Tribological studies of glass fabric-reinforced polyamide composites filled with CuO and PTFE

The effect of glass fabric reinforcement on the friction and wear behavior of nylon was investigated for varying fabric proportions. The effect of the addition of particulate CuO filler, and the filler and PTFE to the glass fabric-reinforced composites on the tribological properties of the composites was also studied. The composites with different proportions of fiber, filler and PTFE were compression molded and tested for friction and wear in a pin-on-disk configuration. It was found that the proportion of glass fabric for optimum wear resistance was about 20% by volume. The addition of CuO filler did not contribute to improvement in the wear resistance of the fabric-reinforced composites because a good transfer film did not develop in the presence of fibers and the composites became fragile. PTFE was very effective in reducing the wear of filled and fabric-reinforced composites. The friction and wear behavior of these composites has been interpreted in terms of their ability to form transfer film on the steel counterface and the changes occurring on the pin surface. The composition for maximum wear resistance was 25 vol.% CuO-11.3 vol.% glass fabric-10 vol.% PTFE-nylon.     

The effect of the structural features of polytetrafluoroethylene-based composites on the reduction of matrix loading

It has been shown analytically that a decrease in the matrix loading due to a finely dispersed filler in a material that has a distribution like a segregated network is one of the reasons for an increase in the tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene-based composites. The relationship between the matrix loading of the composite and the concentration and size of the filler particles is revealed. An example of how to calculate the matrix loading of a polytetrafluoroethylene-based composite with a diamond powder filler with a mean particle size of 50 nm is given.     

填料种类对聚苯酯基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

在聚苯酯(Ekonol)中分别添加不同种类的填料,制备出一系列性能不同的Ekonol基复合材料,研究了填料的形态、性质对Ekonol复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,分析了磨损面、对磨面转移膜形貌,并探讨了摩擦磨损机制。结果表明,在填料的填充量相同时,层状固体润滑剂聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),由于从本质上改善了非熔融Ekonol的内部粘结,且协助形成较为连续、平滑的转移膜,对Ekonol摩擦学性能的改善最为明显;其次为纤维状填料。相比于尺寸细微的六钛酸钾晶须,粗大的玻璃纤维(GF)或碳纤维(CF)之间相互交错,对Ekonol起到了较好的承载骨架作用,更为有效提高Ekonol的摩擦学性能。GF比CF与Ekonol之间的亲和性较好,对应于GF/Ekonol复合材料的摩擦学性能优于CF/Ekonol复合材料;纳米颗粒填料对Ekonol有着弥散增强作用,但对Ekonol摩擦学性能的改善效果最差。     

Tribological behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene-silica composites

The effect of finely dispersed silica on the structure and mechanical and tribological characteristics of polytetrafluoroethylene-silica composites is studied. It is shown that the introduction of a small amount of filler (0.5%) results in qualitative and quantitative changes in the supermolecular structure of the polymer matrix, which entail variations in the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composites. During friction, dispersion of the filler and its accumulation in the composite’s surface occur. Within a narrow range of the filling degree, this causes a considerable rise of the abrasiveness of the composite accompanied with high wear resistance, which may be attributed to an increase in the adhesion of transfer films. The maximal wear resistance of polytetrafluoroethylene-silica composites is found when the filler is present in a small quantity, providing for a combination of high strength characteristics, low friction coefficient, and moderate abrasiveness.     

Comparison of tribological behavior of nylon composites filled with zinc oxide particles and whiskers

Mechanical properties and tribological behavior of nylon composites filled with zinc oxides were investigated in this paper. Different effects of ZnO particles and ZnO whiskers filling on the friction and wear behavior of nylon 1010 (PA1010) composites under dry friction condition were observed. The hardness, tensile strength and scratch coefficients of two kinds of nylon composites filled with the ZnO particles and whiskers were measured. Experimental results show that ZnO particles and ZnO whiskers improve the mechanical and tribological properties of nylon composites without affecting the crystallinity of nylon matrix. Hardness, tensile strength and scratch coefficient of composites are increased by the addition of ZnO particles and ZnO whiskers. Filler shape has little effect on the friction coefficients of nylon-based composites. These composites filled with particles and whiskers have nearly the same friction coefficients which locate between 0.4 and 0.45. The wear rates of composites are strongly dependent on filler shape and filler content. Particle-filled composites exhibit the lower wear rates than whisker-filled composites when the content of filler is lower than 10 wt.%. After that, the case is reversed. Ploughing and adhesion are the main wear mechanisms of composites with the addition of both ZnO particles and ZnO whiskers.     

Friction and wear of powder coatings of epoxy composites with alumosilicate nanoparticles

The paper studies the effect of alumosilicate nanofillers of tubular and lamellar shape on the friction and wear of epoxy composites. It is shown that the influence of concentration and shape of the fillers on the tribological behavior of the composites is due to variations in their viscoelastic properties and shielding of the contact area of the matrix material with the metallic counterbody by the filler particles. The data evidence that at equal concentrations of alumosilicate fillers in the epoxy matrix, the best tribological characteristics are provided in the case of tubular-shaped particles.     

Friction and wear properties of Kevlar pulp reinforced epoxy composites under dry sliding condition

In this work, the friction and wear properties of Kevlar pulp reinforced epoxy composites against GCr15 steel under dry sliding condition were evaluated on a reciprocating ball-on-block UMT-2MT tribometer. The effects of Kevlar pulp content on tribological properties of the composites were investigated. The worn surface morphologies of neat epoxy and its composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the wear mechanisms discussed. The results show that the incorporation of Kevlar pulp into epoxy contributed to improve the friction and wear behavior considerably. The maximum wear reduction was obtained when the content of Kevlar pulp is 40 vol%. The friction coefficient of epoxy and its composites increased with load while increase in the sliding frequency induced a reverse effect. Fatigue wear and scuffing were notable for the neat epoxy. The fatigue cracks were greatly abated when the filler content was 40 vol%. The wear grooves appeared on the worn surface at higher filler content.     

Effect of Copper Content on Tribological Characteristics of Fe−C−Cu Composites

The paper presents the results of an investigation of the effect of the copper content on the tribological characteristics of Fe?C?Cu composites. It has been shown that the best tribological properties and hardness are shown by material containing 3% copper. In the case of a 10% copper concentration, the wear rate of the composite rises by as much as ten times, while at a 20% concentration, it decreases. It has been proved that the copper concentration significantly affects the formation of friction surface morphology.     

混杂填料改性UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦学性能

采用热压成型工艺制备铜粉、石墨粉、碳纤维混杂改性的UHMWPE复合材料,采用WDW-20电子万能实验机测量其力学性能,采用MM-2000试验机考察其摩擦学性能,用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料磨损表面形貌能。结果表明:混杂填料的加入增加复合材料的硬度和弹性模量,降低复合材料的抗剪强度、抗拉强度;混杂填料对复合材料的摩擦因数影响很大,填充比例适当时能有效改善复合材料的耐磨损性能;改性后复合材料的磨损机制主要表现为磨料磨损、疲劳磨损和塑性变形;15%Cu+2%Gr+6%CF复合材料具有良好的摩擦学性能。     

Triboengineering and physicomechanical properties of nanocomposites based on PTFE and aluminum oxide

The paper discusses the tribological and physicomechanical properties of composites on the base of polytetrafluoroethylene and different grades of nanosize aluminum oxide powders as dependent on the filler content, technology of combining the ingredients, and operating temperature. It is shown that introduction of nanosize aluminum oxide significantly changes the triboengineering characteristics of the polymer, including the friction coefficient and temperature in the friction zone, which decrease and stabilize. The friction coefficient of the composite is found to decrease with increasing filler content.     

炭黑/双马来酰亚胺复合材料的性能研究

采用浇铸成型法制备了炭黑填充双马来酰亚胺(BM I-BA)复合材料,研究了炭黑的填充量对复合材料力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响。在M-200型磨损机上测试该复合材料的摩擦学性能,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了摩擦副的表面形貌。结果表明:炭黑能够有效提高复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能。当炭黑的添加量为4.0wt%时,复合材料的综合力学性能最好;当炭黑的的添加量为6.0wt%时,复合材料的耐磨性能最好。SEM显示复合材料主要是粘着磨损,能在对磨环上形成薄而连续均匀的转移膜,而BM-BA树脂主要发生的是疲劳磨损,并伴有塑性变形。     

Study on the tribological behavior of hybrid PTFE/cotton fabric composites filled with Sb2O3 and melamine cyanurate

The tribological behavior of the hybrid PTFE/cotton fabric composites filled with microsize Sb₂O₃ and melamine cyanurate (MCA) was investigated. It was found that the wear rate of the hybrid PTFE/cotton fabric composites decreased when Sb₂O₃ was used as the filler but increased with MCA filler. It was also observed that hybrid fillers (consists of Sb₂O₃ and MCA) had a wear reduction effect on the hybrid PTFE/cotton fabric composites at lower loads but increased the wear rate at higher loads. The wear behavior of the composites was explained in terms of the topography of worn surfaces and transfer film formed on the counterpart pin.     

Observations on the effectiveness of some surface treatments of mineral particles and inorganic compounds from Armenia as the fillers in polyphenylene sulfide for tribological performance

This is a general study in which a number of minerals and inorganic compounds from Armenia were investigated for their effectiveness as the fillers in polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) for tribological performance. The minerals studied were tuff, bentonite, and travertine, and inorganic compounds MoO₃ and MoO₂. The filled polymer specimens were prepared by compression molding and tested for tribological behavior in the pin-on-disk sliding configuration. The particulate fillers included many variations in terms of the size (micro and nano) and surface treatment. Friction and wear test results revealed that MoO₂ and nano size bentonite particles were effective in improving the wear resistance. The lowest steady state wear rate in this study was observed for PPS+7% MoO₂ (50 nm)+5% PTFE composite, and MoO₂-filled composites had generally lower coefficients of friction than that of the unfilled PPS. From the wear plots, filler abrasiveness, and transfer film studies, it was concluded that the abrasion by filler was mostly responsible for the detrimental wear behavior. The wear behavior has been discussed in terms of the abrasion by filler and transfer film uniformity, texture, thickness, and coverage. The effects of particulate size and surface treatment are also included in the discussion. In view of the results reported for these fillers in formaldehyde and dioxolane copolymer (CFD) and the observations in this study, it is felt that the fillers from Armenia with the exception of tuff and MoO₃ have considerable appeal for further investigation using other innovative surface treatments for fillers.     

碳纤维增强尼龙1010复合材料的摩擦磨损性能及磨损机理研究

以注塑成型法制备了尼龙1010及碳纤维(CF)增强尼龙1010复合材料，研究了CF含量和载荷对材料摩擦学性能和磨损机制的影响。结果表明，CF的加入可显著改善尼龙的摩擦学性能，以体积分数为20％的CF增强尼龙1010复合材料的耐磨性能最好。较低的CF含量下复合材料磨损表面主要受到对偶钢环上微凸峰的切削和犁沟作用，较高载荷时发生了热疲劳剥层磨损；随着CF含量增加，复合材料表面在较高载荷时产生明显疲劳断裂，并使对偶钢环产生较剧烈磨损。     

Effect of plasma treatment of Kevlar fabric on the tribological behavior of Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites

Pure and plasma-treated Kevlar fabrics were used to prepare Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites by consecutive dipping of the fabric in phenolic adhesive resin. The friction and wear performance of the resulting composites has been evaluated in a pin-on-disk wear tester at various dry-sliding conditions. The surface changes occurring on Kevlar fibers treated with air-plasma were analyzed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, the impact of air-plasma treatment time and power on the friction and wear behavior of Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites composed of the air-plasma-treated Kevlar fabrics was systematically studied. It was found that plasma treatment can significantly improve the tribological performance of the prepared Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites; the best performance was after a plasma treatment at 50 W for 15 min. The plasma treatment generates oxygenic and nitrogenous groups on the surface of the fabric, coupled with an increase of the surface roughness, strengthening the bond between the Kevlar fabric and phenolic adhesive resin and hence improving the tribological properties of the Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites.     

Effects of carbon fillers on the tribological and mechanical properties of an epoxy-based polymer (SU-8)

SU-8, an epoxy-based negative photoresist polymer, is highly suitable for making micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) structures. Despite fabrication advantages, its bulk mechanical and tribological properties are the main limitations for application as MEMS material. Carbon filler materials such as graphene, graphite and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) are added to SU-8 for tribological and mechanical property enhancements. SU-8/(5 wt%) graphite composite has performed better for the steady-state coefficient of friction at all loads including for the speed effect. SU-8/(5 wt%) MWCNT has shown excellent wear resistance. At 10 wt% graphite content, SU-8/graphite is superior in tribological performance to other composites tested.     

Self-Lubricating PTFE-Based Composites with Black Phosphorus Nanosheets

Black phosphorus (BP), a newly emerging two-dimensional material, has recently received considerable attention. Our recent work suggested that BP nanosheets exhibit extraordinary mechanical and lubrication properties. In the present work, the tribological properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and carbon fiber (CF)/PTFE composites with BP nanosheets have been investigated. The morphologies and surface element distribution of the worn tracks of the tribopair surfaces were examined by different analytical techniques. The results show that the coefficients of friction (COFs) of both the PEEK/PTFE and CF/PTFE composites decreased dramatically after the addition of BP nanosheets, and the minimum COF of the composite was 0.04, which was a quarter of that of the PTFE composite without BP nanosheets. After BP nanosheets were added into the composites, the wear rate of the PTFE/PEEK composite decreased dramatically, while that of the CF/PTFE composite increased significantly with the increase in the filler concentration. The analysis of the lubrication mechanism of the PTFE composite with BP nanosheets suggested that BP nanosheets could be constantly supplied into the contact area and gradually formed a BP film composed of phosphorus oxide and phosphoric acid on the counterpart surface instead of the formation of PTFE transfer film. The formed BP transfer film promoted the friction reduction and the disappearance of the adhesive wear.     

聚四氟乙烯填充含量对钢背超高分子量聚乙烯纤维织物复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

为改善广泛应用于船舶苛刻环境无油/脂润滑摩擦配副材料的摩擦学性能,将聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）按不同质量分数与钢背超高分子量聚乙烯纤维织物复合材料结合,研究它与45钢盘在变转速环环端面干摩擦状态下的摩擦学特性。对试验过程中摩擦因数及磨损量进行测量,利用表面轮廓仪、扫描电子显微镜与超景深显微镜对复合材料及对磨件磨损表面形貌进行了观察与分析。结果表明：所有填充PTFE的复合材料摩擦学性能均表现优异,随着PTFE含量的增加,复合材料摩擦性能变差,其中1 %（质量分数） PTFE填充复合材料综合摩擦性能最好,在试验工况下主要发生磨粒磨损,PTFE填充量较高的复合材料在高速下由于团聚及摩擦热量积聚主要经历黏着磨损与疲劳磨损。     

Effect of polydispersed structured carbon particles with plasmochemically modified surfaces on adhesive strength of tribological polyamide coatings

Samples of structured carbon particles have been obtained with a high concentration of functional oxygen-containing groups on their surfaces. The introduction of an SCP with plasmochemically modified surfaces raises adhesive strength of polyamide-6 based coatings used for tribological purposes. The mechanism of interactions between the modified surface of the carbon filler and the polyamide matrix is proposed.     

Mechanisms of friction of bicomponent coatings of thermodynamically incompatible metals produced using vapor condensation on cryogenic surfaces

Comparative tribotests of bicomponent Al–Pb and Al–Sn coatings produced using the codeposition of the metals from the vapor phase on glass substrates having room temperature and cooled to–100°С have been carried out. It has been found that changes in the mechanisms of the friction of the cryogenic coatings are related to conditions of their condensation. If the dimensions of the structure units of the coatings are similar, the tribological characteristics of these coatings are inversely proportional to the strength and the adhesion of their components. The most fusible metals are recommended for use as the solid-lubricating component of the coatings, since they have lower strength and surface energy.