一种采用分簇的无线传感器网络中间件

无线传感器网络(WSN)已经开发应用于多种领域,然而WSN应用编程仍是一项困难且容易出错的工作.为了便于应用开发和提供通用服务,提出一种适应WSN特点的中间件TinyWare,它使用发布/订阅的方式实现异步通信,根据用户订阅的主题监测环境,并在事件产生后主动发布消息;采用基于分簇机制的消息通信模型,簇内节点根据不同角色和策略对数据进行网络内处理.TinyWare降低能量消耗,提高系统的自适应能力,可扩展性和鲁棒性.为了验证这一中间件,本文实现了一个环境监测应用实例.     

An object-based middleware supporting efficient interoperability on a smart home network

This paper proposes a novel object-based home network middleware for supporting the interoperability among home devices and smart grid devices. This middleware provides various types of abstract objects for flexible representation of heterogeneous home devices, which are classified based on their characteristics. It is also flexible enough to allow addition of new protocols and message conversion between different protocols through an abstraction layer, which are not supported by existing home network middlewares so that various protocols can be supported. As a result, it can be utilized to provide the interoperability among a variety of devices from sensors to typical home appliances as well as smart grid devices such as a home electric generator and a battery, which adopt different protocols. In order to demonstrate that home devices and smart grid devices are interoperable through the proposed middleware, we implement applications based on the middleware on a target platform consisting of embedded boards, sensors and laptops for emulation purposes of a home network. According to our emulation, this middleware can provide efficient interoperability among home devices and smart grid devices for future energy efficient home.     

Learning,detection and representation of multi-agent events in videos

In this paper, we model multi-agent events in terms of a temporally varying sequence of sub-events, and propose a novel approach for learning, detecting and representing events in videos. The proposed approach has three main steps. First, in order to learn the event structure from training videos, we automatically encode the sub-event dependency graph, which is the learnt event model that depicts the conditional dependency between sub-events. Second, we pose the problem of event detection in novel videos as clustering the maximally correlated sub-events using normalized cuts. The principal assumption made in this work is that the events are composed of a highly correlated chain of sub-events that have high weights (association) within the cluster and relatively low weights (disassociation) between the clusters. The event detection does not require prior knowledge of the number of agents involved in an event and does not make any assumptions about the length of an event. Third, we recognize the fact that any abstract event model should extend to representations related to human understanding of events. Therefore, we propose an extension of CASE representation of natural languages that allows a plausible means of interface between users and the computer. We show results of learning, detection, and representation of events for videos in the meeting, surveillance, and railroad monitoring domains.     

CrimeSPOT: A language and runtime for developing active wireless sensor network applications

Advances in wireless sensing and actuation technology allow embedding significant amounts of application logic inside wireless sensor networks. Such active WSN applications are more autonomous, but are significantly more complex to implement. Event-based middleware lends itself to implementing these applications. It offers developers fine-grained control over how an individual node interacts with the other nodes of the network. However, this control comes at the cost of event handlers which lack composability and violate software engineering principles such as separation of concerns. In this paper, we present CrimeSPOT as a domain-specific language for programming WSN applications on top of event-driven middleware. Its node-centric features enable programming a node’s interactions through declarative rules rather than event handlers. Its network-centric features support reusing code within and among WSN applications. Unique to CrimeSPOT is its support for associating application-specific semantics with events that carry sensor readings. These preclude transposing existing approaches that address the shortcomings of event-based middleware to the domain of wireless sensor networks. We provide a comprehensive overview of the language and the implementation of its accompanying runtime. The latter comprises several extensions to the Rete forward chaining algorithm. We evaluate the expressiveness of the language and the overhead of its runtime using small, but representative active WSN applications.     

A new evolutionary based routing protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a rapidly evolving technological platform with tremendous and novel applications. Recent advances in WSN have led to many new protocols specifically designed for them where energy awareness (i.e. long lived wireless network) is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. As routing approach with hierarchical structure is realized to successfully provide energy efficient solution, various heuristic clustering algorithms have been proposed. As an attractive WSN routing protocol, LEACH has been widely accepted for its energy efficiency and simplicity. Also, the discipline of meta-heuristics Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) has been utilized by several researchers to tackle cluster-based routing problem in WSN. These biologically inspired routing mechanisms, e.g., HCR, have proved beneficial in prolonging the WSN lifetime, but unfortunately at the expense of decreasing the stability period of WSN. This is most probably due to the abstract modeling of the EA's clustering fitness function. The aim of this paper is to alleviate the undesirable behavior of the EA when dealing with clustered routing problem in WSN by formulating a new fitness function that incorporates two clustering aspects, viz. cohesion and separation error. Simulation over 20 random heterogeneous WSNs shows that our evolutionary based clustered routing protocol (ERP) always prolongs the network lifetime, preserves more energy as compared to the results obtained using the current heuristics such as LEACH, SEP, and HCR protocols. Additionally, we found that ERP outperforms LEACH and HCR in prolonging the stability period, comparable to SEP performance for heterogeneous networks with 10% extra heterogeneity but requires further heterogeneous-aware modification in the presence of 20% of node heterogeneity.     

一种基于无线传感器的扩展型中间件框架

传感器中间件主要提供一种编程抽象,为应用程序的开发提供便利,并能尽量消除应用程序到底层设备间的间隙。目前的中间件大多是基于分布式的,但是,大多数分布式系统中间件主要应用于相对成熟的研究领域。本文首先讨论常见的分布式系统解决方案应用于无线传感网络时遇到的问题,接着讨论总结目前常见的中间件的实现方法,最后以健康监测为例,提出一种更契合WSN应用需要的扩展型中间件框架。     

A lightweight middleware framework for vehicle networking application

There is a growing need for Vehicle Networking Applications (VNAs) development that does not require users to learn the details of VNA data processing and message transfer. VNAs have some special requirements differing from other general‐purpose applications, such as real‐time performance, extensibility, compatibility, and reusability. To meet with these requirements of the VNAs, we propose a lightweight middleware framework for VNAs in this article. In the middle framework, we design multi‐layer middleware architecture to separate VNAs from the software platform and to improve the adaptability for the heterogeneous network and various vehicle networking communication protocols. Meanwhile, the middleware architecture consists of fixed and exchangeable modules to improve the middleware reusability. And the component bus is presented in a framework to standardize component interfaces to improve the extensibility of middleware. The framework has an efficient and simple structure to guarantee the real‐time performance of data processing and message transferring. This middleware also provides a uniform communication mechanism to be compatible with other existing middleware. In this article, we describe the design ideas and the composition of each module in the middleware framework, and analyze the data flow in communication process. We also develop the middleware prototypes to verify the feasibility of the middleware framework. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sub-event discovery and retrieval during natural hazards on social media data

Social media sites contain a considerable amount of data for natural calamities events, such as earthquakes, snowstorms, mud-rock flows. With the increasing amount of social media data, an important task is to discover and retrieve sub-events over time. Especially in emergency situations, rescue and relief activities can be enhanced by identifying and retrieving sub-events of a natural hazard event. However, the existing event detection techniques in news-related reports cannot effectively work for social media data due to the unstructured of social network data. In this paper, we propose a new natural hazard sub-events discovery model SED (Sub-Events Discovery), which adopts multifarious features to detect sub-events. Moreover, in order to retrieve the sub-events over a specific event, we introduce a novel SER (Sub-Event Retrieval) algorithm from time-stamped social media data. Our novel approach SER makes use of automatically obtained messages from external search engines in the entire process. For purpose of determining the periodical convergence time for natural hazard event, our method provides online sub-events retrieval and sub-events discovery to meet the further needs. Next the improved estimation standards with timestamp are utilized in our experiments to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of SED model and SER algorithm.     

Efficient allocation of resources in multiple heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are useful for a wide range of applications, from different domains. Recently, new features and design trends have emerged in the WSN field, making those networks appealing not only to the scientific community but also to the industry. One such trend is the running different applications on heterogeneous sensor nodes deployed in multiple WSNs in order to better exploit the expensive physical network infrastructure. Another trend deals with the capability of accessing sensor generated data from the Web, fitting WSNs in novel paradigms of Internet of Things (IoT) and Web of Things (WoT). Using well-known and broadly accepted Web standards and protocols enables the interoperation of heterogeneous WSNs and the integration of their data with other Web resources, in order to provide the final user with value-added information and applications. Such emergent scenarios where multiple networks and applications interoperate to meet high level requirements of the user will pose several changes in the design and execution of WSN systems. One of these challenges regards the fact that applications will probably compete for the resources offered by the underlying sensor nodes through the Web. Thus, it is crucial to design mechanisms that effectively and dynamically coordinate the sharing of the available resources to optimize resource utilization while meeting application requirements. However, it is likely that Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of different applications cannot be simultaneously met, while efficiently sharing the scarce networks resources, thus bringing the need of managing an inherent tradeoff. In this paper, we argue that a middleware platform is required to manage heterogeneous WSNs and efficiently share their resources while satisfying user needs in the emergent scenarios of WoT. Such middleware should provide several services to control running application as well as to distribute and coordinate nodes in the execution of submitted sensing tasks in an energy-efficient and QoS-enabled way. As part of the middleware provided services we present the Resource Allocation in Heterogeneous WSNs (SACHSEN) algorithm. SACHSEN is a new resource allocation heuristic for systems composed of heterogeneous WSNs that effectively deals with the tradeoff between possibly conflicting QoS requirements and exploits heterogeneity of multiple WSNs.     

ALMware: A middleware for application layer multicast protocols

This paper presents a new middleware called ALMware for supporting development and performance evaluation of ALM (application layer multicast) protocols on real environments. To facilitate the development of ALM protocols, ALMware provides APIs which allow protocol developers to re-use typical operations used in existing ALM algorithms. Some additional APIs for transmitting video and audio between peers also mitigate the cost of writing application codes. Performance evaluation on real environments is also supported by ALMware. To prove the usefulness of ALMware, we have implemented well-known but different types of ALM protocols, ALMI, NARADA, NICE and OMNI, and conducted various kinds of performance evaluation experiments on PlanetLab, which clearly demonstrate the usability of ALMware. We believe that this is the first effort made to develop this kind of ALM supporting middleware.     

A survey on service-oriented middleware for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are used for many applications such as environmental monitoring, infrastructure security, healthcare applications, and traffic control. The design and development of such applications must address many challenges dictated by WSN characteristics on one hand and the targeted applications on the other. One of the emerging approaches used for relaxing these challenges is using service-oriented middleware (SOM). Service-oriented computing, in general, aims to make services available and easily accessible through standardized models and protocols without having to worry about the underlying infrastructures, development models, or implementation details. SOM could play an important role in facilitating the design, development, and implementation of service-oriented systems. This will help achieve interoperability, loose coupling, and heterogeneity support. Furthermore, SOM approaches will provision non-functional requirements like scalability, reliability, flexibility, and Quality of Service (QoS) assurance. This paper surveys the current work in SOM and the trends and challenges to be addressed when designing and developing these solutions for WSN.     

基于Ptolemy Ⅱ的无线传感器网络自适应通信体系结构

针对现有的异构无线传感器网络(WSN)体系结构中,不同的数据链路层缺乏通用架构的问题,提出在网络体系中增加“属性装配层”的概念。采用Ptolemy Ⅱ建模仿真平台,将属性装备层与数据链路层分别建模,首先采用属性装备层中的属性工厂模块分类各种通信协议原型,封装上层应用程序;然后采用装配工厂模块生产数据包头,分发于不同的网络;最后形成自适应的无线传感器网络体系。该体系融合了异构网络数据链路层,兼容了现有的平台、通信协议和网络机制,适用于未来的通信协议和机制。实验结果证明,基于该体系的通信系统内存占用和时间开销相对较小,具有自适应能力。     

REED: Flexible rule based programming of wireless sensor networks at runtime

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as an enabling technology for a variety of distributed applications. WSN middleware eases the development of these applications by providing a uniform programming environment. In this paper we present a rule based approach called REED (Rule Execution and Event Distribution) and describe how it supports flexible programming of WSNs at runtime. Indeed REED is required by the nature of its project setting to allow runtime programming. We demonstrate that by combining this runtime programmability with rules in an event, condition, action format we can support a range of paradigms, including Publish-subscribe and data aggregation algorithms. Current WSN middleware solutions have limited on-line programmability support so the applications cannot re-configure their WSNs while operational. Yet the runtime nature of the prototype requires both the distribution of rules and the events that trigger them so we also describe the rule management approach used to support the rule distribution; in particular a novel rule merging and filtering algorithm is described. The paper reports on the results gained from a REED prototype system constructed in our laboratory using Gumstix.     

基于超图模型的复杂视频事件检测

近年来,语义事件分析越来越受到重视,典型语义事件的检测与识别是一个具有挑战性的研究领域。提出了基于超图模型的复杂视频事件检测方法,通过分析对象的运动轨迹,检测出视频中的所有子事件并构建时序关系图及依赖关系图,从而生成子事件超图,并通过谱超图聚类分析来检测相应的复杂事件。采用图变换工具AGG进行模拟实验,其实验结果表明,该方法具有较高的准确率与召回率。     

无线传感器网络通信体系研究现状及展望

无线传感器网络是一种全新的计算模式，是继因特网之后将对21世纪人类生活方式产生重大影响的IT热点技术。本文介绍了无线传感器网络的通信体系、中间件和应用系统三大层次的概念和特点，并概述了无线传感器网络及其媒介访问控制协议、路由协议、传输层协议等通信体系的热点问题研究现状及展望。     

RFID与WSN技术融合理论研究

RFID与WSN在技术起源上相对独立,两者的混合使用问题很少被考虑。文章首先对RFID与WSN的三种融合方式进行了阐述,并给出了各种融合方式下的典型结构;其次论述了融合过程中所要应用的路由、中间件以及数据融合等关键技术,给出了RFID与WSN两者融合形成的WSID网络;最后对WSID网络的发展方向进行了总结,以期为进一步的研究奠定基础。     

Generation of RFID test datasets using RSN tool

This paper presents an RSN Tool to generate input datasets for testing RFID middleware. As RFID middleware takes an important role in entire RFID systems, its performance should be carefully evaluated under various business conditions. In general, evaluation of the RFID middleware requires a huge cost because the numerous RFID readers and tags need to be deployed to acquire the tag event stream. To facilitate low-cost testing of the middleware, we propose the RSN Tool which provides means of designing a virtual RFID infrastructure and generates a tag event stream automatically for the virtual infrastructure. Using the RSN Tool, we can easily obtain a semantically valid dataset, which captures both physical characteristics of RF communications and business activities of tags’ movements. This is a major differentiation point of our work compared from previous works, which merely create the randomized dataset based on a set of virtual RFID readers. We also discuss a step-by-step usage of the RSN Tool from the creation of a virtual infrastructure to the generation of tag events. The experimental analysis shows that the RSN Tool can create the near-real dataset, which closely reflects business activities of the real RFID infrastructure.     

基于SNMP的IPv6无线传感器网络信息管理平台的设计与实现

无线传感器网络(Wireless sensor networks)是随机分布的传感器节点通过分布式协议自组织方式形成的网络,网络管理是保障无线传感器网络稳定、可靠、高效运行的重要条件。讨论研究了现有无线传感器网络管理技术,并结合无线传感器网络的特点和实际需求,在已有IPv6无线传感器网络底层协议及SNMP(简单网络管理协议)的基础上,设计和实现了一个切实可行的符合无线传感器网络特点的节点信息管理平台,以实现用户对无线传感器网络的远程有效管理。     

一种能量高效的WSN跨层设计MAC协议

融合MAC和路由功能的跨层协议设计方案是高效的无线传感器网络协议的重要解决思路。在深入研究AIMRP协议的基础上,提出一种增强型的协议E-AIMRP。它针对事件检测与快速报告型应用,跨层融合设计MAC和路由功能,并解决了AIMRP中由于多节点检测和报告而造成的能量浪费问题,同时引进一种高效的能量节省模型,使其在事件增加或节点增加的情况下,能量消耗维持在一个常数。仿真结果表明,相对于AIMRP,E-AIMRP增强了协议的扩展性,进一步提高了能量效率和减少了时延。