优异特性的集合体——多主元高熵合金

迄今为止,人类已开发出实用的合金系共有30多种,但每一种合金系统均是以一种金属元素为主,并通过添加特定的少量合金元素,采用不同的加工工艺来获得不同性能的合金。这种以一种金属元素为主的合金设计理念明显限制了合金体系的设计。多主元高熵合金(有的学者也称为无基元高混合熵合金[1],以下简称高熵合     

高熵合金新材料的研究进展

高熵合金是最近发展起来的新型多主元合金,一般由五种以上主要元素构成,每种元素的摩尔含量在5%～35%之间.因此,高熵合金的组织和性能特点在许多方面有别于传统合金.本文阐述了高熵合金的定义、特性以及相关热力学原理,介绍了最近几年来国内外在高熵合金领域取得的实质性进展.     

难熔高熵合金研究进展

高熵合金是近年来的新兴领域,与传统合金不同,其一般是由五种或者五种以上主要元素组成,每种主元的含量在5%~35%(原子分数)之间,多种元素混乱排列却拥有简单的相结构,高熵合金的优点显著,发展空间巨大。以难熔金属元素为基础的难熔高熵合金近年来大受关注,含有3种及以上的难熔金属组成的高熵合金称为难熔高熵合金,由于难熔金属的熔点均较高,因此难熔高熵合金表现出了较好的高温力学性能和高温抗氧化性能以及耐腐蚀性能,受到大众欢迎,有望取代传统的高温合金。详细的阐述了难熔高熵合金的制备方法、相结构、力学性能、抗氧化性能与耐腐蚀性能,最后对难熔高熵合金的发展进行了展望。     

激光熔覆技术制备高熵合金涂层的研究进展

高熵合金是由五种或五种以上元素按照等物质的量比或近等物质的量比进行混合形成的合金,具有杰出的力学性能、物理及化学性能,应用潜力巨大。作为一种新型的表面处理技术,激光熔覆与高熵合金相结合,为高熵合金的应用开辟出了又一空间。介绍了目前国内外采用激光熔覆技术制备高熵合金涂层的研究现状,并展望了其发展前景。     

多组元高熵合金的研究现状及前景展望

多组元高熵合金是依据一个全新的合金设计理念而设计的，它由五种以上主要元素构成，因而具有很高的混合熵，这使得其组织和性能特点在许多方面有别于传统合金。现有研究表明，作为一个材料研究的新兴领域，高熵舍金有着很高的研究价值与应用前景。本文介绍了高熵合金的定义、组织、性能特点及其应用，并介绍了该方向的一些最新研究进展。     

低中子活性高熵合金的研究进展

材料是目前限制聚变能发展的一个重要因素，满足核聚变装置中的抗辐照低活性材料的开发及性能检测成为目前研发的热点。高熵合金，又称为多主元固溶体合金，是一种新型合金。它是由5种或者5种以上的元素组成，并且每种元素的原子分数在5%～35%。低中子活性(简称“低活性”)高熵合金是由低活性的元素组成，在受到中子辐照后，合金材料具有较低的放射性，在核应用方面具有潜在的优势，因此受到广大研究者的关注。本文首先介绍低活性高熵合金的主要制备工艺，阐述各个制备工艺的优缺点；其次从力学性能、稳定性和辐照效应三个方面介绍低活性高熵合金，并对影响性能的因素进行分析；最后对低活性高熵合金的未来和发展趋势进行展望。     

密排六方结构高熵合金研究进展

高熵合金自问世以来,因其性能独特很快就引起了广大学者的兴趣。对高熵合金的定义,现在大家普遍认为的是由5种及5种以上的主要元素以等摩尔比或近似等摩尔比构成,且每种元素占总成分的5%~35%。对配置熵、混合焓、原子半径差、价电子浓度等物相参数进行计算,并结合CALPHAD相图模拟和第一性原理密度泛函理论(DFT)以及AIMD模拟,可用来初步预测高熵合金的相结构。目前,主要有面心立方(FCC)、体心立方(BCC)和密排六方结构(HCP)3大类固溶体高熵合金,其中HCP高熵合金鲜见,主要为稀土元素类和贵金属元素类HCP高熵合金。近几年研究发现FCC高熵合金通过特殊的处理方式(如高压)也可转变成HCP高熵合金。对HCP高熵合金的结构、相形成规律以及性能进行了综述,并讨论了其未来发展趋势。     

真空熔炼多组元Cu_xAlFeNiCrTi高熵合金的显微组织和性能

多组元高熵合金是一种具有五种以上组元的新型合金。通过真空电弧熔炼炉熔铸得到了不同铜含量的高熵合金Cu_xAlFeNiCrTi(x=1和0.5),再通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜以及显微硬度计分析了高熵合金的显微组织、结构、硬度和耐腐蚀性能等。结果表明:高熵合金具有简单的相结构,合金硬度在800 HV以上,耐碱腐蚀性能优于耐酸腐蚀性能;随着铜元素含量的减少,合金结构由体心立方+面心立方结构变为体心立方结构,合金硬度增加,耐腐蚀性能提高。     

各类高熵合金的研究进展

随着科学与技术的不断发展,传统合金已无法满足现代工业发展的要求,迫切需要一种具有优异性能的新型合金材料来满足工业发展的需求。高熵合金是在传统合金的基础之上提出的,其具有比传统合金更优异的性能,所以对高熵合金的研究具有重要的价值。高熵合金是由5种及5种以上主元构成,且每种主元的原子分数5%并35%。阐述了块体高熵合金、薄膜状高熵合金、丝状高熵合金以及粉末状高熵合金的研究现状以及取得的进展。     

合金元素对CoCrFeNi基高熵合金相组成和力学性能影响的研究现状

基于多主元设计理念的高熵合金(又称多主元合金)虽然组成元素复杂,但能形成简单结构的固溶体,并具有优异的性能,已成为当前高性能金属材料的研究热点之一。目前的研究主要集中在固溶体形成条件、成分种类、含量、组织结构及不同退火温度对合金的组织和力学性能的影响等方面。学者们还界定了形成固溶体时合金混合焓、原子半径及价电子浓度(VEC)的范围。当前的研究以CoCrFeNi基合金最为广泛,主要研究目标包括提高BCC型合金的塑性或FCC型合金的强度,以及开发具有良好的可铸性、易适应大规模生产的共晶高熵合金。通过降低晶粒尺寸、热处理和引入新元素等方法,使高熵合金产生晶界强化以及析出细小、弥散的第二相,从而有效地强化FCC基体。通过一系列的合金设计,研究出一些低成本、高性能的合金,进而也可用于一些高性能要求的零件或制备成高性能涂层。本文综述了合金元素Al、Cu、Ti、Mn、Mo、Pd、Nb及两种元素协同作用对铸态CoCrFeNi基高熵合金的相组成和力学性能的影响。通过对比发现,不同元素由于其原子半径、电负性以及与其他元素的结合力不同对高熵合金的相形成产生不同的影响,从而影响其力学性能。Al、Ti和Mo等原子半径较大元素的添加会产生固溶强化,使得合金的硬度增大。同时,Al元素的添加会因形成有序的B2相而产生第二相强化;部分合金还能形成共晶高熵合金。Ti和Mo元素由于与其他元素的混合焓较小容易形成复杂的化合物使得合金变脆。而Cu与其他元素混合焓较大,易优先在枝晶间析出。铸态下Mn含量的变化不影响合金的晶体结构,合金为FCC相。经过时效处理后,Mn含量高的合金有少量σ相析出。添加Nb元素后,合金由于Laves相的出现强度增加且变脆。此外,还对添加Pb元素后合金的饱和磁化性能以及部分合金的耐腐蚀性等进行了综述。本文可为高熵合金的成分设计及研究提供参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.