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石墨由于其高中子散射截面和低中子吸收截面特性,被广泛应用于第四代高温气冷堆中作为慢化剂、反射层和堆芯结构,故保证其结构完整性对反应堆的安全运行非常重要。由于石墨材料强度分散,概率论方法评价其失效较常用的确定论评价方法更为合适。目前,美国ASME规范采用的概率方法主要针对NBG-18这种大颗粒石墨,对我国高温气冷堆核电站工程项目采用的细颗粒石墨IG-110的适用性未知。同时,我国成都碳素生产的高温堆备选石墨NG-CT-01颗粒大小与IG-110相似,也为细颗粒石墨。因此,文章研究ASME规范概率方法对细颗粒石墨的适用性,并通过实验数据加以验证。结果表明,对于细颗粒石墨,ASME规范过于保守,低估了材料的强度性能。 相似文献
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核石墨作为慢化剂、反射层以及结构材料广泛应用于熔盐堆与气冷堆中,石墨构件的完整性对反应堆安全运行至关重要。脆性核石墨材料强度分散,相比于确定论方法概率论方法更适合对核石墨构件失效评定。本文基于ASME计算失效概率模型,改进了失效概率计算的分组标准,并运用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了NBG-18核石墨巴西圆盘劈裂模型加以验证。结果表明:与过于保守的ASME模型相比,改进的模型结果更接近于试验数据,同时比KTA3232规范更保守。改进后的模型对试件尺寸比较敏感,对网格敏感度不高。 相似文献
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中空六棱柱燃料元件在高温气冷堆方面有广泛应用,为研究中空六棱柱燃料元件的堆内性能,评价其失效概率,针对高温气冷堆用中空六棱柱燃料元件进行了热-力学行为分析,采用多物理场耦合的方法计算了中空六棱柱燃料元件的热-力学行为,分析了中空六棱柱燃料元件在较低中子注量条件下的温度场、变形、应力分布以及失效概率。结果表明,中空六棱柱燃料元件的最高运行温度约为1020 K,SiC基体的最大应力约为107.32 MPa、失效概率为3.52×10?4,SiC基体较低的失效概率保证了燃料元件的结构完整性。在较低中子注量下,中空六棱柱燃料元件的运行温度和应力均较低并且可以保证结构完整,具有良好的堆内运行状态。 相似文献
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随着福岛事故的发生,核电厂外部事件概率安全评价工作的重要性被各国核安全当局所认同。而地震,作为核电厂最为主要的外部事件,其对应的概率安全评价工作便更为人们所重视。易损度计算是完成地震概率安全评价的关键技术环节,其结果将被使用作概率安全评价事故序列模型的输入条件。因此,易损度计算的准确性和正确性对地震概率安全评价工作最终结论的影响也就不言而喻了。本文首先总体性介绍了设备易损度计算的基础数学模型,随后详细描述了核电厂地震概率安全评价中电气设备易损度计算的操作步骤,并重点探讨了电气设备功能失效模式下对试验反应谱和要求反应谱的处理简化技巧,最后通过具体算例阐述了电气设备易损度计算过程中的注意事项和简化技巧应用。 相似文献
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重要厂用水系统是核电厂重要的安全系统之一,其失效概率通常由系统可靠性分析获得。而地震情况下设备的失效概率是地震动峰值加速度的函数,且地震的发生又具有随机性,目前概率安全评价中传统的故障树分析方法对此种情况缺乏足够的处理能力。本文采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法解决条件概率的问题,针对地震情况系统可靠性分析,提出了评价模型,并对核电厂重要厂用水系统进行了分析计算,得到地震情况下重要厂用水系统的年失效概率为1.46×10-4。计算结果与设备抗震性能数据符合,验证了分析模型的合理性。 相似文献
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为探究球床模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM)石墨堆内构件抗断裂破坏特性,提供石墨堆内构件设计和完整性评估的依据,利用经实验验证的基于内聚力模型的扩展有限元方法(XFEM)对球床模块式高温气冷堆侧反射层石墨砖的燕尾键 键槽结构进行了断裂性能的模拟分析,并对石墨断裂参数及几何尺寸等参数进行了敏感性分析。模拟结果显示:该石墨砖燕尾键 键槽结构的最大失效载荷Pmax为50.7 kN,且随圆角半径而增大;Pmax对石墨材料抗拉强度敏感,圆角越大越敏感,对材料断裂功、杨氏模量敏感度较小,但随着结构圆角变小变得相对更敏感,对泊松比几乎不敏感。分析结果与文献预测及实验结论具有较好的一致性。本文研究能对其他类型反应堆(如熔盐堆和快堆)的石墨构件断裂性能分析评价提供参考。 相似文献
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为分析快中子辐照和高温等条件下石墨砖在整修寿期内的力学行为,采用改编的ADINA和ADINAT程序,计算了10MW高温气冷实验堆石墨砖受快中子辐照后所产生的变形和应力历史。计算结果表明,改编后的ADINA和ADINAT程序考虑了温度和辐照条件下多个参数的变化,可以用来分析石墨砖在辐照条件下的应力和变形。 相似文献
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本文利用了一个根据球床模块堆(Pebble Bed Modular Reactor,PBMR)用核石墨材料辐照性能数据编写的用户自定义材料模型(User defined Material model,UMAT),按照美国橡树岭国家实验室(Oak Ridge National Laboratory,ORNL)的液态燃料熔盐试验堆(Molten Salt Reactor Experiment,MSRE)用核石墨构件尺寸,为钍基熔盐堆(Thorium-based Molten Salt Reactor,TMSR)设计了一款方型核石墨构件。利用新编UMAT对该核石墨构件进行了初步的应力分析。分析结果表明,在没有预制裂纹的情况下辐照梯度越大核石墨构件中心区域最大主应力值越大,构件的断裂位置可能出现在构件中心位置处;对于有V型凹口预制裂纹的情况,应力集中部位均出现在预制裂纹尖端附近,这将可能导致裂纹尖端附近出现裂纹扩展,从而引起构件断裂失效。 相似文献
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TRISO燃料颗粒由核芯和4层包覆层组成,具有良好的裂变产物包容能力。TRISO燃料颗粒破损概率是表征TRISO燃料事故安全特性的关键参数。本文基于修正的PANAMA破损概率计算方法,在考虑UN核芯裂变气体释放导致的气体内压以及内外致密热解炭层辐照蠕变和收缩作用的基础上,开发了UN核芯TRISO燃料颗粒压力壳式破损概率计算方法,并采用IAEA基准题6和基准题9对模型进行了验证;基于开发的UN核芯TRISO颗粒破损概率计算方法,采用随机抽样统计方法分析了事故工况下UN核芯和包覆层设计参数(包括包覆层尺寸及密度)对UN核芯TRISO燃料颗粒破损概率的影响。研究结果显示,疏松热解炭(Buffer)层设计参数是影响TRISO颗粒破损概率的关键因素,可通过降低Buffer层尺寸及密度分布设计标准偏差的方法降低UN核芯TRISO燃料颗粒的破损概率。 相似文献
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Graphite is used as a moderator, reflector and structural component in pebble bed and prism High Temperature Reactors (HTRs). It is fortunate to reactor designers that irradiated graphite shows remarkably high creep behaviour under the influence of fast neutron irradiation at temperatures far below those required for significant creep strains to be generated in unirradiated graphite. This creep behaviour is important in the design of nuclear graphite reactor cores because the self-induced shrinkage stresses generated in typical core components during irradiation can be relieved. However, there are no reliable data on high fluence irradiation creep and the mechanistic understanding of the irradiation creep is insufficiently developed to reliably extrapolate to the high fluences expected of graphite in future HTR designs. The understanding of irradiation creep is further complicated because it has been experimentally observed that irradiation creep strain in graphite modifies other properties in particular the coefficient of thermal expansion. In addition modified changes in Young's modulus in crept specimens have been reported and it has also been postulated that irradiation creep may also modify dimensional change. The assessment of irradiation creep in graphite components is based on empirical laws derived from data obtained from small samples irradiated in a materials test reactor. However, due to the complicated irradiation rigs required and the amount of dimensional and property measurements needed to be taken, constant stress irradiation creep experiments are difficult and very expensive to carry out successfully. However, restrained creep experiments are simple to implement, less expensive and can be easily included as part of other, more conventional irradiation graphite experimental programmes. However, in the past, the disadvantage of these experiments has been that the results have been difficult to interpret using the then available analytical methods. In this paper the restrained creep experiment is revisited and analysed numerically and the possible benefit of using a restrained creep experiment in future graphite irradiation experiments is investigated. It is shown that a numerical simulation of the restrained creep experiment behaviour would be an essential tool to ensure that the stress within the specimen remains within defined limits so that specimen failure can be avoided. 相似文献
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《Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology》2013,50(7):690-694
The thermal conductivity of graphite components used as in-core components in high-temperature gascooled reactors (HTGRs) is reduced by neutron irradiation during reactor operation. The reduction in thermal conductivity is expected to be reversed by thermal annealing when the irradiated graphite component is heated above its original irradiation temperature. In this study, to develop an evaluation model for the thermal annealing effect on the thermal conductivity of IG-110 graphite for the HTGRs, the thermal annealing effect evaluated quantitatively at irradiation temperatures of up to 1,200°C and neutron fluences of up to 1.5 dpa. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of IG-110 graphite was calculated by using a modified thermal resistance model considering the thermal annealing effect. The following results were obtained. (1) The thermal annealing effect on the thermal conductivity of IG-110 graphite could be evaluated quantitatively and a thermal annealing model was developed based on the experimental results at irradiation temperatures of up to 1,200°C and neutron fluences of up to 1.5 dpa. (2) The thermal conductivities of IG-110 graphite calculated by using the modified thermal resistance model considering the thermal annealing effect showed good agreement with experimental measurements. This study has shown that it is possible to evaluate the annealed thermal conductivity of IG-110 graphite by using the modified thermal resistance model at irradiation temperatures of 550–1150°C and irradiation fluences of up to 1.5 dpa. 相似文献