Effects of twin tunnels construction beneath existing shield-driven twin tunnels

This paper presents a case of closely spaced twin tunnels excavated beneath other closely spaced existing twin tunnels in Beijing, China. The existing twin tunnels were previously built by the shield method while the new twin tunnels were excavated by the shallow tunnelling method. The settlements of the existing tunnels and the ground surfaces associated with the new tunnels construction were systematically monitored. A superposition method is adopted to describe the settlement profiles of both the existing tunnels and the ground surfaces under the influence of the new twin tunnels construction below. A satisfactory match between the proposed fitting curves and the measured settlement data of both the existing tunnels and the ground surfaces is obtained. As shown in a particular monitoring cross-section, the settlement profile shapes for the existing tunnel and the ground surface are different. The settlement profile of the existing structure displays a “W” shape while the ground surface settlement profile displays a “U” shape. It is also found that due to the flexibility of the segmental lining, the ground losses obtained from the existing tunnel level and the ground surface level in the same monitoring cross-section are nearly the same.     

下穿式立交排水优化设计

城市下穿式立交由于其最低点较低、引道纵坡较大等结构上的特点,其排水系统较为复杂,每遇暴雨极易发生积水,严重影响交通安全,故其排水要求高于一般的雨水系统。本文介绍了下穿式立交排水系统的作用和特点。以厦门市海新路二期为例并结合工程设计经验,笔者对下穿式立交排水方式的确定、设计参数取值的合理性、优化雨水收集系统、采取合理的地下水处理措施、雨水提升泵站选址及优化泵站工艺流程等设计要点进行了较为详细的探讨,为现阶段国内优化下穿式立交排水设计提供依据。     

大型地下管道暗挖施工结构设计探讨

本文对大型地下管道采用不开槽暗挖施工时结构承受的荷载、内力分析以及构造处理等，分别作了介绍和探讨，供同类工程结构设计参考。     

Effect of large excavation on deformation of adjacent MRT tunnels

A large excavation of approximately 140 m wide, 200 m long and 15 m deep was made close to two Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) tunnels of 6 m diameter with invert depth of 15–27 m. In view of the scale and distance of excavation, significant effects on the MRT tunnels were expected. The paper presents the monitoring of the tunnel deformations during the excavation. A sophisticated monitoring system using a motorised total station was installed in the MRT tunnels to monitor their displacements and to ensure that the stringent requirements for safeguarding the tunnels were not violated during any part of the excavation works. The paper also presents the modelling of the excavation using a finite element program. The results obtained were reasonably close to the monitoring results. It was found that the stiffness of the tunnel lining has significant influence on the displacement and distortion of tunnels caused by an adjacent excavation. A stiffer lining undergoes less displacement and distortion but is likely to experience significantly greater bending moments.     

浅谈监控量测在隧道新奥法施工中的应用

对隧道新奥法施工中监控量测的目的、量测内容及方法、数据处理及分析应用三个方面进行了论述,从而为隧道的新奥法施工提供了详细、科学的参数,对隧道施工的合理性与经济性具有重要的意义。     

Numerical simulation of the swelling behaviour around tunnels based on special triaxial tests

This paper is to contribute to the understanding of the behaviour of tunnels in swelling ground. An Italian case study of a tunnel, collapsed due to swelling of a stiff clay, is taken as an example. The stress paths during excavation of elements of ground around the opening are computed in order to evidence the significant difference to that reproduced by usual swelling tests in the laboratory. An innovative triaxial testing procedure is developed and the stiff-clay tested. A numerical simulation of the swelling phenomenon induced by the excavation of the tunnel, based on the experimental results obtained, is then compared to site observations.     

Tunnelling of infrastructure: from non-considered to ill considered — lessons from the Netherlands

In The Netherlands, tunnels are in much (public) demand since approximately 1980. Infrastructure is less tolerated in the urban environment, especially when it is elevated above ground. Three different projects for which the authors acted as scientific consultants can serve to demonstrate how problematic it can be to neglect an underground option on the one hand and to make it dogmatic on the other. Existing infrastructure is often seen as both environmentally and commercially damaging, suppressing urban land values. Reconstruction is a difficult task, though, in spite of modern techniques. The Helmond case, where an elevated part of a main road separates the town centre and historical castle and blocks revitalisation of the area, is an adequate demonstration. The proposed replacement with a tunnel proved to be ill considered, i.e. both difficult and costly. Even worse: perhaps the town might do without the road after all! In developing new infrastructure, like high speed train links, urban alignments are avoided because of public resistance. Yet these may prove to be acceptable if tunnelled, whereas an alignment in the rare open countryside is locally despised. This proved to be true in the case of the Amsterdam–Antwerp High-Speed Railway Line (HSL), for the passage of Dordrecht, south of Rotterdam. An urban underground solution was not considered in the government studies. A local proposal, which proved to be quite feasible, was rejected, mainly because it was presented late in the planning process. New types of infrastructure may be developed explicitly for underground use. Lorries are an ever-bigger problem in local distribution, both for the environment and congestion and for trade, dependent on these. Therefore, underground logistic systems (ULS) are proposed more frequently. Perhaps the best-studied one is the Schiphol Airport ULS, intended predominantly to connect air and rail terminals and the world's largest flower auction at Aalsmeer. It showed that the choice for an underground solution can be too dogmatic, not affordable and only partly necessary. Mixed solutions, partly underground, partly on the surface and partly elevated were quite feasible and economically more attractive.     

運用buildingEXODUS評估台北捷運地下車站避難安全--以捷運新店站為例

地下捷運車站由於使用、管理上複雜性與空間特殊性,一旦發生火災對旅客生命安全將造成極大的威脅,故站體安全設計首要確保大量人群能安全避難逃生。由於buildingEXODUS動態避難模擬分析提供更詳盡、可討論性與更接近真實行為的避難過程,據此避難動線所進行煙控模擬具實務上的貢獻與價值。因此,乃以台北捷運新店站為對象,透過運用builingEXODUS電腦模擬所得較佳模擬結果,呈現出人員屬性(occupantanribute)在避難過程中影響的重要性,更可知此避難評估方式比規格式避難計算更接近真實避難情境,同時,模擬所得數擄資料可作為營運單位在安全對策與緊急應變之參考。     

Settlement trough parameters for tunnels in Irish glacial tills

Glacial till (or boulder clay) is the most widespread sediment on the island of Ireland. The behaviour of these tills, especially Dublin Boulder Clay, is now better understood as a result of ground investigations and associated testing for major construction projects, particularly in the east of the country over the past decade. Despite an increase in tunnelling activity in the country over the same time period, there is very little documented evidence on the settlements induced by tunnelling operations in glacial till. In this paper, transverse surface settlement data from two glacial till sites are presented. Four profiles are presented for the ‘soft ground’ TBM-bored section of the Dublin Port Tunnel. Nine profiles are reported for pipe-jacked microtunnels constructed for a sewerage scheme in Mullingar in the Midlands; one of which was measured at the top of a railway embankment under which the pipeline passes. The measured settlements have been interpreted using a standard Gaussian error function, and trough width parameters show dependence on the fraction of the till, fine or coarse, that governs its behaviour. In addition, conservative design estimates of maximum trough settlement and volume loss have been provided, and the impact of boulders is discussed. This paper provides the first empirical guidance for predicting surface settlements above tunnels in Irish soils.     

软土地区盾构上穿越既有隧道的离心模拟研究

随着地铁网络不断完善,新建盾构隧道近距离穿越既有隧道的现象越来越多。盾构近距离穿越既有隧道的影响问题,比常规盾构施工的研究更为复杂。结合上海外滩通道盾构上穿越地铁 2 号线工程,采用离心模型试验与现场实测相结合的方法对盾构上穿越对周围地层及既有隧道的影响进行了研究。文中选用排液法在离心场中模拟盾构施工,在国内首次实现了在不停机状态下模拟隧道开挖卸载、地层损失和注浆过程,并分析了盾构上穿越施工引起的地层、新建隧道与既有隧道的纵向位移变化规律。通过现场实测数据分析了既有隧道在盾构上穿越过程中纵向变形与时程曲线的变化规律。     

Effects of above-crossing tunnelling on the existing shield tunnels

Tunnelling in the dense urban areas frequently results in over-crossing or bypassing the existing tunnels. It is obvious that the over-crossing tunnelling will adversely affect and even damage the existing tunnels if the induced deformation exceeds the capacity of tunnel structures. Increasing concerns have been raised about the interactions between the over-crossing tunnelling and underlying tunnels. In order to obtain a better mechanical understanding of the effects of the over-crossing tunnelling on the existing tunnels and provide a quick but low cost assessment alternative method for evaluating the behavior of underlying tunnels prior to construction, a simplified analytical method is proposed in this study. In this simplified method, the tunnel is simply considered as a continuous Euler-Bernoulli beam with a certain equivalent bending stiffness. The unloading stress at the tunnel location caused by the over-crossing tunnelling is computed through Mindlin’s solution, ignoring the presence of the existing tunnel. Then, the tunnel-soil interaction due to the relief stress is analyzed based on the commonly-accepted Winkler foundation model. The applicability of the presented method is validated by three well-documented case histories. Results of these case studies show a reasonable agreement between the predictions and observations. Finally, a parametric analysis is also preformed to investigate the influences of the different factors on the behavior of the existing tunnels, including clearance distance, advancing distance and multiple tunnels construction.     

Effect of blast-induced vibration on existing tunnels in soft rocks

In urban areas, it is common to excavate rocks adjacent to existing tunnels. Excavation of rock ground is commonly carried out using the drill and blast method which may cause blast-induced damages to the existing tunnels. In this case securing the safety of the existing tunnels is one of the main issues, and the possible effects need to be evaluated. Empirical approaches using the velocity formulae are frequently adopted to evaluate the influence of the blast-induced vibration. This method cannot, however, appropriately consider various influencing factors on vibration and basically needs to be validated using the trial blast in the field. In this paper, attempts to identify the effect of blast-induced vibration on the immediately adjacent tunnels are made, and a preliminary guideline for evaluating the protection zone for the blast vibration is proposed. A numerical method is adopted for the dynamic modeling of a tunnel in soft rock. A two-dimensional blast load is evaluated by modifying the detonation pressure formula based on the results of field tests. Tunnel behavior due to the blast-induced vibration is investigated in terms of particle velocity, displacement, and stress of the linings. A guideline for the blast protection zone is proposed based on a parametric study on blast location, tunnel depth, and the amount of explosives.     

基坑开挖引起邻近既有隧道变形的影响区研究

既有隧道会因邻侧基坑开挖卸荷产生变形,对隧道正常使用和安全产生影响,其变形控制至关重要。基于大量工程案例资料,以天津市某邻近既有隧道深基坑实测资料为基础,采用考虑土体小应变刚度特性的有限元方法对基坑施工对坑外既有隧道变形影响规律进行了参数分析,结合不同规范变形控制标准,划分了不同围护结构变形模式和最大水平位移条件下坑外既有隧道变形影响区。研究结果表明,坑外变形影响区大致可简化为直角梯形形状。根据实际工程基坑围护结构可能产生的变形形式、最大变形和隧道与基坑的相对位置,可根据该影响区预估隧道可能产生的变形。围护结构变形模式和变形控制值相同条件下,变形影响区范围随着围护结构最大水平位移增大而增大;围护结构最大水平位移和变形控制值相同条件下,围护结构悬臂型变形模式下变形影响区范围最小,内凸型和复合型次之,踢脚型最大。     

开挖卸荷引起下卧已建盾构隧道的纵向变形研究

开挖卸荷引起的下卧已建盾构隧道纵向变形是城市基础设施建设面临的热点和难点问题。将已建盾构隧道视为三参数Kerr弹性地基上的无限长梁,采用两阶段法研究基坑开挖卸荷引起下卧盾构隧道的纵向变形。对简化弹性空间法获得的地基参数进行讨论,通过与有限元模拟结果对比确定了合适的Kerr地基模型参数选取,并对Winkler、Pasternak与Kerr 3种地基模型的模拟结果进行了对比。为获得更合理的上方卸荷引起的隧道响应,推导并求解了考虑隧道侧向土体对隧道作用的平衡微分方程,解析结果与有限元结果基本吻合,与工程实例监测数据对比,验证了方法的有效性。研究表明：相对于Winkler与Pasternak模型,Kerr地基模型更具优越性;对通过简化弹性空间法得到的地基参数进行适当修正可以使弹性地基模型的模拟结果更理想;隧道侧向土体对隧道的作用比较显著,应在计算中考虑。     

平行隧道开挖引起上方既有隧道的纵向变形研究

城市地铁隧道大多数采用平行双洞的布置形式作为隧道设计施工方案,根据不同的地层条件等因素采用盾构法或暗挖法施工。由于城市地下空间变的越来越拥挤,研究新建平行双洞隧道施工过程中对邻近既有隧道的影响程度问题显得尤为重要。本文基于两阶段分析方法研究预测平行双洞隧道开挖引起上方已建隧道的纵向变形的简化解析方法。首先,采用两高斯曲线叠加,计算新建平行双洞隧道施工引起的作用在既有隧道上的附加荷载。然后,将既有隧道考虑为Winkler 地基上的Timoshenko梁,建立既有隧道纵向变形的基本微分方程,并基于Galerkin 法进行求解。将本文提出的简化解析方法得到的结果与工程沉降实测数据进行对比以验证本文提出的预测方法的合理性。最后,进行了参数敏感性分析,研究了不同隧道相互位置、地层损失率、相对抗弯刚度和地层土性参数等对结果的影响规律。     

既有管线下盾构施工地层沉降监测和位移加载数值分析

针对深圳地铁下穿电缆隧道的实例,通过采用位移加载法模拟隧道开挖效应和弹性地基梁理论分析管土相互作用,提出将地铁上方的既有隧道视为大管径管线考虑,分析了地铁左线施工引起的地层响应,并借助相关控制标准对电缆隧道的安全性作出评价,分析结果表明:数值计算结果与实测数据吻合较好,电缆隧道也处于安全状态,可为相关类似工程研究提供借鉴。     

高速公路隧道施工对既有铁路隧道的影响分析

以重庆绕城高速公路施家梁隧道工程为例,通过模拟隧道的三维空间数值计算,分析了新建公路隧道施工对既有铁路隧道的影响,确定了铁路隧道的影响范围,并对影响范围内的结构进行了内力检算和安全度评估,结果表明：隧道结构安全系数满足规范要求。     

新建隧道施工对既有隧道影响的试验研究

通过新宝塔山隧道施工过程对既有宝塔山隧道的影响进行了数值模拟,并实测了新隧道开挖过程中既有隧道衬砌结构的变形和衬砌混凝土的应变变化情况。数值模拟结果和现场实测数据表明,既有隧道衬砌结构的变形和衬砌混凝土的应变变化较小,新隧道施工对既有隧道影响不明显,对后续工程施工有指导意义。     

Full 3D modelling for effects of tunnelling on existing support systems in the Sydney region

The assessment of the interaction between a new tunnel and existing structures is an important issue in urban areas. In this study, the effect of tunnelling on the existing support system (i.e. shotcrete lining and rock bolts) of an adjacent tunnel is firstly investigated using ABAQUS and TUNNEL3D through full three-dimensional (3D) finite element calculations coupled with elasto-plastic material models, which takes into account the tunnelling procedure, the interaction between the shotcrete lining and rock mass, the interaction between the rock bolts and rock mass, and the elasto-plastic behaviour of the rock mass, the shotcrete lining and the rock bolts. Then, on the basis of the calculated results, it is concluded that the driving of the new tunnel significantly affects the existing support system when the advancing tunnel face passes the existing support system and is minor when the face is far from it. Moreover, the support system in the side of the existing tunnel closest to the new tunnel is more significantly affected than that on the side opposite to the new tunnel. It is also found that in a region such as Sydney with relatively high horizontal regional stresses, the driving of the new tunnel will not cause considerable adverse effects on the existing support system, if the new tunnel is driven horizontally parallel to the existing tunnel with a sufficient separation, since both the tensile stress in the existing shotcrete lining in the lateral sides of the preceding tunnel and the compressive stress at the crown decrease although noticeable tensile stress increments are observed on some parts of the existing rock bolts. Finally, it is pointed out that the effects of tunnelling on the existing support system strongly depend on the position between the original and new tunnels. In terms of the stress increments on the existing support system, especially the maximum tensile stress increments on the existing shotcrete lining, the driving of the new tunnel causes increasingly adverse effects on the existing support system in a sequence of: (i) horizontally parallel tunnels with a separation of 30 m; (ii) horizontally parallel tunnels with a separation of 20 m; (iii) staggered tunnels with a separation of 30 m; (iv) vertically alignment tunnels; and (v) staggered tunnels with a separation of 20 m in the cases investigated in this study. For the relatively high regional stresses in the Sydney region, the obtained results qualitatively agree with other’s published observations from the construction of closely parallel subway tunnels.     

考虑上浮效应的盾构下穿对既有隧道影响研究

新建盾构隧道下穿会对上部既有隧道产生扰动,并可能使隧道产生结构病害。由于盾构管片重量远小于相应开挖土体重量,新建隧道的上浮效应会对既有隧道产生影响。基于两阶段分析法提出考虑新建盾构隧道上浮影响的隧道下穿引发既有隧道纵向变形计算模型,并利用现场实测数据进行验证。结果表明：考虑上浮效应的理论计算结果与实测数据较为吻合;控制新建隧道上浮量或减小新建隧道直径可有效减小由于上浮效应造成的既有隧道隆起变形。研究成果可为全面合理评估隧道下穿对既有隧道的影响提供依据。