超音速火焰喷涂TiB2-50Ni复合涂层的高温摩擦磨损性能

目的 研究环境温度对Ni质量分数为50%的TiB2-Ni复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响。方法 选用“壳核型”Ni包覆TiB2复合粉末,通过超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）在304不锈钢基材表面制备TiB2-50Ni金属陶瓷复合涂层。采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析了粉末、涂层与摩擦磨损表面的显微结构和物相组成,并研究了TiB2-50Ni涂层和304不锈钢基材的高温摩擦磨损性能。结果 HVOF制备的复合涂层截面呈现明显的层片结构,涂层厚度、孔隙率、显微硬度、表面平均粗糙度及界面平均结合强度分别约300.8 μm、2.3%、766.1HV、2.3 μm及22.6 MPa。高温环境下,304不锈钢基材摩擦系数波动大,且随环境温度升高,其磨损率急剧增加,而TiB2-50Ni涂层的摩擦系数及磨损率波动较小。当环境温度达600 ℃时,涂层磨损率为(2.73±0.01)×10–5 mm3/(N?m),约为304不锈钢基材磨损率（(11.07±0.01)×10–5 mm3/(N?m)）的1/4。高温环境下,TiB2-50Ni涂层的磨损机理是磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和氧化磨损。结论 HVOF所制备TiB2-50Ni复合涂层受摩擦环境温度影响较小,具有优异的耐高温摩擦磨损性能。     

等离子喷涂NiAl-MoO3/BaO复合涂层的高温摩擦学性能及润滑机理研究

目的 根据氧化物润滑离子势和阳离子极化率判据,研究MoO3/BaO复合对等离子喷涂NiAl基复合涂层的高温摩擦学性能影响,并阐明复合涂层的高温润滑机理。方法 采用等离子喷涂技术(APS)制备MoO3/BaO(1∶1)质量分数分别为20%、30%、40%的复合涂层。采用显微硬度计、万能材料试验机、摩擦磨损试验机等测试复合涂层的硬度、结合强度、摩擦学性能。通过扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)、X射线衍 射仪(XRD)、激光拉曼散射仪(Raman)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析涂层的微观组织结构、磨损表面形貌、物相结构等。结果 选用互作用参数较低和离子势差较大的MoO3/BaO作为复配润滑剂制备的NiAl-MoO3/BaO复合涂层有效改善了NiAl涂层的高温摩擦学性能,特别是NiAl-30% MoO3/BaO(1∶1)的复合涂层在800 ℃具有较低的摩擦系数(0.15)和磨损率(9.31×10^–5mm³/(N.m))。结论 复合涂层在600 ℃以上具有良好的减摩性能,高温促进了磨损表面形成新的三元高温润滑相BaMoO4、NiMoO4,并与MoO3 和NiO起到协同润滑作用,显著提升了复合涂层的高温摩擦磨损性能,同时摩擦对偶表面形成的复合氧化物润滑转移膜,降低了涂层的磨损率。     

Cr3C2-NiCr/TiSiN-CrAlN复合涂层制备及高温摩擦学行为研究

目的 基于表面耐高温薄膜和高承载金属陶瓷涂层性能优势协同的设计思想,制备Cr3C2-NiCr/ TiSiN-CrAlN复合涂层,提高硬质薄膜机械性能和不同温度下的摩擦学性能。方法 采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)和电弧离子镀(AIP)技术制备Cr3C2-NiCr/TiSiN-CrAlN复合涂层,通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、纳米压入仪、划痕仪和高温摩擦磨损试验机等对复合涂层的微观结构、机械性能和不同温度下的摩擦磨损行为进行系统研究。结果 Cr3C2-NiCr/TiSiN-CrAlN复合涂层微观结构致密,界面结合良好,其顶层耐高温薄膜由CrAlN结合层和TiSiN-CrAlN交替多层构成,总厚度约6.7 μm,低于不锈钢表面直接沉积TiSiN-CrAlN薄膜的厚度(约9.6 μm)。Cr3C2-NiCr支撑层微观结构和形貌影响其表面沉积TiSiN-CrAlN薄膜的结晶性。Cr3C2-NiCr/TiSiN-CrAlN复合涂层具有优异的机械性能,其纳米硬度和弹性模量分别高达(37.3±2.6)GPa和(506.1±10.6)GPa,结合力相比不锈钢表面TiSiN-CrAlN多层膜显著提高。得益于Cr3C2-NiCr支撑层的引入,复合涂层在不同温度下的摩擦因数和磨损率均比单一薄膜的低,其摩擦因数在900 ℃下可稳定保持在0.44左右,磨损率约为3.13×10^?5 mm³/(N.m),表现出良好的高温摩擦学性能。此外,磨损机制分析表明,500 ℃以下主要为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损,摩擦因数较大、不稳定,但磨损率基本不变;700 ℃时由于Cr3C2-NiCr层的支撑作用而无明显的疲劳磨损,氧化磨损发生;900 ℃时氧化磨损主导,摩擦界面生成主要成分为TiO2、Cr2O3的摩擦反应膜。结论 采用HVOF和PVD相结合的方法在不锈钢表面制备的Cr3C2-NiCr/TiSiN-CrAlN复合涂层具有良好的机械性能和优异的高温摩擦学性能,可进一步改善耐高温薄膜的综合性能,具有良好的应用前景。     

Ni包石墨对镍基涂层摩擦学性能的影响

用超音速火焰喷涂在45钢表面制备具有Ni包石墨的镍基固体润滑涂层．考察了Ni包石墨对Ni60涂层的摩擦学性能的影响。用SEM观察了喷涂层的磨损表面。探讨了磨损面的形貌与涂层的磨损机理之间的关系。并且分析了速度、载荷对涂层摩擦磨损的影响。结果表明，Ni包石墨喷涂层具有优良的摩擦学性能．明显好于镍基喷涂层，随着Ni包石墨的增加，摩擦系数不断降低，而磨损率呈先下降后上升的变化趋势。Ni包石墨含量为30wt%的涂层磨损性能最优。     

磁控溅射（AlCrNbTiVCe）N涂层的高温摩擦学机理

高熵合金涂层作为航空发动机轴承防护涂层有重大的潜在应用价值,鉴于其服役环境日益严苛复杂,进一步提高涂层的高温摩擦学性能是十分必要的。通过非平衡射频磁控溅射技术制备含Ce元素的（AlCrNbTiVCe）N涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）表征涂层磨损后的微观形貌、物相和价态,用纳米压痕仪、球盘式摩擦磨损试验机测试涂层的力学性能和摩擦学性能,探讨Ce对涂层微观结构、高温稳定性和摩擦磨损的影响与机制。结果表明,（AlCrNbTiVCe）N涂层主要由多元金属氮化物和单质Ce相组成。引入Ce元素改善了涂层组织结构,提高了高温抗软化能力,有助于涂层摩擦磨损性能的改善。与不含Ce的涂层相比,500℃下（AlCrNbTiVCe）N涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率分别下降27.5%和45.6%,其氧化磨损占主要磨损机制。该涂层高温摩擦学性能的提升主要是由于高温摩擦过程中涂层表面生成了氧化铈,增强了高温稳定性;氧化铈具有润滑特性,起到了减磨耐磨作用。在磁控溅射制备高熵涂层中,引入稀土元素,可为提高涂层高温摩擦学性能的提供借鉴。     

镁合金微弧氧化涂层高温磨擦磨损性能（英文）

在硅酸盐和磷酸盐复合电解液体系下,通过微弧氧化技术在AZ91D镁合金表面制备一层陶瓷涂层。利用XRD、SEM、激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)分别对涂层物相、涂层表面、截面和磨痕形貌进行观察分析。采用UMT-3高温摩擦磨损试验机研究涂层在150℃范围内的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:涂层的平均摩擦系数随温度的变化先逐渐升高,当环境温度高于100℃时涂层平均摩擦系数开始降低。涂层磨损率远远低于镁合金基体磨损率并且涂层磨损率随温度的升高而降低,这说明微弧氧化涂层具有良好的耐磨损性能,尤其在高温条件下耐磨损性能更好。通过分析载荷为2 N作用时的磨痕微观形貌可知不同温度条件下涂层的磨损机理都主要为磨粒磨损。     

非平衡闭合场磁控溅射CrTiAIN／MoST复合涂层的性能研究

采用非平衡闭合场磁控溅射方法在Cr12MoV冷作模具钢表面制备CrTiAlN单一涂层和CrTiAlN／MoST复合涂层，通过AFM、XRD、显微硬度、划痕和磨损试验综合分析涂层相结构和的表面性能。实验结果表明，CrTiAlN／MoST复合涂层比CrTiAlN单一涂层更光滑、致密，（Cr,Ti，Al）N在（111）晶面呈强烈的衍射峰，无明显的MoS2衍射峰．Cr12MoV经PVD处理后，表面显微硬度和耐磨性得到了明显的提高，尤其是复合涂层，由于CrTiAlN硬涂层抗磨和MoST软涂层减摩的综合作用表现出比CrTiAlN涂层更低的磨损率，主要的磨损机制为逐层剥落的疲劳磨损。     

双辉等离子渗钽对TiAlN/Ta复合涂层结构和性能的影响

采用Ta层作为过渡层,通过双辉等离子渗金属（DGPSA）与射频磁控溅射（RFMS）辅助直流脉冲磁控溅射技术（DCPMS）制备TiAlN/Ta复合涂层。借助掠入射XRD、SEM、AFM、纳米压痕、划痕以及摩擦磨损测试了不同工艺制备的Ta过渡层对复合涂层的相结构、表面（截面）形貌、硬度、结合力、韧性和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,TiAlN复合涂层在高偏压作用下结构致密,RFMS技术制备的Ta过渡层为柱状晶结构,复合涂层表面粗糙度较小,硬度较大而磨损稳定性和耐磨性较差;而DGPSA技术制备的Ta过渡层为纳米晶结构,复合涂层表面粗糙度较大,硬度降低但磨损稳定性与耐磨性都增强。对比发现,通过DGPSA技术制备Ta过渡层使得TiAlN/Ta复合涂层的结合力与韧性大幅度提高。     

激光熔覆NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层 结构及空间摩擦学性能

目的 提高钛及钛合金的空间摩擦学性能,拓展钛及钛合金在空间技术领域的应用范围。方法 用激光熔覆技术在纯钛基材表面制备了NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层。用X-射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和高分辨透射电镜分析涂层的物相组成、显微组织结构和晶体结构。用空间摩擦学实验系统对NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照三种模拟空间环境以及大气环境下的摩擦学性能进行系统的研究。采用扫描电镜和能量色散光谱仪对摩擦测试后NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层的磨痕形貌和对偶不锈钢钢球的磨痕形貌及元素面分布进行分析。深入探讨NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层在三种模拟空间环境及大气环境下的磨损机理。结果 在纯钛基材表面通过激光熔覆制备的NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层主要物相组成为NiTi、Ni3Ti、Cr2Ni3、Cr3Si、TiB2、Cr-Ni-Ti-Fe、Ag相,显微结构主要为等轴晶和枝状晶组织。复合涂层具有较高的显微硬度,涂层截面平均显微硬度约为830HV0.2,约是钛基材硬度的4.4倍。复合涂层在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照模拟空间环境下的摩擦系数和磨损率均小于大气环境下的值。在三种模拟空间环境下,相对于纯钛基材,复合涂层的磨损率约小2个数量级。复合涂层在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照模拟空间环境下的磨损机理为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,在大气环境下的磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损。结论 NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层可以显著提高纯钛基材在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照三种模拟空间环境以及大气环境下的摩擦学性能。     

等离子喷涂制备石墨烯/Al2O3+13%TiO2自润滑涂层及其性能研究

目的研究石墨烯和石墨对大气等离子喷涂制备的Al2O3+13%TiO_2(AT-13)陶瓷涂层力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响,探究作用机理。方法采用大气等离子喷涂制备石墨烯质量分数为1%的石墨烯/AT-13和石墨/AT-13复合陶瓷涂层及纯AT-13涂层,利用洛氏硬度计测试涂层的硬度,并通过压痕周围情况反映涂层的断裂韧性,采用往复式摩擦磨损试验机进行摩擦学性能测试,利用扫描电子显微镜观察涂层的微观形貌,并用其自带的能谱仪(EDS)分析元素分布,采用表面轮廓仪测量磨损表面形貌并计算磨损率,用X射线衍射仪分析喷涂前后涂层的物相变化,用拉曼光谱仪对喷涂前后石墨烯的结构变化进行表征。结果石墨烯/AT-13涂层具有良好的力学性能和摩擦学性能,其硬度提升了约10%,同时断裂韧性显著提升,摩擦系数和磨损率最多下降了13%和19%,并且随着载荷的增大,摩擦系数和磨损率呈下降趋势。石墨/AT-13涂层的硬度增加了约30%,但是断裂韧性显著降低,摩擦学性能的提升比较有限。石墨烯和石墨的加入都会改变AT-13涂层的物相组成和微观结构,复合涂层中Al2O3相增多,Al2Ti O5相则相对减少,同时复合涂层拥有更加致密的微观结构。此外拉曼光谱显示,经历热喷涂后,涂层中能够观察到石墨烯特征峰的存在,但是其结构发生了一定程度的氧化破坏。结论石墨烯可以显著提升AT-13涂层的摩擦学性能和力学性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.