弥散核燃料等效辐照肿胀计算模拟

本文将弥散核燃料芯体看作一种特殊的颗粒复合材料,利用细观计算力学的方法,假设燃料颗粒在芯体中周期性分布,建立了对芯体等效辐照肿胀进行计算模拟的有限元模型。考虑颗粒的辐照肿胀和基体材料的辐照硬化效应,分别建立了燃料颗粒和基体材料的应力更新算法,编制了用户材料子程序,在Abaqus软件中实现了芯体等效辐照肿胀的有限元模拟。计算分析了颗粒大小和体积含量对芯体等效辐照肿胀的影响,并得到了等效辐照肿胀的拟合公式。研究结果表明,影响芯体等效辐照肿胀的主要因素是颗粒的辐照肿胀和体积含量。     

UMo/Al弥散燃料板内裂变气体肿胀的静压效应研究

将核燃料的裂变气体肿胀与静水压力计算相耦合,并考虑重要的辐照蠕变,编制了定义其复杂力学本构关系的子程序。将定义各部分材料热-力学本构关系的用户子程序引入ABAQUS软件,获得了燃料板细观尺度下辐照-热-力耦合行为的计算模拟方法,并计算分析了核燃料裂变气体肿胀的静压效应。与不考虑裂变气体肿胀静压相关性的计算结果对比发现,在裂变气体肿胀计算中引入静压的影响,将使得核燃料颗粒内的辐照肿胀应变显著减小,引起板内最高温度降低,并减弱燃料颗粒和基体间的力学相互作用,减小燃料颗粒内的等效蠕变应变,致使基体内最大Mises应力和第一主应力减小。     

UMo-Zr单片式燃料板结构改进研究

基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS将燃料包壳和芯体的辐照-热-力本构关系引入数值模拟计算,初步建立了UMo-Zr单片式燃料板堆内热力行为的模拟方法。基于该数值模拟方法,针对均匀辐照的工况,通过改变燃料芯体长度、宽度、厚度3个方向的尺寸和边角的形状,研究芯体结构对辐照后温度场和应力场的影响。研究结果表明,辐照后的温度场和应力场对芯体厚度方向的尺寸变化最敏感;对芯体边角处进行倒角处理能够减小辐照后的米塞斯（MISES）应力峰值。      

金属核燃料快中子脉冲堆核-热-力耦合计算方法研究

为确保快中子脉冲堆的运行安全,防止超临界脉冲对材料造成物理损伤,需要对快中子脉冲堆脉冲工况进行模拟分析。本研究针对金属核燃料快中子脉冲堆,基于点堆动力学方法、蒙特卡罗方法和有限元力学方法,对Godiva-I脉冲堆开展了核热力耦合计算分析研究。计算结果表明,反应性温度系数和裂变率与实验值吻合良好,反应性、温升、表面位移、表面应力与实际情况相符合。因此,本文建立的“核-热-力”耦合计算方法可应用于金属核燃料快中子脉冲堆的分析计算,具有一定的可靠性。      

燃料棒辐照-热-力耦合行为的精细化数值模拟研究

在反应堆运行过程中燃料棒具有复杂的堆内行为,准确可靠的堆内燃料行为预测对于反应堆安全计算、燃料设计需求及燃料性能评估都是所必须的。本研究考虑了UO2芯块与锆合金包壳的相关热效应与辐照效应,并考虑间隙气体热传导、辐射换热、接触热传导的影响;分别编制用户自定义子程序,将燃料棒材料的辐照效应、热效应以及间隙换热等引入商用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,建立了燃料棒辐照-热-力耦合行为的精细化数值模拟方法。     

UMo/Zr单片式燃料板堆内热力耦合行为研究

UMo/Zr单片式燃料板在堆内辐照环境下会经历复杂的多场耦合及多尺度关联的行为。针对均匀辐照的堆内工况条件,建立了对UMo/Zr单片式燃料板的堆内行为进行多尺度模拟的方法,并计算分析了元件的温度场、变形和主要应力场随燃耗演化的规律,获得了芯体与包壳界面层间应力的分布与演化规律。研究结果表明,芯体的最高温度会随着辐照时间持续增长;芯体厚度随着辐照时间而增大,在靠近芯体的边界附近厚度增长较多,与辐照后相关检测结果相符;芯体的Mises应力要远小于包壳中的Mises应力;芯体和包壳界面正应力最大值位于靠近芯体角部的位置,界面角部区域较大的界面拉应力易导致此处首先产生界面破坏。     

弥散型燃料等效弹性性质的有限元模拟

弥散型核燃料元件在反应堆中的安全和可靠性与元件芯体的等效力学性能密切相关.本研究采用细观力学的方法,假设芯体中的燃料颗粒在基体中周期性排列,从中取出代表性体积元,运用有限元方法计算弥散型燃料在不同温度和颗粒体积含量下的等效弹性模量.分析比较了颗粒的体积含量和分布形式对弥散型燃料等效弹性性质的影响,并在颗粒随机排列时,将...     

单片式核燃料板轧制过程的数值模拟研究

针对UMo合金单片式核燃料板锆合金包壳材料应变率相关的力学本构关系,推导出其三维应力更新算法,相应地编写了定义其本构关系的VUMAT子程序并验证了程序的正确性;建立了对UMo合金单片式板元件的框架轧制过程进行计算模拟的有限元模型;利用显式动力有限元法,计算分析了复合坯内部的变形以及接触压强在轧制过程中的演化规律。研究结果表明,利用VUMAT用户材料子程序能方便正确地定义材料应变率相关的本构关系;燃料芯体与盖板之间的轧制接触压力随时间而演化,在靠近宽度方向的对称面处具有最大的接触压力。本研究为优化UMo合金单片式核燃料板的制造工艺参数提供了理论基础和计算手段。     

压水堆燃料辐照性能多物理耦合并行分析程序开发

核燃料元件是反应堆的核心部件,其性能影响反应堆的安全性与经济性,利用燃料元件性能分析程序开展燃料堆内稳态辐照性能分析对于燃料设计及安全评价具有重要意义。通过开发燃料温度分布、变形计算、裂变气体释放及内压等模型,结合燃料元件热工-力学多物理耦合计算分析耦合方案,基于先进并行计算方法构建了高性能并行化燃料性能分析程序Athena。利用典型商用压水堆核电站数据及同类程序计算结果进行了程序初步验证,结果表明Athena程序计算结果合理可靠。通过定义堆芯功率及热工水力边界条件,程序能够并行开展压水堆全堆芯燃料辐照性能分析,提高燃料辐照性能分析效率,是数值反应堆原型系统（CVR1.0）的重要组成。     

计入辐照效应的快堆燃料组件外套管截面变形有限元分析

快堆燃料组件外套管截面的辐照变形计算对快堆堆芯设计非常重要。本文研究考虑材料辐照蠕变和辐照肿胀效应,利用有限单元法计算外套管截面变形的方法。首先介绍了采用的辐照蠕变和辐照肿胀材料模型,其次给出了通过力学简化模型研究截面变形的理论方法,最后提出一种本构关系应力更新方案,通过将其编入ABAQUS子程序接口UMAT对外套管在压差作用下的截面变形进行了有限元分析计算,并比较讨论分析结果。结果表明有限元方法成功计算出了截面的变形,并在小变形时与理论解吻合较好。研究表明本文提出的本构关系应力更新方案是有效的;变形较大时理论解的偏差增大;内壁角点处应力水平最高,并伴随应力松弛效应。     

Irradiation swelling, creep and thermal-stress analysis of LWR fuel elements, computer code isune-2

The irradiation swelling, creep, and thermal-stress analysis of light-water reactor (LWR) oxide (UO₂) fuel elements is analysed. The analysis is based on the basic physical and mathematical assumptions and the experimental data of the fuel and cladding (or canning) materials. In the analysis, the nuclear, physical, metallurgical, and thermo-mechanical properties of the fuel and cladding materials under irradiation environment are examined carefully. The objectives of the paper are mainly (1) to formulate and carry out the irradiation swelling, irradiation creep, and thermal-stress analysis of fuel elements for LWR power reactors, and (2) to develop a computer code which will facilitate the computations for fuel element design, safety analysis, and economic optimization of the power reactors. In a general procedure of the analysis, the irradiation swelling, irradiation creep, temperature distribution, etc. in the fuel and cladding of the oxide fuel elements during the reactor in operation are studied. Some theoretical models and empirical relations (on the basis of accepted experimental data) for irradiation swelling and creep in the fuel and irradiation creep in cladding materials are postulated and developed. Some analytical and empirical relations (based on test results) for heat generation and temperature distribution in the fuel during fuel restructuring are derived. The fuel restructure is, in general, divided into the central void, columnar grain, equiaxed grain, and unaffected grain zones (or regions) after a sufficiently long period for the fuel elements to be irradiated (or operated). From these relations derived for irradiation swelling, irradiation creep, and temperature distribution in the fuel and cladding, together with the well-known strain-stress, incompressibility, compatibility, and stress equilibrium equations, the irradiation swelling, creep, and thermal-stress analysis for the LWR fuel elements can be carried out.From the analytical results obtained, a computer code, ISUNE-2 (which is in the sequence of computer code ISUNE-1 and -1A developed and used previously for liquid-metal fast breeder reactor fuel element design and safety and economic analysis), can be developed. With some reliable experimental data (measured during fuel elements in operation) as input, the computer code may predict various cases of LWR (oxide or carbide) fuel elements in operation. The general scope and resulting contribution of this paper is to provide a realistic analysis and a reliable operating LWR fuel element code for use by nuclear power utilities to predict the fuel element behavior in power reactors. The fuel element design, safety analysis, and economic optimization depend largely on the fuel element behavior in the power reactors.     

U-10Mo/Zr单片式燃料元件堆内稳态热-力学性能研究

本文建立了U-10Mo/Zr单片式燃料元件的辐照性能模型以及热-力学本构关系,采用有限元方法进行非均匀辐照场中燃料元件稳态热-力学性能的数值模拟,获得并分析了U-10Mo/Zr单片式燃料元件温度、形变和应力的分布特点及变化规律。研究结果表明,燃料芯体厚度增量在芯体和包壳结合面附近达到最大,主要受到燃料辐照蠕变的影响;在较低燃耗条件下,燃料芯体高温辐照肿胀模拟结果与低温辐照肿胀试验结果相当;燃料芯体边角区域和包壳端面外侧区域存在应力集中。      

Modeling of multi-body thermo-mechanical and contact problems in CANDU fuel

Modeling and analysis of three-dimensional thermo-mechanical and multi-body contact problems in a CANDU^®3 nuclear fuel element are presented in this paper. Each axisymmetric component in a fuel element is first modeled using the three-dimensional nine-node harmonic finite elements. All interior degrees of freedom (DOF’s) in the component equations of equilibrium are subsequently eliminated through sub-structuring to formulate system equations in terms of small set of contact variables. The large scale multi-body contact problem in a CANDU6 fuel element is then solved using the combinations of finite element method (FEM), linear complementary equation method (LCEM) and Lemke’s algorithms. The entire procedure is implemented into the FUEL3D code. Numerical results are compared with analytical and ANSYS solutions for several test cases.     

Advancements in the behavioral modeling of fuel elements and related structures

An important aspect of the design and analysis of nuclear reactors is the ability to predict the behavior of fuel elements in the adverse environment of a reactor system. By understanding the thermomechanical behavior of the different materials which constitute a nuclear fuel element, analysis and predictions can be made regarding the integrity and reliability of fuel element designs. The SMiRT conference series, through the division on fuel elements and the post-conference seminars on fuel element modeling, provided technical forums for the international participation in the exchange of knowledge concerning the thermomechanical modeling of fuel elements. This paper discusses the technical advances in the behavioral modeling of fuel elements presented at the SMiRT conference series since its inception in 1971. Progress in the areas of material properties and constitutive relationships, modeling methodologies, and integral modeling approaches was reviewed and is summarized in light of their impact on the thermomechanical modeling of nuclear fuel elements.     

Calculation of the thermohydraulic parameters of a core comprised of unjacketed fuel assemblies

A computer program for calculating the thermohydraulic parameters of a core with jacketless fuel assemblies as a single mass of fuel elements is developed on the basis of the Kedr program for the channelwise computation. The Kedr-A program algorithm employs the principle of decomposition (partition) to the computed region of the core (1/12th part). The computational space is divided into a definite number of subregions – symmetry elements with repeatable geometric structure of the lattice of fuel elements and other structural components of the core. The thermohydraulic parameters of the cells in each section of the core are calculated iteratively over the symmetry elements of the jacket-less fuel assemblies of 1/12th part of the core of a nuclear reactor with water coolant. The symmetry elements are interrelated by the conditions at the boundaries connecting theses regions. The computational algorithm is checked by comparing with experimental data on the mixing of the coolant obtained on a technological stand consisting seven jacketless fuel assemblies.     

辐照蠕变对锆合金包壳管吸氢所致多场耦合行为的影响

本文考虑辐照效应,改进了锆合金包壳管内部的氢原子扩散-氢化物析出-热-力耦合行为的微分控制方程。根据多物理场等效积分弱形式和所建立的耦合计算方法,在FEPG软件平台编制文件,生成多场耦合计算的有限元程序,并对程序进行了验证。计算分析了辐照蠕变对锆合金包壳管堆内吸氢所致多场耦合行为演化的影响,结果表明:辐照蠕变导致包壳管内产生应力松弛,促使Mises应力显著降低,同时导致静水应力由负值转变为正值,进而影响氢原子的扩散;与不考虑辐照蠕变的结果进行对比,发现辐照蠕变会增大燃料芯块与包壳管局部接触区域的负的静水应力的绝对值及向外的静水应力梯度,导致接触区域内的氢原子浓度减小,接触区域周围的氢原子浓度增大。     

Irradiation devices for the study of creep and swelling in ceramic fuels

In fuel element design for advanced nuclear reactors perfect knowledge of fuel behaviour under irradiation plays a decisive role, above all for long service lives and high burnups. Therefore, the development of fast breeder fuel elements within the framework of the Karlsruhe Fast Breeder Project included various irradiation rigs which allow continuous measurement during irradiation of fuel specimen creep and swelling. A survey is presented of some of these irradiation rigs.     

压水堆燃料棒三维热-力学性能的精细模拟

压水堆燃料棒工作在复杂的辐照、热和力学环境中,对其性能进行定量评估涉及多种复杂的物理现象。目前常用的燃料性能分析程序一般对结构采用简化的轴对称假设,对辐照肿胀、辐照蠕变和高温蠕变等物理现象以及辐照-热-力等物理场之间的耦合考虑并不充分。基于ABAQUS有限元求解框架,开发了压水堆燃料棒三维热-力学性能的模拟程序,利用程序对压水堆燃料棒进行了稳态分析,以及升功率和反应性引入事故两种瞬态分析。结果表明:辐照引起燃料致密化和肿胀对燃料温度变化有重要影响;芯块应变增加主要是由裂变产物肿胀引起的;芯块几何结构导致包壳应力集中发生在芯块间的交界面处;燃料棒功率的急剧变化会加快芯块表面破裂的进程;反应性引入事故会导致芯块从内部开始破裂,并会引发芯块-包壳的接触。     

Concerning the transitional system of a reactor as a result of recharging fuel elements

The relationship is discussed between the duration of the transitional state of a reactor (from the point of view of reactivity as well as recharging), the specified irradiation stability of the fuel elements, attainable fuel irradiation and the required rate of recharging of the fuel elements for different cycles, In particular, the advantages and disadvantages are compared of equilibrium transition, transition with delayed recharging at a constant rate, transition with constant reactivity and various combinations of these transitions. The conditions are discussed which (in comparison with equilibrium irradiation) permit saving of excess reactivity because of nonoverirradiation of the fuel elements.Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 315–324, April, 1964