超声振幅对激光熔覆WC/IN718复合涂层组织及性能的影响

目的 研究超声振幅对激光熔覆WC陶瓷颗粒在熔池凝固过程中流动特性的影响,在IN718镍基高温合金表面制备出硬度高和高温耐磨性良好的WC/IN718金属基陶瓷涂层。方法 采用VHX-1000型超景深显微镜,观察不同超声振幅作用下WC陶瓷颗粒在复合涂层横截面的分布规律;借助于光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）等设备,表征不同超声振幅下复合涂层显微组织与物相组成;采用显微硬度仪和旋转式高温摩擦磨损试验机,研究不同超声振幅下复合涂层的显微硬度和高温耐磨性能。结果 当超声振幅为22 μm时,复合涂层平均显微硬度最大（562HV0.2）,相对未施加超声的复合涂层提高了49.9%,抗高温摩擦系数（0.4）相对未施加超声的复合涂层（0.6）降低了67.0%。复合涂层的磨损机制为氧化磨损和轻微的磨粒磨损。结论 由于超声场对激光熔覆过程的声流强化效应和空化效应的影响,促使WC陶瓷颗粒在熔池中逐渐上浮,消除了熔池底部WC颗粒的沉积效应。超声场的热效应使WC颗粒在熔池中的溶解率有所增加,复合涂层的稀释率也相应得到提高。施加超声场的复合涂层的平均显微硬度和高温耐磨性得到明显提升。     

TC4合金氩弧熔覆Ni60+B4C复合涂层组织及耐磨性

利用氩弧熔覆技术在TC4合金表面成功制备出TiC、TiB、TiB2增强Ti基复合涂层.利用SEM、XRD和EDS分析了熔覆涂层的显微组织;利用显微硬度仪测试了复合涂层的显微硬度;利用摩擦磨损试验机测试了涂层在室温干滑动磨损条件下的耐磨性能.结果表明:氩弧熔覆涂层组织均匀致密,熔覆层与基体呈冶金结合,TC4合金表面有颗粒状TiC、粗大棒状相TiB2、细小棒状相TiB生成;复合涂层明显改善了TC4合金的表面硬度,涂层的最高显微硬度可达1300 HV0.2;复合涂层在室温干滑动磨损试验条件下具有优异的耐磨性,磨损机制主要是魔力磨损,其耐磨性较TC4合金基体提高近10倍.     

镍基复合材料涂层的激光熔覆制备及表征

利用激光熔覆技术在在0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了NiCr/Cr3C2-MoS2-BaF2复合材料耐磨自润滑涂层,采用X衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）分析了熔覆层的物相组成及显微组织,采用显微硬度计测试了涂层沿层深方向的显微硬度分布,并在室温环境下对涂层进行干滑动摩擦磨损试验。结果表明：涂层主要由γ-( Ni,Fe)共晶化合物、碳化物硬质Cr7C3、CrS以及少量的MoS2润滑相和少量BaF2组成,熔覆层的显微硬度平均值约为783 HV0.2,是基体的2.44倍,熔覆层总体摩擦因数和磨损率明显低于基体,磨损率约为基体的1/5。磨损过程中产生的润滑氧化膜有利于提高其耐磨损性能。     

激光熔覆TiC-WC增强NiCrMn合金涂层组织与性能

利用激光熔覆技术在0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了NiCrMn-TiC/WC-La_2O_3硬质合金耐磨涂层。采用X衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱仪分析了熔覆层的物相组成及显微组织。测试了涂层的显微硬度,并在室温环境下对涂层进行干滑动摩擦磨损试验。结果表明:涂层主要由γ-(Ni,Fe)共晶化合物、未溶解的TiC和WC、原位生成的M_7C_3、TiC和(Ti,W)C、WC碳化物硬质相以及少量La_2O_3和Cr_3C_2组成。激光熔覆层的显微硬度大幅提高,显微硬度平均值为1172.74 HV,约为基体的3.48倍。熔覆层的摩擦系数和磨损率明显低于基体,磨损率约为基体的1/4。磨损试验过程中在涂层表面生成的大量含氧粘附层出现在涂层表面,有利于提高涂层的耐磨性。     

不同含量WC颗粒增强激光熔覆截齿涂层性能研究

目的 解决截齿磨损失效问题,研究不同WC颗粒含量对42CrMo截齿激光熔覆Co基/WC复合涂层表面形貌及裂纹率、显微硬度、耐磨/耐腐蚀性能的影响机制。方法 通过在42CrMo截齿基体上制备Co基/WC复合涂层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验仪及电化学工作站测试不同WC颗粒含量对熔覆层性能的影响。结果 Co基/WC复合涂层表面较为平整,当WC颗粒质量分数大于30%时,熔覆层表面开始出现交错裂纹;当WC质量分数为80%时,裂纹率增加35%。Co基/WC复合涂层的显微硬度皆高于42CrMo基体(378HV0.2),随着WC颗粒含量的增加,熔覆层平均显微硬度从448HV0.2提升到890HV0.2。Co基/WC复合涂层的摩擦系数、磨损量均小于42CrMo基体,WC颗粒质量分数增加到80%时,熔覆层平均摩擦系数为0.270,为基体(0.567)的50%,磨损量仅为1.0 mg,相比于42CrMo基体(18.6 mg)降低了约95%,低WC颗粒含量以黏着磨损为主,高WC含量以磨粒磨损为主。熔覆层耐腐蚀性能随WC含量的增加先增大、后减小,WC质量分数为30%时,熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能最好,具有最小的电流密度(1.465×10^–7 A/cm²),相比基体电流密度(8.031×10^–6 A/cm²)降低了98%。结论 WC颗粒含量对Co基/WC复合熔覆层的裂纹敏感性有显著影响,WC颗粒的细晶、弥散及固溶强化使熔覆层的显微硬度、耐磨/耐腐蚀性能得到明显改善。     

镍基碳化钨颗粒增强复合熔覆层的组织结构与摩擦学性能

借助激光熔覆方法在H13钢基材上制备不同WC含量的Ni基WC复合熔覆层,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、微区X射线能谱(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了熔覆层表面的物相、熔覆层与基材的结合情况、熔覆层内部增强相的形貌、成分与分布;在室温下测试显微硬度、摩擦因数和磨损率。结果表明:基体和熔覆层之间为冶金结合,熔覆层物相为γ-Ni相、WC、Cr23C6、W2C相,这些碳化物呈现近圆形;激光熔覆层中Ni基体的显微硬度为550-700 HV0.1,硬质相颗粒的显微硬度为2700~3500 HV0.1,是基材显微硬度的5~7倍;Ni基+30%WC熔覆层的摩擦因数为0.7,磨损率为1.92×10~(-8)mm~3/(N·m)。随着WC含量增多45%,耐磨性进一步提高、摩擦因数约为0.4,磨损率为8.32×10~(-9)mm~3/(N·m),WC含量达到60%,摩擦因数为0.5、磨损率与45%WC熔覆层磨损率接近;综合比较,45%WC激光溶层耐磨减摩效果最佳。     

35CrMnSi 表面氩弧熔覆原位自 生 TiC 复合涂层的组织及耐磨性

目的提高截齿的耐磨性,延长其使用寿命。方法利用氩弧熔覆技术在35CrMnSi钢表面制备TiC增强镍基复合涂层,分析涂层的显微组织和物相组成,测试涂层在室温下的显微硬度和耐磨性,并分析磨损机制。结果氩弧熔覆涂层的显微组织致密均匀,涂层与基体呈冶金结合,主要由TiC,γ-Ni,M23C6等物相组成。TiC颗粒呈块状,尺寸为1~2μm,弥散分布在涂层中。涂层硬度和耐磨性与(Ti+C)含量有关,熔覆粉末中(Ti+C)质量分数为20%时,涂层最高硬度可达1190HV,耐磨性达到基体的7.5倍。结论熔覆涂层的显微硬度较基体有显著提高。在室温冲击载荷作用下,熔覆涂层的主要磨损机制为显微切削磨损,可大大提高基体材料的耐磨性能。     

镍基合金表面电子束熔覆Co/CeO_2复合涂层的耐磨性研究

镍基合金在含氯介质中具有良好的耐腐蚀性,但其耐磨性不足。利用电子束在Inconel617合金基体表面熔覆Co+CeO_2复合涂层,研究了不同含量(0%～4%)CeO_2对钴基熔覆层显微组织、硬度分布以及耐磨性的影响。结果表明:无添加CeO_2的钴基熔覆层最高显微硬度为850 HV0.2,约为基体(450 HV0.2)的1.8倍,摩擦系数以及磨损率都有所降低,耐磨性得到了改善;CeO_2有效改善了Co基熔覆层中气孔、裂纹等的缺陷,降低了原熔覆层在滑动摩擦实验中的摩擦系数和磨损率,提高了耐磨性;CeO_2的添加不影响原熔覆层的物相成分,但提升了其组织致密性和力学性能,显微硬度得到增加;当添加CeO_2含量为2%时,该熔覆层获得了最佳的耐磨性。     

不同基面角度对激光熔覆Ni25/WC涂层耐磨性的影响

目的 为实现模具曲面或斜面区域修复,研究不同基面角度对激光熔覆Ni25/WC涂层形貌和耐磨性的影响。方法 采用激光熔覆技术在不同角度的基体表面制备了Ni25/WC修复涂层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、维氏硬度计、扫描电镜(SEM)和摩擦磨损试验机,分析和研究了不同角度对涂层截面形貌、物相组成、微观组织、显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能的影响及机理。结果 熔覆过程中,基体表面为90°时,在重力作用下,粉末流向下偏移,部分粉末无法进入熔池,使得单道涂层厚度降低,熔池内的金属熔液受重力影响向下滑落,激光熔覆快速凝固的特点使得熔液在滑落前凝固,导致涂层形心向下侧偏移。在重力、运载气体及空气阻力的作用下,混合粉末中密度更大的WC颗粒向下偏移量更大,未进入熔池的大尺寸的WC颗粒更多,使得涂层中WC颗粒含量降低。WC颗粒含量影响涂层的磨损形式,0°涂层主要磨损形式为犁削作用和黏着磨损,90°涂层主要发生了磨粒磨损。结论 不同角度单道涂层的截面形状和厚度不同,0°涂层呈现两侧较为对称的半圆或半椭圆,涂层厚度更大,90°涂层的形心随重力向下侧偏移,涂层厚度明显减小;涂层的物相种类相同,均由FeNi3、Ni2B及WC等相组成;0°涂层显微硬度平均值为446.67HV0.2,90°涂层显微硬度平均值为456.13HV0.2。0°涂层磨损率为0.002 6 mg/m,90°涂层磨损率为0.008 mg/m,0°涂层耐磨性优于90°涂层,磨损机制不同是耐磨性产生差异的主要原因。     

40Cr钢表面激光熔覆金属陶瓷复合涂层的组织和性能

以WC、TiC、Co以及Co50合金粉末为原料,在40Cr钢表面制备了WC/Co、WC/Co50以及WC-TiC/Co50金属陶瓷复合涂层。使用X射线衍射（XRD）、金相光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）和EDS能谱,对熔覆层的显微组织和物相构成进行分析。结果表明,在选择适当的激光熔覆工艺条件下,制备的WC/Co50和WC-TiC/Co50复合涂层表面形貌良好,平整连续且无宏观裂纹。硬度测试和摩擦磨损试验表明,复合涂层具有高的硬度（涂层平均显微硬度1126.7 HV0.2以上,涂层表面硬度可达66.2 HRC以上）和良好的耐磨性,其磨损量相比40Cr钢基材分别下降了54%和66%。分析认为,熔覆层硬度和耐磨性提高的原因在于熔覆层中存在大量WC、TiC以及反应生成的W₂C、Fe₃W₃C等碳化物增强相,且均匀分布于基体中。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.