了TiN/TiAlN涂层,通过扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜等分析技术对其显微组织、成分、相结构、粗糙度及涂层与基体间的结合强度进行了分析.结果表明,多弧离子镀TiN/TiAlN涂层后试样的表面为金黄色,涂层光滑平整,其均方根粗糙度为20.6 nm,显微硬度达到2808 HK.TiN相和TiAlN相均存在强烈的(111)择优取向.Al的含量从涂层内部到表面逐渐增大,呈现梯度分布特征.TiN/TiAlN涂层与金属陶瓷之间的结合强度高达57.52 N.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。