基于AST方法的核电厂LOCA释放源项计算分析

根据AST方法建立了AP1000LOCA放射性核素活度计算模型,研究事故后安全壳及环境中放射性核素活度的变化。结果表明:事故后安全壳气空间内各核素的放射性活度呈先增大后减小的趋势,40min时达到最大。根据核素性质,将其分为不考虑母核衰变的核素和考虑母核衰变的核素。事故发生40min后,前者在安全壳内的活度指数减小,典型核素有131~135I、83 Krm等,后者由于母核衰变的影响导致其在安全壳内的活度减小趋势放缓,典型核素有85 Kr、133 Xem、133 Xe和135 Xe等。I和Cs由于受自然去除机制的去除作用,事故几小时后其向环境的累积释放量增长非常缓慢;对于Kr和Xe,半衰期较长的核素向环境的累积释放量不断增大,半衰期较短的核素在事故几小时后向环境的累积释放量趋于平衡。     

大破口事故安全壳内气载源项的仿真分析及事故场景虚拟

分析小型实验堆大破口事故后,冷端安全注射时在无喷淋无应急排风、有喷淋无应急排风和有喷淋有应急排风3种处置措施下,气溶胶1311I、气载137Cs和133Xe浓度的变化情况.结果表明,喷淋措施对核素131I和137Cs起到了有效降低放射性浓度的作用,但对惰性气体133Xe几乎没有影响;在本文所研究的工况下,若安全系统功能丧失,一旦堆芯裸露导致堆芯熔化,极有可能出现放射性物质外逸.最后通过对事故的虚拟仿真,将整个安全壳内核素放射性浓度变化状况实时、直观地表现出来,实现了精确仿真数据和可视化界面的有机结合.     

压水堆释放源项快速估算程序开发

事故时向环境释放的源项是确定核电厂(NPP)应急响应水平和防护行动决策的重要依据。基于电厂工况估算源项是核电厂严重事故应急响应期间重要的应急评价内容之一。在国际原子能机构(IAEA)和美国核管会(NRC)的有关技术文档基础上,本文介绍了基于压水反应堆(PWR)工况进行事故释放源项估算的步骤和基础数据,并归纳了7种实用的事故释放源项估算方法。基于这些方法,开发了PWR事故时环境释放源项快速估算程序。该程序为不同估算方法提供4种释放途径:安全壳泄漏、安全壳旁通、蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)和直接环境释放,除直接环境释放途径外,其他释放途径都估算了核素释放过程中的衰变、滞留、喷淋和过滤等减弱过程。对比发现,软件计算结果与美国核管会的RASCAL软件释放源项计算结果接近。     

放射性纯~(131m)Xe样品制备

~(131m)Xe、~(133m)Xe、~(133)Xe和~(135)Xe四种放射性氙同位素是全面禁止核试验条约(CTBT)放射性核素监测的关键核素,需使用放射性纯的氙同位素对监测设备进行刻度和测试。建立了放射性纯~(131m)Xe的制备装置和方法,利用~(131)I衰变产生~(131m)Xe,通过AgNO_3溶液采用化学除杂的方法分离~(131m)Xe和~(131)I,从而制备了放射性纯~(131m)Xe样品。     

安全壳通风系统放射性净化定量分析

以先进压水堆核电厂为对象,开展了正常运行工况安全壳内气载放射性产生方式研究,并构建了分析模型,包括冷却剂泄漏及40Ar中子活化。在此基础上,定量的论证了安全壳空气过滤系统对放射性净化作用,结果表明:无排风净化情况下安全壳大气内放射性水平较高,可达DAC(导出空气浓度)限值15.5倍,应实行较严格的措施限制人员进入;通过敏感性分析,识别出85Kr及133Xe为主导核素,由于这些核素半衰期较长,仅依靠衰变较难去除,采用每周定期20 h净化方案可解决该问题。同时,进一步研究了降功率并发碘尖峰机理模型,论证了停堆工况通风策略的有效性,结果表明:实施大风量净化可在进入冷停堆状态时将安全壳内气载放射性降到DAC限值,为人员在安全壳内进行长期操作提供了条件。     

PCS表面液膜覆盖率对安全壳完整性影响分析

钢制安全壳是防止严重事故工况下放射性物质向环境释放的最后一道屏障,因此有必要研究分析事故条件下安全壳外液膜覆盖率对安全壳完整性影响,以得到安全壳在事故工况下的失效裕度。应用非能动安全壳分析程序,建立了大功率非能动反应堆非能动安全壳冷却系统(Passive Containment Cooling System,PCS)的热工水力模型,并以冷段双端剪切事故为基准研究对象,分别研究了水分配器单一故障和出水管堵管叠加水分配器故障两种事故工况。分析结果表明,两种事故工况在液膜覆盖率大于35%时,均不会出现短期安全壳超压超温失效;事故后24 h,液膜覆盖率低于45%时,安全壳出现长期冷却失效。此次研究得出结论:在流量大于61.76 m3·h-1、安全壳液膜覆盖率大于45%时,事故发生后24 h安全壳不会失效。     

福岛核事故期间浙江地区大气中氙的监测

浙江省辐射环境监测站在福岛核事故期间开展了浙江地区大气中放射性惰性气体氙的应急监测工作,期间共采集大气样品86个,分析了4种氙同位素.监测结果表明,从3月25日开始,大气中133 Xe 、131m Xe浓度较本底有明显的上升,3月28日达到峰值,其后逐渐下降,与相同点位采集的气溶胶样品中的131 I活度浓度变化基本一致;133m Xe 、135 Xe浓度较本底值的变化不明显.     

福岛核事故后西北某地放射性核素监测

2011年4月2日至5月19日,采集气溶胶样品36个;3月30日采集空气中的放射性氙样品1个;4月5日采集降雪雪水样品1个。采用超低本底HPGeγ谱仪系统测量,获得了131I、134Cs、137Cs、133Xe及天然7Be活度浓度。监测到了福岛核事故释放扩散至我国西北某地的放射性核素131I、134Cs、137Cs和133Xe,131I、134Cs和137Cs于4月6日达到最大值,活度浓度分别为0.95 mBq/m3、0.25 mBq/m3和0.24mBq/m3;空气样品133Xe活度浓度为100 mBq/m3;雪水样品中131I、134Cs和137Cs的活度浓度分别为240mBq/L、19 mBq/L和23 mBq/L。此监测结果可为研究福岛核事故放射性核素对全球的影响提供基础数据。     

广州核素台站惰性气体氙监测数据的统计规律研究

在分析广州核素台站惰性气体氙日常监测数据的基础上,分析了广州核素台站惰性气体监测数据的有效性,初步研究了4种惰性气体氙同位素131Xem、133Xe、133Xem和135Xe的活度浓度和最小可探测浓度的统计规律。结果表明：4种惰性气体氙同位素的最小可探测浓度和活度浓度均呈高斯分布。该研究可为评估放射性核素台站4种惰性气体氙同位素监测阈值和惰性气体样品的分级提供参考。     

基于MELCOR与MCNP程序的安全壳剂量率计算方法

严重事故条件下,评估安全壳内的放射性剂量率水平对核电厂严重事故管理、应急响应等环节具有重要指导意义。本工作利用MELCOR程序模拟严重事故序列,计算不同核素组释放进入安全壳内的质量;利用ORIGEN2程序计算不同核素组的堆芯积存量及核素的γ源强;利用MCNP程序计算每组核素100%释放进入安全壳所产生的剂量率水平;最后根据拟合公式求解安全壳剂量率。中核核电运行管理有限公司30万千瓦机组安全壳剂量率的计算结果说明该方法切实可行。     

AP1000核电厂大量放射性释放源项分析

在AP1000核电厂的某些严重事故情景中,安全壳可能发生失效或旁通,导致大量放射性物质释放到环境中,造成严重的放射性污染。针对大量放射性释放频率贡献最大的3种释放类别（安全壳旁通、安全壳早期失效和安全壳隔离失效）,分别选取典型的严重事故序列（蒸汽发生器传热管破裂、自动卸压系统阀门误开启和压力容器破裂）,使用MAAP程序计算分析了释放到环境中的裂变产物源项。该分析结果为量化AP1000核电厂的放射性释放后果和厂外剂量分析提供了必要的输入。     

Quantification of severe accident source terms of a Westinghouse 3-loop plant

Integrated severe accident analysis codes are used to quantify the source terms of the representative sequences identified in PSA study. The characteristics of these source terms depend on the detail design of the plant and the accident scenario. A historical perspective of radioactive source term is provided. The grouping of radionuclides in different source terms or source term quantification tools based on TID-14844, NUREG-1465, and WASH-1400 is compared. The radionuclides release phenomena and models adopted in the integrated severe accident analysis codes of STCP and MAAP4 are described. In the present study, the severe accident source terms for risk quantification of Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant of Taiwan Power Company are quantified using MAAP 4.0.4 code. A methodology is developed to quantify the source terms of each source term category (STC) identified in the Level II PSA analysis of the plant. The characteristics of source terms obtained are compared with other source terms. The plant analyzed employs a Westinghouse designed 3-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) with large dry containment.     

Research of Radioactive Source Term Calculation Model and Application in LOCA for PWR

According to the mechanism of the generation and reduction of the nuclide in the process of migration and release from the core to the containment and the environment after the pressurized water reactor (PWR) loss of coolant accident (LOCA), the calculation model of radioactive source term for LOCA was established. The comparative analysis of model calculation results was carried out. Finally, the model was applied to the source term analysis for the third generation PWR LOCA. The results show that the relative deviation between the calculation results of the model and TACTⅢ code is within ±0.05%, and the relative deviation between the iodine calculation results of the model and TITAN5 code is within ±0.5%, so the model calculation is accurate. For various nuclear motor types of PWRs, the removal mechanism and removal rate of nuclide in the containment are different, resulting in different I and Cs radioactivity release curves. The cumulative radioactivity of ¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³⁶Cs and ¹³⁷Cs released into the environment within 30 d gradually increases. The established model is highly versatile, which is based on the complete nuclide decay chain, considering the contribution of the precursor nuclides decay to the daughter nuclides, and the effective removal process of elemental iodine by spraying or natural removal.     

压水堆LOCA放射性源项计算模型及应用研究

根据压水堆冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）后核素从堆芯迁移、释放至安全壳及环境过程中的产生和消减机理,建立了完整的LOCA放射性源项计算模型,并对模型计算结果进行对比分析,最终将模型应用于第3代压水堆LOCA源项计算分析中。结果表明：本文模型与TACTⅢ程序计算结果的相对偏差在±0.05%以内,与TITAN5程序的碘计算结果的相对偏差在±0.5%以内,本文模型计算准确。对于压水堆各种核电机型,安全壳内核素的去除机制及去除速率不同,导致释放到环境中的I和Cs核素活度变化曲线也不同,¹³¹I、¹³⁴Cs、¹³⁶Cs、¹³⁷Cs在事故后30 d内释放到环境中的累积活度逐渐增大。建立的模型基于完整的核素衰变链,考虑了母核衰变对子核源项的贡献及喷淋或自然去除等作用对元素碘的有效去除过程,通用性强。     

On the failure modes of alternative containment designs following postulated core meltdown

The containment response to a postulated core meltdown accident in a PWR ice condenser containment, a BWR Mark III containment and a BWR non-inerted Mark I containment has been examined to see if the WASH-1400 containment failure mode judgement for the Surry large, dry containment and the Peach Bottom Mark I inerted-containment are likely to be appropriate for these alternative containment plant designs. For the PWR, the representative accident chosen for the analysis is a large cold leg break accompanied by a loss of all electric power while the BWR representative event chosen is a recirculation line break without adequate core cooling function. Two containment event paths are studied for each of these two cases, depending on whether or not containment vapor suppression function is assumed to be available. Both the core and the containment pressure and temperature response to the accident events are computed for the four time intervals which characterize (a) blowdown of the pipe break, (b) core melt, (c) vessel melt-through, and (d) containment foundation penetration. The calculations are based on a best estimate of the most probable sequence, but certain phenomena and events were followed down multiple tracks. These include the temperature of the non-condensibles escaping the ice condenser into the upper compartment, the performance of the pressure suppression system, the distribution of non-condensibles between compartments, and the degree and rate of combustion of hydrogen generated from metal-water reactions. For the PWR ice condenser case, results indicate that the containment would be breached by (i) steam overpressurization during the blowdown period (time less than 20 sec) if the ice condenser fails to perform its function, (ii) by overpressurization and thermal stress during the core melt period if 25% or more of the core zirconium reacts with water followed by hydrogen burning and, and (iii) by the overpressurization due to non-condensibles before containment floor penetration is completed. For the BWR Mark III case, similar conclusions can be drawn for the loss of vapor suppression, and for the hydrogen burning if the extent of zirconium-water reaction is more than 35% of the core inventory. If the hydrogen burning fails to materialize, the containment can retain its integrity until containment meltthrough provided the melting is confined to the reactor pedestal area. It appears that the non-inerted Mark I containment is not so vulnerable to overpressurization from hydrogen burning as the Mark III; however, acceptable temperatures may be exceeded.     

Analysis on containment depressurization under severe accidents for a Chinese 1000 MWe NPP

Containment depressurization has been implemented for many nuclear power plants (NPPs) to mitigate the risk of containment overpressurization induced by steam and gases released in LOCA accidents or generated in molten core concrete interaction (MCCI) during severe accidents. Two accident sequences of large break loss of coolant accident (LB-LOCA) and station blackout (SBO) are selected to evaluate the effectiveness of the containment venting strategy for a Chinese 1000 MWe NPP, including the containment pressure behaviors, which are analyzed with the integral safety analyses code for the selected sequences. Different open/close pressures for the venting system are also investigated to evaluate CsI mass fraction released to the environment for different cases with filtered venting or without filtered venting. The analytical results show that when the containment sprays can't be initiated, the depressurization strategy by using the Containment Filtered Venting System (CFVS) can prevent the containment failure and reduce the amount of CsI released to the environment, and if CFVS is closed at higher pressure, the operation interval is smaller and the radioactive released to the environment is less, and if CFVS open pressure is increased, the radioactive released to the environment can be delayed. Considering the risk of high pressure core melt sequence, RCS depressurization makes the CFVS to be initiated 7 h earlier than the base case to initiate the containment venting due to more coolant flowing into the containment.     

Thermodynamic consequences of leakages in a double containment during severe accidents

For a large nuclear power plant under normal operating conditions a leakage rate for the containment of 0.25 vol.%/day is admissible. During a successfully controlled LOCA leakages of the containment will be released through filters by the annulus^* air exhausting system into the environment. During a core melt accident a pressurization of the containment has to be expected, which could lead to a failure of the containment due to overpressurization. When openings in the containment steel shell occur before a catastrophic failure, a depressurization into the annulus takes place. The area of the openings determines the depressurization rate and the thermodynamic conditions in the annulus. Furthermore the behaviour of the components being necessary for accident mitigation is influenced too. This paper discusses the thermodynamic consequences of leaks in the containment shell of a German PWR during a core melt accident. The results of those calculations are the necessary boundary condition for the estimation of fission product retention in the annulus.     

核电厂核事故应急情况下某些操作干预水平默认值

本文根据IAEA-TECDOC-955给出的核电厂核事故应急情况下操作干预水平（OIL）的计算公式和InterRAS1.3计算程序,分别计算了压水堆核电厂两种假想严重事故（堆芯熔化/安全壳完整性丧失或泄漏事故、蒸汽发生器完整性严重丧失事故）烟羽照射期间撤离和服用碘片的操作干预水平OIL1和OIL2;讨论了相关时间（例如预期烟羽照射时间、放射性开始向环境释放时间）、气象条件（风速、混合层高度、稳定度和降雨）、距事故源距离和释放方式（低架和高架释放）等对OIL1和OIL2计算值的影响.在此计算和讨论的基础上,对所假想的严重事故推荐了相应的OIL1和OIL2默认值;强调指出了OIL1和OIL2依赖于事故类型及事故放射性在释放到环境之前是否被去除减少等因素,其默认值须按照不同事故类型及事故放射性被去除减少的特征分别给出.     

压水堆核电厂放射性源项的估算方法研究

给出了通过安全壳大气取样分析结果估算核事故情况下压水堆核电厂向环境释放的放射性源项的方法，对相关因素进行了讨论，并与核事故辐射后果评价软件RASCAL4.2的评价结果进行了比对，验证了方法的有效性。发现了软件RASCAL4.2的不足，并提出了相应的改进建议。